5 For her Antigua background, see Ramagosa, ‘Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s Family in Antigua’, 238–58
6 Ramagosa, ‘Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s Family in Antigua’, 245
7 E. and W. Burke, An Account of the European Settlements in America, London, 1759, vol, 2, 114
8 Ramagosa, ‘Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s Family in Antigua’, 248
9 Ramagosa, ‘Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s Family in Antigua’, 248; in S. Max Edelson, Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina, Harvard University Press, 2006, 44
10 Harriet Simons Williams, ‘Eliza Lucas and her Family: Before the Letterbook’, The South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 99, no. 3, Eliza Lucas Pinckney (July 1998), 272
11 Williams, ‘Eliza Lucas and her Family: Before the Letterbook’, 264
12 Williams, ‘Eliza Lucas and her Family: Before the Letterbook’, 267
13 J. B. Martin, The Grasshopper in Lombard Street, London, 1892, 95
14 Williams, ‘Eliza Lucas and her Family: Before the Letterbook’, 266–7
15 Samuel Wilson, 1682, quoted in Edelson, Plantation Enterprise, 20
16 H.H. Ravenel, Eliza Pinckney, New York, 1896 (from here on referred to in these notes as Ravenel), 17–18
17 Ravenel, 18
18 Quoted in Edelson, Plantation Enterprise, 35
19 Edelson, Plantation Enterprise, 33
20 Ravenel, 19
21 Elise Pinckney, ed., The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney 1739–1762, University of South Carolina Press (1972), 1997 (from here on referred to in these notes as Pinckney Letterbook), 5
22 Ravenel, 227
23 Pinckney Letterbook, 7
24 Pinckney Letterbook, 34
25 Pinckney Letterbook, 16
26 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book 2, Ch. 1, Section 2
27 John Locke, ‘Epistle to the Reader’, Drafts for the Essay, 10, quoted in J. R. Milton, ‘Locke, John (1632–1704)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
28 Pinckney Letterbook, 35–6
29 Ravenel, 45
30 Ravenel, 43
31 Ravenel, 127
32 Ravenel, 245
33 Letter from Peter Fontaine, Westover, Virginia, 30 March 1757, in Ulrich B. Phillips, Plantation and Frontier, vol. II 1649–1863 (1910), Cosimo Reprints, New York, 2008, 29–30
34 Charleston District Inventories, Book B (1787–1793), 38–42
35 Pinckney Letterbook, 5–6
36 Ravenel, 105
37 Pinckney Letterbook, xviii
38 David S. Shields, University of South Carolina, in Edelson, Plantation Enterprise
39 Ravenel, 68
40 Ravenel, 69
41 Ravenel, 111
42 Ravenel, 109
43 Pinckney Letterbook, xii; Eliza Lucas Pinckney to Charles Pinckney, no date, in Phoebe Caroline Pinckney Seabrook copybook, SCHS
44 The Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 47, 17. The same column announced the wedding of Edwin Lascelles Esq. to Elizabeth, the only daughter of the late Sir Darcy Dawes, Bart.
