incapacitated, 240
refortifies vill at Kingsholm, 275–76
marries Æðelflæd, 187, 239
acquires Oswald’s relics from Bardney, 274
Warwickshire Avon and Great Ouse, 189
refounds burh at Worcester, 185
Æðelred II, 198, 436, 449
Æðelstan (Ælfred’s brother), 75, 76, 94, 95
Æðelstan (Ælfred’s grandson),
purchases Amounderness, 362–65
assemblies, 352–54
Brunanburh, battle of, 388, 390, 392, 396, 398–9
treatment of Constantine of Alba, 393
expansion of royal residence of Cheddar, 407
coinage, 405
death, 400
fostered at Æðelred’s court in Mercia, 239, 335
and Hywel Dda, 417
invades Alba, 369–70
and Louis of West Francia, 400
buried at Malmesbury, 400
sends embassy to Óláfr proposing battle, 397
patronage of Oswald cult, 276, 368
enacts ‘peace guild’, 401, 412
recognizes Eadmund cult, 267
Rex Totius Britanniae, 351, 357, 358, 360, 457
nature of rule, 380–81, 400–1
imposes tribute on Welsh kings, 372
becomes king of Wessex and West Mercia, 340–41
holds court at Winchester, 361
visit to York, 377–78, 386
Æðelstan, the ‘half-king’, 420
Æðelstan, see under Guðrum
‘Æðelstan A’ (scribe), 358, 361
Æðelswið (Ælfred’s sister), 93, 102, 103, 125, 139
Æðelweard, king of East Anglia, 94
Æðelweard (tenth-century chronicler), 96, 137, 143, 172, 188, 208, 209, 212, 240, 269, 279, 392, 420
Æðelwold (pretender, son of Ælfred’s brother Æðelred), 233–34, 266, 268–69
Æðelwold (son of Ealdorman Ælfred), 222
Æðelwulf, ealdorman of Berkshire, 109, 110
Æðelwulf, king of Wessex (Ælfred’s father), 40, 56, 75, 91, 120, 301, 355
defeats Norse at Acleah, 93
death, 95
relegated to subordinate throne of Kent and Sussex, 95
marries Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, 94, 97
Æðelwulf, king of Mercia, 272
Æðulfings, 301, 369
Ælfflæd (Eadweard’s second wife), 335
Ælfred the Great, king of Wessex, 9, 88, 94, 102, 103, 118, 159, 163, 231, 443
gives Æðelflæd in marriage to Æðelred of Mercia, 187, 213, 239, 336
endorsement of Æðelred of Mercia, 188
compilation of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 104
battle of Ashdown, 109–11, 120, 127, 149
Asser’s Life of King Ælfred, 95, 104, 107
at Athelney, 142–48, 368
battles with the mycel here (871), 110–13
becomes king of Wessex, 112
birth, 103
burial at Winchester, 232, 277
burhs, construction of in 880s and after, 182–87, 197, 205, 433
legend of the cakes, 146
campaigns of 893–6, 207–219, 268
childhood, 103
Chippenham, 139–41
coinage, 128–9, 188, 228, 243n, 334, 379, 433
appearance of St Cuthbert to Ælfred at Athelney, 145
death, 161, 187, 209n, 232, 266, 335
Edington, battle of, 149–150, 158, 437
and the fyrd, 9, 207
and baptism of Guðrum, 151–2
and Hæsten, 201, 212
health, 183n
refounding of London, 46, 450
journeys to Rome, 94, 103
legacy, 313
makes peace with Host (872), 122
marries Ælswið, 103
naval operations, 137, 181
visit of Ohthere to court of, 223, 224, 225, 449, 455
reforms, 158–59, 181–82, 268, 316, 399
and sacred arm ring, 169n
scholarship and literacy, 117, 223, 226, 362n, 424–5, 428
establishes strategic fleet, 75, 232n
submission of Ealdorman Æðelred of Mercia, 177
submission of Welsh kingdoms, 178
survives older brothers, 95
treaty of Ælfred and Guðrum, 173–6, 190, 267, 325, 404
construction of burh at Wallingford, 184, 232
construction of burh at Wareham, 183, 195
Wedmore, 152
rebuilding of Winchester as burh, 230, 232, 292
Worcester charter 185–6
Ælfred, ealdorman, 220, 211, 222, 274
Ælfred jewel, 226–27
Ælfred, reeve at Bath, 271
Ælfwynn, daughter of Æðelflæd, 239, 303
