55 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 11 August 1700, BL Add. 27397
56 A. Halcott to Oliver le Neve, no date, Rye, le Neve, 186
57 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 14 February 1698, BL Add. 27397
58 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 15 October 1700, Rye, le Neve, 70
59 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 2 August 1701, Rye, le Neve, 80
60 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 7 March 1702, Rye, le Neve, 84
61 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 12 February 1695, Rye, le Neve, 29
62 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 3 December 1695, Rye, le Neve, 27
63 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 2 April 1695, Rye, le Neve, 30
64 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 25 August 1704, Rye, le Neve, 109
65 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 26 August ?1694, Rye, le Neve, 25–6
66 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 12 March 1696, Rye, le Neve, 38
67 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 7 December 1696, Rye, le Neve, 43
68 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 11 August 1700, BL Add. 27397
69 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 7 January 1695, Rye, le Neve, 28
70 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 7 January 1695, Rye, le Neve, 28
71 Will Looker to Oliver le Neve, 8 August 1707, Rye, le Neve, 141
72 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 15 March 1707, BL Add 27397; Erasmus Earle to Oliver le Neve, 10 April 1693, Rye, le Neve 30
73 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve 25 January 1697, BL Add 27397
74 John Rous to Oliver le Neve, 3 September ?1700, Rye, le Neve, 68
75 Sir John Rous to Oliver le Neve, 4 July 1698, Rye, le Neve, 54
76 Oliver le Neve to Bassingbourne Gawdy, March 1704, BL Add 27397
77 Charles Middleton to Oliver le Neve, 24 February 1704, Rye, le Neve, 99–101
78 Thomas Rose to Oliver le Neve, 19 October 1706, Rye, le Neve, 128
79 Eliza Millner to Oliver le Neve, 12 August 1693, Rye, le Neve, 19
80 Charles Fisher to Oliver le Neve, 31 March 1694, Rye, le Neve, 23
81 Elizabeth Story to Oliver le Neve, 12 February 1695, BL Egerton 2718
82 Elizabeth Story to Oliver le Neve, 7 February 1696, BL Egerton 2718
83 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 28 April 1707, Rye, le Neve, 136
84 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 3 February 1697, BL Add. 27397
85 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 3 February 1697, BL Add. 27397
86 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 10 November 1699, BL Add. 27397
87 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 10 November 1699, BL Add. 27397
88 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 10 November 1699, BL Add. 27397
89 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 30 November 1696, BL Add. 27397
90 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 24 October 1696, BL Add. 27397
91 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 29 December 1696, BL Add. 27397
92 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 25 February 1697, BL Add. 27397
93 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 17 April 1698, BL Add. 27397
94 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 29 June 1711, BL Add. 27397
95 For example, Thomas Rose in London to Oliver le Neve in Witchingham, 14 October 1701, Rye, le Neve, 81: ‘I have sent you by the Anne and Judith, off Yarmouth, John Attwood, master, six cheeses, according to your order, as good as I could get, and as cheap; the bill is at the bottom.’