45 Pinckney Letterbook, 77
46 Ravenel, 145
47 Pinckney Letterbook, 80
48 Pinckney Letterbook, 80
49 John L. Bullion, ‘Augusta, Princess of Wales (1719–1772)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
50 Ravenel, 144–5
51 Ravenel, 145–6
52 Ravenel, 146
53 Ravenel, 147
54 Ravenel, 150
55 Ravenel, 151–2
56 Pinckney Letterbook, 87
57 Pinckney Letterbook, 87
58 Pinckney Letterbook, 88
59 Pinckney Letterbook, 88
60 Ravenel, 175
61 Pinckney Letterbook, 101–2
63 Pinckney Letterbook, 133
64 Pinckney Letterbook, 144
65 Pinckney Letterbook, 185
66 Pinckney Letterbook, 185
67 Ravenel, 297
68 Ravenel, 297
69 Ravenel, 277
70 Ravenel, 276
71 Ravenel, 284
72 Ravenel, 285
73 Ravenel, 285
74 Ravenel, 286
75 Ravenel, 308–9
76 Ravenel, 311–12
77 Ravenel, 312
78 Charleston District Inventories, Book B (1787–1793), 38–42
PART V The Failing Vision 1790–1910
1 W.B. Yeats, ‘My Descendants’, Part IV of ‘Meditations in Time of Civil War’ (1923), in The Tower, London, 1928, 2–5
2 W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848), Harmondsworth, 2001, 82
3 C. Sykes, Four Studies in Loyalty, 1946, 18; quoted in F. M. L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century, London, 1963, 135–6
4 R. S. Surtees, Mr Sponge’s Sporting Tour, London, 1853, 69
5 Mancur Olson, Jr., and Curtis C. Harris, Jr., ‘Free Trade in “Corn”: A Statistical Study of the Prices and Production of Wheat in Great Britain from 1873 to 1914’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 73, no. 1 (February 1959), 145–168
6 Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895, Act I
Fecklessness
1 For these relationships see the Marquess of Anglesey, ed., The Capel Letters, London, 1955, from here on referred to in these notes as ‘Anglesey’. A full family tree is tipped into the endpapers. The Capel letters themselves, many of them unpublished or only partly published in Lord Anglesey’s book, remain in the muniment room in the basement of Plas Newydd, Llanfairpwllgwyn-gyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysilio-gogogoch, Anglesey LL61 6DQ
2 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, undated, ?March 1815, Anglesey, 195
3 Portrait by Robert Dighton of Captain the Honourable John Thomas Capel, The Royal Collection
4 Lady Uxbridge to Arthur Paget, September 1791
5 The Earl of Uxbridge to Lady Uxbridge, September 1791
6 Note in Plas Newydd Papers, Anglesey, 227
7 Lady Uxbridge to Sir Arthur Paget, August 1801, Anglesey, 25–6
8 Lord Hylton, ed., The Paget Brothers, 1790–1840, London, 1918, 18; Anglesey, 26
9 Sir Arthur Paget to Lady Uxbridge in A. B. Paget, ed., The Paget Papers: Diplomatic and Other Correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Arthur Paget, G. C. B., 1794–1807, London, 1896, vol. 1, 182–3; Anglesey, 27
10 Harriet Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 23 June 1814, Anglesey, 46. They rented rue Ducale 1056, au Parc, for £100 a year. The house no longer exists.
11 W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848), Harmondsworth, 2001
12 C. C. F. Greville, The Greville Memoirs: A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William IV, 1875, vol. I, 235
13 Harriet Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 23 June 1814, Anglesey, 46–7
14 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 6 July 1814, Anglesey, 50
15 H. M. Stephens, ‘Ferguson, Sir Ronald Craufurd (1773–1841)’, revised by S. Kinross, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
16 Harriet Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 23 June 1814, Anglesey, 47
17 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, July 1814, Anglesey, 59
18 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, July 1814, Anglesey, 64
19 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, July 1814, Anglesey, 60
20 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, no date, ?July 1814, Anglesey, 61
21 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, August 1814, Anglesey, 66
22 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, September 1814, Anglesey, 71
23 Maria Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 August 1814, Anglesey, 67
24 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, no date, ?July 1814, Anglesey, 64
25 Maria Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 August 1814, Anglesey, 68
26 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 1 September 1814, Anglesey, 69–70
27 A. S. Bolton, ‘Barnes, Sir Edward (1776–1838)’, revised by James Falkner, Oxford Dictionary of Nat
ional Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
28 Maria Capel to Lady Uxbridge, September 1814, Anglesey, 70
29 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, February 1815, Anglesey, 86
30 J. Austen, Emma: A Novel, London, 1816, vol. 1, 318
31 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 26 December 1814, Anglesey, 81
32 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 1 November 1814, Anglesey, 75