Ælle, king of Deira, 99, 101, 166, 167
Ælswið (wife of Ælfred of Wessex), 103, 145, 207n
æstels (book pointers), 226, 227
Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, 27, 165, 166, 426
al-Rashid, Harun, 12–14
Alba, 87, 88, 89, 97, 159, 235, 262, 263, 264, 278, 302, 303, 304, 315, 328, 369, 370, 376, 386, 388, 391, 419, 427, 443, 454
Alclud (Dumbarton Rock), 84, 117, 329
Alcuin, 10, 18, 20, 35, 382
education, 101
letter to Lindisfarne, 26–27
Aldwark (Viking camp), 104
Amiens, 98
Amounderness, 362–65, 376, 416
Anarawd ap Rhodri, 177, 218, 239, 240, 332, 374
Andredesweald, 207
Angelcynn (the English), 95, 173, 178, 184, 186, 190, 204, 210, 211, 213, 214, 218, 225, 262, 278, 313, 344, 434, 437, 438
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 104, 204, 227
ASC entries arranged chronologically
Jarrow attacked, 27
port-reeve killed, 23
Beorhtric, king of Wessex, dies, 12, 34
battle between Hwicce and Wiltshire, 12
Iona burned, 12
Ellendun, 40
Ecgberht as Bretwalda, 41
Merfyn Frych acquires crown of Gwynedd, 91
Viking fleet at Sandwich, 75
Sempringham leased, 64
arrival of the Great Heathen Host, 95
civil war in Northumbria, 99
Winchester sacked, 98
Mercians beg Wessex for help, 102
Ælfred defeats seven ships, 137
Hálfdan shared out the lands of the Northumbrians, 132
Host occupies Wessex, 139
Edington, 149
mycel here captures Nottingham, 191
Viking fleet heads for Ghent, 180
field campaigns (893), 236
Host dispersed (896), 218
territories conquered by Eadmund, 288
Eadwine drowned at sea, 359
Brunanburh, 390
Kvaran and Rögnvaldr baptized, 410
Eadmund gains Northumbria, 420
Anglo-Saxons, 6, 12, 41, 89, 223n
fighting ability, 93, 120, 150
gods, 22
See also Angelcynn
Anlaf, king of Northumbria, 403
Annales Cambriae, 92, 238
Annals of St Bertin, 54
Annals of the Four Masters, 87
Annals of Ulster, 24, 82, 87, 91, 117, 236–37
Anund (Norse king), 129
Appledore, see under Great Host
arm rings, 137, 247, 398
Arnulf, king of East Francia, 204
Arrangements for the Building of fortifications at Worcester (charter), 185
Arthal ap Dyfnwal, king of Dumbarton, 117
Ashdown, battle of, 109–11, 120, 127, 149
Ásl (Norse king), 97
Asser (Ælfred’s biographer), 95, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 122, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 177, 178, 181, 186, 417, 427–29
Athelney, 143–48, 151, 182,
368
Atholl (Pictish kingdom), 29, 32, 52, 84, 87, 329
B
Baile Átha Cliath, 55
Bakewell, 328
Baldred, king of Kent, 40
Bamburgh, house of, 116n, 172, 265, 303, 320, 321, 329, 361, 379, 426, 438, 443
Banwell, 186n, 428
bar-lug ware, 197
Bardney, 272, 274, 411n
Barking, 49, 62
Beaumaris, 238
Bede, 20, 24, 26, 29, 30, 41, 42, 46, 60, 62, 66, 117, 122, 132, 134, 146, 171, 178, 223, 265, 272, 276, 279, 375, 424, 438
Bedford, 288
Benfleet, 211–12, 288
Benllech, 247
Beorhtric, king of Wessex, 12, 34
Beorhtsige, 268
Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia, 93
Beornwulf, king of Mercia, 36–37, 39, 40
Beowulf, 68, 96, 144, 251, 252, 342
Bermondsey minster, 45
Bernicia (northern Northumbria), 85, 101, 133, 162, 164, 170, 172, 240, 265–66, 272, 303, 320, 321, 329, 361, 379, 382
Betuwe (island in Rhine), 98
Blathmac, Abbot, 82–3
Boniface, Saint, 46, 138, 428
bookland, 194, 207, 222, 346, 401, 441
Bourton, 147, 148
Brandon, 105–6, 199, 247, 249, 452
Breedon, 37, 268
Bremesburh, 279
Bretwalda, 41, 276, 314, 351
Bridgnorth, 217, 282
Brittonic, 191, 197, 373, 381, 420, 424n
Bromborough, 388–421
Brough of Birsay, 90, 258–59, 456, 457