96 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 3 February 1697, BL Add. 27397
97 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 25 August 1692, BL Add. 27397
98 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 10 December 1695, BL Add. 27397
99 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 23 September 1696, BL Add. 27397
100 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 24 October 1696, BL Add. 27397
101 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 30 November 1696, BL Add. 27397
102 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 17 April 1698, BL Add. 27397; Peter le Neve to Oliver le Neve, 17 March 1698, BL Add. 79491
103 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 19 July 1692, BL Add. 27397
104 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 9 July 1697, Rye, le Neve, 49
105 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 25 January 1697, BL Add. 27397
106 Robert Fisher to Oliver le Neve, 4 July 1698, Rye, le Neve, 54
107 Robert Monsey to Oliver le Neve, 17 July 1698, Rye, le Neve, 54
108 T. B. Macaulay, The History of England: From the Accession of James I, London, 1861, 96
109 T. B. Macaulay, The History of England: From the Accession of James I, London, 1861, 97
110 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 20 April 1706, Rye, le Neve, 124
111 The Poll for Two Knights of the Shire for the Western Division of the County of Norfolk, Norwich, 1837, 216–19
112 Sir Henry Hobart to Sir John Somers, 30 April 1696, Surrey History Centre, 371/14/L/18
113 R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Norfolk Portraits, London, 1944, 60
114 R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Norfolk Portraits, London, 1944, 61
115 Luttrell, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs, vol. 4, 422 (Thursday, 25 August 1698)
116 Oliver le Neve to Sir Henry Hobart, 20 August 1698, Norfolk Record Office FX 210/1
117 R. B. Manning, Swordsmen: The Martial Ethos in the Three Kingdoms, Oxford, 2003, 50, 198
118 Manning, Swordsmen, 61
119 For example, Sir William Hope, The Sword-Man’s Vade Mecum, London, 1694
120 Samuel Butler, Characters, ed. C. W. Davis, Cleveland, 1970, 270, 304–5
121 Manning, Swordsmen, 228–31
122 Luttrell, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs, vol. 4, 422 (Thursday, 25 August 1698)
123 John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, London, 1812, 416
124 Norfolk Record Office NRS 11129 25 E5; John Maddison et al., Blickling Hall, 1987, 28
125 P. W. Jackson, The Gawdy Manuscripts, Feltham, 2004, 83
126 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 13 March 1699, BL Add. 27397
127 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 31 January 1700, BL Add. 27397
128 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 23 March 1699, Rye, le Neve, 56
129 Bassingbourne Gawdy to Oliver le Neve, 31 January 1700, BL Add. 27397
130 Giles Bladwell to Oliver le Neve, 10 October 1699, Rye, le Neve, 61
131 John Millecent to Oliver le Neve, 12 December 1706, Rye, le Neve, 129
132 Francis Blomefield, An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, vol. 1, 1805, 307
PART IV Atlantic Domains 1710–1790
1 Geoffrey Hickes, A Gentleman Instructed in the Conduct of a Virtuous and Happy Life, Written for the Instruction of a Young Nobleman, London, 1709, 26
2 Spectator, No. 383, 20 May 1711
3 The figures for c.1690 are derived from J. P. Cooper, ‘The Social Distribution of Land and Men in England 1436–1700’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, xx (1967); those for c.1790 from F. M. L. Thompson, ‘The Social Distribution of Landed Property in England since the Sixteenth Century’, Economic History Review, xix (1966); and G. E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century (1963), Routledge, 2006. A version of the table is printed in G. E. Mingay, The Gentry, Longman, 1976, 59
4 S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (from here on referred to in these notes as Smith, Slavery), 33
5 Smith, Slavery, 33
6 S. D. Smith, ed., The Lascelles & Maxwell Letterbooks (1739–1769), microform 2003 (from here on LMLB), 20 November 1747. A man from Glasgow was applying for a tutoring job but ‘his chief defect will probably be his accent’.
7 For an overview of Barbados in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries see Jack P. Greene, ‘Changing Identity in the
British Caribbean: Barbados as a Case Study,’ in N. Canny and A. Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500–1800, Princeton University Press, 1989
8 Quoted in Canny and Pagden, Colonial Identity, 229
9 E. and W. Burke, An Account of the European Settlements in America, London, 1760, 91
10 William Beckford, A Descriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica: With Remarks upon the Cultivation of the Sugar-cane, London, 1790, 48
11 Richard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, London, 1673
12 J. Thomson, Timehri: The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana, vol. 9 (1895), 63
13 LMLB, 28 March 1741; 16 February 1742
14 David Hume, Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects, London, 1753, vol. 1 (Essay XVI: ‘The Stoic’), 218
15 For Eliza’s sense of her own standing beyond gender or its restrictions, see Darcy R. Fryer, ‘The Mind of Eliza Pinckney: An Eighteenth-Century Woman’s Construction of Herself’, The South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 99, no. 3, Eliza Lucas Pinckney (July 1998), 215–37
Dominance
1 For a richly detailed examination of the eighteenth-century Lascelles family, see S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic, Cambridge University Press, 2006, from here on referred to in these notes as Smith, Slavery; for Henry Lascelles’s wealth at death see Smith, Slavery, 87 and S. D. Smith, ‘Lascelles, Henry’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
2 See John Habbakuk, Marriage, Debt and the Estates System, Oxford University Press, 1994, 422. In 1756, for example, William Baker MP spent £21,000 on 3,911 acres at Bayfordbury in Hertfordshire.