33 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 21 November 1814, Anglesey, 78
34 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 21 November 1814, Anglesey, 78
35 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 21 November 1814, Anglesey, 79
36 Lady George Seymour, quoted by Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, Anglesey, 191–2
37 A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes, Esq., From 1831 to 1847, London, 1856, 243
38 Sir Walter Scott, Journal, 4 October 1827, in John Gibson Lockhart, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Paris, 1838, vol. 4, 139
39 Maria Capel to Lady Uxbridge, September 1814, Anglesey, 70
40 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 October 1814
41 Lord Mahon, ed., The Letters of Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, London, 1845, vol. I, 79, vol. II, 410
42 W. S. Dowden et al., The Journal of Thomas Moore, vol. 1, University of Delaware Press, 1983, 76 (27 October 1818)
43 No date, no author, Trip’s dispatch box in the muniment room in Plas Newydd, Anglesey
44 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, Anglesey, 192
45 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, Anglesey, 192–3
46 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, 24 December 1814
47 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, February 1815, Anglesey, 85
48 Maria Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 1 March 1815, Anglesey, 87–8
49 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, March 1815, Anglesey, 88–9
50 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, ‘Monday or Tuesday’ 19/20 June 1815, Anglesey, 204–5
51 All these objects and small notes remain in Trip’s dispatch box in the muniment room in Plas Newydd, Anglesey
52 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 17 March 1815, Anglesey, 93
53 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, ?23 February 1815, Anglesey, 189
54 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, ?23 February 1815, Anglesey, 189–90
55 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, ?March 1815, Anglesey, 196
56 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, June 1815, Anglesey, 102
57 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, April 1815, Anglesey, 199
58 Dowden, The Journal of Thomas Moore, 76 (27 October 1818)
59 Lady George Seymour, quoted by Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, no date, Anglesey, 191
60 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 April 1815, Anglesey, 197
61 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 April 1815, Anglesey, 198
62 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, April 1815, Anglesey, 199
63 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, June 1815, Anglesey, 103
64 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, April 1815, Anglesey, 199
65 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, April 1815, Anglesey, 199
66 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 April 1815, Anglesey, 197
67 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 June 1815, Anglesey, 111–12
68 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 June 1815, Anglesey, 111
69 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 June 1815, Anglesey, 112
70 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 June 1815, Anglesey, 114
71 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 June 1815, Anglesey, 111
72 Anglesey, 202
73 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, June 1815, Anglesey, 202–3
74 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, 24 June 1815, Anglesey, 205
75 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 19 June 1815, Anglesey, 115
76 Georgiana Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 26 June 1815, Anglesey, 120
77 F. Leveson-Gower, ed., Letters of Harriet, Countess Granville (1810–1845), vol. 1, London, 1894, 70
78 F. Leveson-Gower, ed., Letters of Harriet, Countess Granville (1810–1845), vol. 1, London, 1894, 73–4
79 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, October 1815, Anglesey, 149
80 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, November 1815, Anglesey, 152
81 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, November 1815, Anglesey, 152–3
82 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, November 1815, Anglesey, 153
83 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, December 1815, Anglesey, 154
84 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, 1 January 1816, Anglesey, 210
85 Harriet Capel to Ernst Trip, 1 January 1816, Anglesey, 211–12
86 F. Leveson-Gower, ed., Letters of Harriet, Countess Granville (1810–1845), vol. 1, London, 1894, 89
87 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 November 1816, Anglesey, 215
88 Caroline Capel to Lady Uxbridge, 18 November 1816, Anglesey, 215
89 Harriet Capel to Lady Uxbridge, December 1816, Anglesey, 217
90 Dowden, The Journal of Thomas Moore, 76 (27 October 1818)