Brunanburh, battle of, 265, 315, 388, 390–95, 396, 399, 400, 410, 416, 419
Brut y Tywysogion, 238
Brycheiniog (Welsh kingdom), 32, 178, 216, 285, 361, 375
Buckingham, 189, 284, 362, 370
Buckquoy, 258, 259, 456, 457
Burghal Hidage, 182, 186, 189, 213, 429
Burghead (Pictish fortress), 28, 128–29
Burghred, king of Mercia, 93, 100, 102, 113, 124, 125, 129, 139, 140, 412
Burgundy, 97, 180, 181
burhs (fortified settlements), 33, 161, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 193, 197, 207, 208n, 214, 228, 229, 232, 278, 280, 283, 300, 451
Bakewell, 328
Chester, 244
Chichester, 216
Cricklade, 269, 372, 451
Danish, 298–99
East Mercia, 287
Exeter, 428
Gloucester, 190
Hereford, 372
Leicester, 405
Lincoln, 198
Maldon, 286
Northampton, 403
Stafford, 282
Tamworth, 282, 343–44
Tempsford, 286
Towcester, 286, 451
Wallingford, 182, 232
Wareham, 195, 429
Watling Street, 280
Wessex, 431
Winchester, 230–32
Worcester, 185–87
C
Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd, 375
Cambridge, 51, 129, 136, 137, 138, 175, 187, 288, 289, 300, 402
Canterbury, 7, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 63, 92, 93, 117, 181, 186, 205, 206, 220, 230, 270, 282, 341, 355, 407, 431, 433, 449
cantref, 89n
Canvey Island, 49, 211
Carhampton, 54, 56
Carlisle, 52, 61, 93n, 165, 167, 348
Carloman (brother of Charlemagne), 180
Carloman II, king of Aquitaine and Burgundy, 180
Cartmel, 62
Ceolnoth, archbishop, 234, 264
Ceolwulf I, king of Mercia, 36, 39n, 62, 128
Ceolwulf II, king of Mercia, 125, 128, 129, 138, 140, 150, 151, 173, 176, 177, 188, 228, 374
Ceolwulf of Northumbria, 62, 166
ceorl (dependent tenant), 13, 58, 66, 121n, 176, 193, 194, 227, 402, 414, 437
Ceredigion, 32, 91n, 117, 177, 218, 332, 374
Charlemagne, 6, 16–17, 19, 56, 57, 94, 97, 104, 158, 180
and Alcuin 26, 382
blockade of trading ports (790s), 47
campaign against Saxons, 16
death, 18, 36
crowned Emperor, 10
and Eardwulf of Northumbria, 23
and Godfrið of Denmark, 17–18
receives elephant from Harun al-Rashid, 12, 13–14
relations with Mercia, 26, 33, 336, 338
relations with Northumbria, 24
relations with Wessex, 24
Charles ‘the Bald’, king of West Francia, 56, 57, 94, 97–99, 180
Charles ‘the Fat’, Carolingian emperor, 180, 181
Charles ‘the Simple’, king of West Francia, 180, 333
Cheddar, 140, 152, 405–7, 408, 412, 413, 428
Chertsey, 49, 450
Chester, 215, 240, 243–44, 276, 277
Chester le Street, 170, 320, 366, 420, 423–25
Chippenham, 139–40
Christ’s Mass, 36
Christianity, 16, 22, 24, 107, 170, 170, 220, 250, 341, 455
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, 88, 392
Chronicle of Nantes, 377
church, the
as civil service, 20
East Anglian, 137, 431
patronage of by Ælfred, 158
relationship with kings, 7, 20–21, 59, 66, 264, 441
Northumbrian, 164, 165–66, 365, 366, 426
Pictish, 30
relationship with productive sites, 432
relationship with urban development, 432
Welsh, 91
in York, 442
See also minsters; monasteries
Cináed mac Ailpín, 32, 87–89, 162, 235
Cirencester, 172, 370–72, 451
Clofesho, 36
Clyde, River, 52, 84, 85, 89, 97, 234, 330, 427
Codex Aureus, 220–23
Coenwulf, king of Mercia, 34–35, 36, 37, 39, 128
coinage, 33, 58, 270
Ælfred, 128–9, 188, 228, 243n, 334, 379, 433
ALVALDUS, 266
Canterbury, 36, 93, 282, 431
Eadweard, 282
Ecgberht, 40
Grately Code, 354–55
Hywel Dda, 417
Lincoln, 288
London, 93
Northumbrian kings, 334
Norwich, 288
Óláf, 405
REX TOT. BRIT, 356
Rögnvaldr, 305
Rome, 355–56
SCE EADMUND REX, 267–68
Scotland, 89
Sigtryggr, 333
Skye, 355