3 S. D. Smith, ed., The Lascelles & Maxwell Letterbooks (1739–1769), microform 2003 (from here on LMLB), 4 April 1744: a ship in the Barbados trade was sold for £800; in the 1730s a Bristol ship laden with goods worth £1,330 was planning to buy 240 slaves plus some ivory on the proceeds (E. Donnan, Slave Trade, Washington, 1930, vol. II, 327)
4 In 1737, 368 slaves were worth £8,391 in Barbados; 914 slaves were insured for £14,614 at Anomabu in 1742: The National Archives (TNA) C103/130 John Dunning’s Commissions, 21 December 1737; George Hamilton to Thomas Hall, 19 September 1742; S. D. Smith, Slavery, 75; but slave prices could vary: in LMLB on 20 April 1741, slaves were selling at £18 each in Barbados but £31 each in Jamaica
5 Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol V (i) 1753 Regional Farming Systems, 73
6 William Page, ed., Victoria County History, York: North Riding, vol. I, 1914, 405
7 B. D. Henning, The House of Commons, 1660–1690, London, 1983, vol. II, 711
8 John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, vol. 6, 1645–47, London, 1722, 118
9 For these first commercial Lascelles see Smith, Slavery, 43–53
10 D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks and S. Handley, The House of Commons, 1690–1715, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 589
11 K. G. Davies, The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century, University of Minnesota Press, 1974, 74; R. S. Dunn, ‘The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America’, in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 26:3–30 (1969)
12 Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997), Phoenix, 2006, 386
13 Jack P. Greene, ‘Changing Identity in the British Caribbean: Barbados as a Case Study’, in N. Canny and A. Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500–1800, Princeton University Press, 1989
14 Thomas, The Slave Trade, 432
15 For life expectations and conditions among slaves in the Caribbean see Smith, Slavery, 284ff.
16 TNA C 103/130 Thomas Hall, commercial papers and correspondence: George Hamilton to Hall from ‘Annamaboo’, 19 February 1738
17 LMLB 15 September 1741
18 LMLB 13 August 1740
19 LMLB 28 March 1740
20 LMLB 18 July 1745
21 LMLB 16 March 1745
22 LMLB 23 December 1740
23 LMLB 17 May 1740
24 LMLB 17 May 1740
25 LMLB 30 January 1741
26 LMLB May 1741 and throughout
27 LMLB 17 March 1740; LMLB 18 March 1740
28 LMLB 13 September 1740
29 LMLB 10 September 1744
30 LMLB 16 September 1743
31 LMLB December 1741
32 LMLB 16 September 1743
33 LMLB/Pares transcripts 3 November 1746
34 LMLB 20 October 1744
35 LMLB 16 September 1743
36 LMLB 29 September 1743
37 LMLB 16 September 1743
38 LMLB 7 November 1743
39 For example, LMLB/Pares transcripts 2 June 1756; LMLB George Maxwell to Brathwaite, November 1745
40 Speech to the House of Commons, 2 April 1792
41 TNA T 1/320/21 Report of the Customs Commissioners on the case of Edward Lascelles, collector of the 4½ per cent duty at Bridge Town, Barbados; for the whole story of the Lascelles brothers and the corruption charges against them see Smith, Slavery, 59–72
42 TNA T 1/320/21 Report of the Customs Commissioners on the case of Edward Lascelles
43 TNA T 1/320/21 Report of the Customs Commissioners on the case of Edward Lascelles
44 TNA T 1/320/21 Report of the Customs Commissioners on the case of Edward Lascelles
45 TNA T 1/320/21 Report of the Customs Commissioners on the case of Edward Lascelles
46 TNA T 1/320/22 Memorial of Henry Lascelles on behalf of Edward, his brother, and Arthur Upton
47 TNA T 1/320/24 Copy of a 1744 letter from Robt. Dinwiddie, Inspector-General of the 4½ per cent duty
48 Jack P. Greene, Imperatives, Behaviors, and Identities: Essays in Early American Cultural History, University of Virginia Press, 1992, 39
49 Jack P. Greene, ‘Changing Identity in the British Caribbean: Barbados as a Case Study’, in Canny and Pagden, Colonial Identity, 246
50 Greene, ‘Changing Identity’, 247
51 Daniel Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, Thro’ the Whole island of Great-Britain, 1734, 126
52 This description of what Lascelles’s interiors might have been like is based on John Wood, Description of Bath, 1749, vol. II, Preface, 2
53 Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, 102
54 Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, 102
55 Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, 126
56 Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, 103
58 This description is based on the account of the Great Tower Street office of Lascelles & Maxwell in Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), London, vol. iv (1929), 185. The building, along with the vast bulk of the precious Lascelles & Maxwell archive, was destroyed by German bombs on 29 December 1940. The Mincing Lane office has also disappeared, its site now occupied by a modern behemoth.