91 Dowden, The Journal of Thomas Moore, 82 (27 October 1818)
92 Hylton, The Paget Brothers, 302
93 M. Strachan, ed., The Diary of Lady Adela Capel of Cassiobury 1841–2, Hertfordshire Record Society, 2006, 33 (24 September 1841)
Fantasy
1 For the story of the Hugheses of Kinmel, the two key archives (in fact two parts of a single archive which was split in 1953) are those held at Bangor University (reference code GB 0222 KIN), from here on referred to in these notes as ‘Kinmel Papers’, catalogued in E. Gwynne Jones, A Schedule of the Kinmel Manuscripts and Documents, 1955 (typescript), two vols, also published as Transactions of the Denbighshire Historical Society, vol. 4, 1955; and the residue of the collection, held at Plas Kinmel, St George, Abergele, Conwy LL22 9SF (uncatalogued) and from here on referred to in these notes as ‘Kinmel Estate’. For a full account of Parys Mountain, see Bryan D. Hope, A Curious Place: The Industrial History of Amlwch (1550–1950), Wrexham, 1994, and J. R. Harris, The Copper King, 2nd ed., Ashbourne, 2003
2 E. Gwynne Jones, A Schedule of the Kinmel Manuscripts and Documents, 1955 (typescript), Introduction, 7–8
3 Gwynne Jones, A Schedule of the Kinmel Manuscripts, Introduction, 7–8, 10
4 Portrait in Kinmel Estate Collection
5 Harris, The Copper King, 21–2
6 Kinmel Papers 1807–1809, Hughes-Bayly case papers, 1769–75
7 Kinmel Papers 1807, Affidavit of Edward Hughes, 15 December 1775
8 Harris, The Copper King, 34
9 Kinmel Papers 1807, Hughes-Bayly case papers
10 Hope, A Curious Place, 33
11 Thomas Pennant, Tours in Wales, 1784, 275
12 Hope, A Curious Place, 33
13 Pennant, Tours in Wales, 275
14 Kinmel Papers 1616, H. R. Hughes, draft of letter to Charles Mainwaring about Hugh Hughes, no date
15 Kinmel Papers 1807, Hughes-Bayly case papers
16 Gwynne Jones, A Schedule of the Kinmel Manuscripts, Introduction, 12–13
17 Elaine Boxhall, Kinmel Characters, Abergele, 1990, 35
18 The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review, vol. 191, 1852, 403
19 Kinmel Papers 1563, 18 February 1852, note by P. S. Humberston
20 The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review, vol. 191, 1852, 403
21 T. F. Henderson, ‘Augustus Frederick, Prince, Duke of Sussex (1773–1843)’, revised by John Van der Kiste, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
22 J. G. and F. Rivington, The Annual Register, or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year, vol. 83, 1841, 97
23 The Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 16, 1842, 531
24 Kinmel Papers 1563, Lord Dinorben to P. S. Humberston, no date [January 1849]
25 Kinmel Papers 1563, P. S. Humberston to Lord Dinorben, no date [January 1849]
26 Kinmel Papers 1563, Sir John Ha
y Williams to P. S. Humberston, 13 January 1849
27 Kinmel Papers 1563, H. R. Hughes to Lord Dinorben, no date [January 1849]
28 Kinmel Papers 1563, Thomas Williams to P. S. Humberston, 15 February 1852
29 Kinmel Papers 1563, note by Humberston, 18 February 1852
30 Gwynne Jones, A Schedule of the Kinmel Manuscripts, Introduction, 13
31 Unsourced clipping, August 1853, Kinmel Estate
32 Tribute from ‘your numerous Tenantry, Your People and Your Country’, 30 August 1853, Kinmel Estate
33 Kinmel Papers 1693, 39 Grosvenor Square, W1, Visitors’ Book
34 Kinmel Papers 1518, London house rent and travelling expenses
35 F. H. W. Sheppard, ed., Survey of London, vol. 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Pt 2, 1980
36 Kinmel Papers 1500, Cash Book, Travelling expenses of household from London to Kinmel July 1854
37 Anthony Trollope, Can You Forgive Her?, 1864, 4
38 The Spectator, 25 May 1861, 543
39 Kinmel Papers 1499, Flintshire Election Account, 1861
40 The Spectator, 1 June 1861, 572
41 By the 1851 census, 80 per cent of people in Wales who attended a religious service of any kind were nonconformist. See Dennis R. Mills, Lord and Peasant in Nineteenth Century Britain, London, 1980, 169
42 The Spectator, 1 June 1861, 572
43 It is not entirely certain that Burn was the architect. An isometric drawing by J. Crickmay of the house and stables, dated 1856, is preserved at Kinmel.
44 Kinmel Papers S1786b, drawings by William Burn of Dinorben Lodge
45 Thomas Seccombe, ‘Nesfield, William Andrews’, revised by Huon Mallalieu, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; Nina James-Fowler, ‘Nesfield, William Eden’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; Mark Girouard, The Victorian Country House, London, 1979, 320
46 Kinmel Papers 1812, W. A. Nesfield, ‘Plan of Details for Llwyni Dressed Ground’, 11 June 1867. It is not certain whether all of Nesfield’s garden plans were ever carried out.
47 Girouard, The Victorian Country House, 323. The sketchbook is in the RIBA.
48 Quoted in Girouard, The Victorian Country House, 325
49 Girouard, The Victorian Country House, 328
50 Sotheby’s sale at Kinmel Park, 4–12 June 1929, 2,211 lots over nine days. ‘A special through Char-a-banc’ was laid on from Chester. This was Sotheby’s first country house sale.