St Eadmund, 107
Stamford, 288
Wiglaf, 41
York, 101, 288, 431
See also mints
Colchester, 175, 282, 283, 286, 287, 299, 358
Coldingham Abbey, 117
Colm Cille, 12, 24, 28, 29, 30, 82, 88, 91, 97n, 98, 162, 164, 264, 329
common burdens, 121–22, 205, 399, 414
Congresbury, 186n
Constantín, king of Fortriu and Atholl, 87
Constantín mac Áeda, king of Alba, 88, 234, 235, 262–65, 315, 388, 393, 419
Constantín mac Cináed, 117, 132, 262n
Copeland, 242
Corbridge, 52, 303, 305, 318, 320, 329, 375, 424
Cornwall, 138, 196–97, 202, 284, 331, 374, 428, 439
Craig Phadraig, 28, 85
crannog (circular dwelling), 86, 87n, 285, 386
Crayke, 61, 170
Cricklade, 49, 184, 213, 268, 451
Cuðred, king of Kent, 34
Cuerdale hoard, 241, 242, 267, 364
Cura Pastoralis (Pope Gregory), 187
Cuthbert, St, 27, 61–62, 145, 160, 166, 167–69, 240, 265, 421
community lands, 243, 319–23, 416, 422–24
See also Chester le Street; Lindisfarne
Cwenðryð (daughter of Coenwulf), 37–39, 60, 336
Cyfraith Hywel (the Laws of Hywel), 417
Cynehelm (heir of Coenwulf), 39
Cyng
en, king of Powys, 94
D
Dál Riata, 7, 32, 75, 83, 84, 87, 88, 91, 122, 264
Danby Dale, 134
Danegeld, 57
Danelaw, 138, 270, 414, 434, 435, 436, 451, 452
Danes, 17, 24, 82, 96, 98, 167, 172 –73, 176, 187, 241, 269, 274, 289, 327, 410, 439
See also Danish Mercia; Deniscan
Danevirke (earthwork), 17, 18
Danish East Anglia, see under East Anglia
Danish Host, see Great Host
Danish Mercia, 159, 161, 189, 210, 215, 278, 287, 289, 291, 294, 299, 301, 303, 315, 326, 341, 347, 361, 362, 398, 399, 403, 405, 406, 410, 414, 433, 439
conquest by Eadmund (942), 313, 409, 419
See also Five Boroughs; Mercia
David, St, 91–92, 278. 374, 375
Dee, River, 52, 240
Deheubarth, 374, 443
Deira (southern Northumbria), 100, 101, 124, 166, 172, 265n, 266, 320, 321, 322, 359, 361, 379, 409
Denewulf, bishop of Winchester, 270
Deniscan (Danes), 96, 211, 213, 313, 434
Denmark, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 43, 44, 46, 57, 66, 69, 70n, 96, 136, 142, 385, 449
Derby, 189, 191, 283, 287, 288, 299, 300, 301, 315, 356, 409
Dere Street, 52, 303, 320, 394, 424
diet, 293, 323
Dollar, battle at, 129, 132
Domburg (trading settlement), 54
Domnall, king of Dál Riata, 87, 94, 262
Dorchester, 49, 230n, 362, 376, 434, 447, 450
Dorestad, 47, 54, 434n
Drogheda, 238
Droitwich, 49, 51, 185, 279n, 282
Dubh Lind (Dublin), 55
Dubhgaill (Dark foreigners), 129
Dublin, 55, 97, 117, 129, 177, 211n, 215, 248, 249, 332, 365, 373, 382, 386, 390, 391, 409, 441, 443
expansion under Guðrøðr, 333, 344, 361
Norse dynasty in, 8, 46–47, 245, 247, 315, 329, 348
as Norse longphort, 55, 238, 246, 247
Sigtryggr re-establishes Norse rule, 305
Vikings expelled, 159, 235, 237–38, 239, 240, 241–42, 250, 263, 303
Dungarth, British king, 197
Dunkeld, 162, 263, 264, 329
Dunottar, 262, 263, 369
Dunsæte Ordinance, 284n, 324–27, 438
Dunstan, St, 407–8, 444, 449
Ðurcytel, Jarl, 284, 326
Dyfed, 32, 159, 177, 332, 374, 375, 421, 427
E
Eadberht Praen, king of Kent, 34, 38
Eadgar, king of England, 192, 359n, 430, 434, 448, 450
Eadgifu (Eadweard’s third wife), 335, 336, 337, 350, 352, 416
Eadgifu (Eadweard’s daughter), 376
Eadhild, Æðelstan’s half sister, 337, 342, 366n
Eadmund, king of East Anglia, 94, 99, 173, 297, 334
fights the mycel here, 106
martyrdom and cult of, 107, 268, 278
Eadmund of Wessex (son of Eadweard), 247, 267, 288, 316, 336, 350, 369, 393, 398, 403, 408, 410, 431
becomes king, 400, 405
fights at Brunanburh, 388, 390
council at Cheddar, 405–7
conquers Danish Mercia, 409, 419