59 Edward Moore (Adam Fitz-Adam), The World, no. 125, 22 May 1755
60 Samuel Pepys, Diary, Friday, 8 August 1662
61 Defoe, Tour, 146
62 Defoe, Curious and Diverting Journies, 129
63 TNA C 103/130 George Hamilton to Thomas Hall, 19 April 1741
64 Smith, Slavery, 75
65 Smith, Slavery, 75; TNA C11/2189/18
66 TNA C 103/130 T. Hall to G. Hamilton at ‘Annamaboo’, 15 August 1740
67 Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997), Phoenix, 2006, 318, 328
68 All in TNA C 103/130 Thomas Hall to George Hamilton, 1 April 1740
69 TNA C 103/130 George Hamilton to Capts Rich and Pinnell, 13 August 1739
70 TNA C 103/130 George Hamilton to Richard Pinnell, January 1737
71 LMLB Henry Lascelles to Richard Crookenden, 22 February 1741
72 LMLB Henry Lascelles to Edward Lascelles, 6 December 1740
73 LMLB Henry Lascelles to Edward Lascelles, 27 Oct
ober 1741
74 TNA C 103/130 Charles Benyon to Thomas Hall, no date
75 TNA C 103/130 George Clifford to Thomas Hall, 13 October 1741
76 TNA C 103/130 George Hamilton to Capts Rich and Pinnell, 13 August 1739
77 TNA C 103/130 John Dunning to Thomas Hall, 19 July 1747
78 TNA C 11/2189/18 for Lascelles’s court case against George Hamilton
79 All in LMLB September 1743
80 LMLB 19 September 1743
81 LMLB November 1745
82 LMLB November 1745
83 LMLB 20 October 1744
84 LMLB 7 January 1745
85 LMLB November 1745
86 LMLB November 1745
87 LMLB November 1745
88 LMLB/Pares Transcripts 30 April 1757
89 LMLB Henry Lascelles to Thomas Stevenson, 27 October 1741; Smith, Slavery, 161, 163
90 ‘An Act to Dissolve the Marriage of Daniel Lascelles’, Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/PB/1/1751/25G2n79; Smith, Slavery, 185; Richard Pares, ‘A London West-India Merchant House, 1740–1769’, in Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier, 1956, 75
91 London Gazette, 9665, 26 February 1757
92 Smith, Slavery, 185
93 Smith, Slavery, 184
94 R. P. Butterfield, Monastery and Manor: The History of Crondall, Farnham, 1948, 99
95 K. Garlick and A. Macintyre, eds, Diary of Joseph Farington, Yale University Press, 1978, vol. II, 570
96 ‘The Diary of Thomas Gyll’, 12 October 1753, Six North Country Diaries, Surtees Society, 1910, 118
97 LMLB/Pares Transcripts 20 November 1747; Gentleman’s Magazine, 24 (1754), 325; Smith, Slavery, 88
98 Pat Rogers, Johnson and Boswell: The Transit of Caledonia, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995, 29
99 Isle of Wight Record Office, Oglander Account Books OG 90/6, 113
100 Revd J. L. Saywell, History & Annals of Northallerton, 1885
Courage
1 M. Mulcahy, Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624– 1783, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, 19
2 V. L. Oliver, The History of the Island of Antigua, London, 1894, i, xcv
3 Harriet Simons Williams, ‘Eliza Lucas and her Family: Before the Letterbook’, The South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 99, no. 3, Eliza Lucas Pinckney (July 1998), 264
4 Carol Walter Ramagosa, ‘Eliza Lucas Pinckney’s Family in Antigua’, The South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 99, no. 3, Eliza Lucas Pinckney (July 1998), 242