madrasas 29-35, 40-1, 93-5, 120-5, 186
Mecca 13, 44, 53, 92, 154, 167, 232
construction of 111, 120-6, 130-1, 188,
meddlesome priest 120-36
240
Medina 13, 15, 28, 53, 154, 184
spread of 30-2, 40-1, 136
Melkites 21
Maghreb 120-1, 205
Mesopotamia 24, 93, 100-3, 142, 206
Maghrib 15, 53, 121
mihrab 192
Mahmud of Ghazna 92
minbar 192
Mahmud, Shihab al-Din 151
Mongols 9, 37, 41, 136
'le Mahomet' 3
Mont Gisard 140-8, 161, 170, 239
al-Makhzumi, Abul-Qasim 94
moral laxity 39
al-Malik al-Muzzaffar 194
morality 107
al-Malik al-Nasir 81
mosques 30, 43
Malikis 16, 91, 9 3 - 4 , 120, 132, 194
Mosul 24-7, 29, 33, 41, 46, 69, 85,
mamluks 7 4 - 5 , 84, 109, 155, 168-9,
100-16, 147, 162-3
224
Saladin's march on 161-2
Ibn Mammati, al-As'ad 76, 84, 133
Mount Arafat 165, 198
Manazil al-lzz 130, 151-3, 160-1, 165
Mount Calvary 160
Manbij 152
Mount of Olives 190
mangonels 197
Mount Turan 175, 177
al-Mansur 220, 229
mourning of the people 235-6
Mansuriya district 87
Mudarrah Gate 93
maqamat 45-6
muddaris 129
al-Maqrizi 50, 77, 134 ,
al-Muhadhdhab 133
march into Syria 109-19
Muhammad Ibn Khalaf 16
march on Mosul 161-2
Muhammad Ibn Yahya 123
march to Tiberias 174-9
Muhammad, Qutb al-Din 126
march towards Jaffa 211-13
Muharram 167
Mardin 160
al-Muizz 13
marginality 20
Muizz 12
Marj Uyun 146
Ibn al-Mujawir 94
Market of the Sword Sellers 87, 121
a.l-Munqidh min al-Dalal 18
Maronites 21, 23
Ibn Munqidh, TJsama 140
Marquess William ofMontferrat 181, 196-7
al-Muqaddasi 53
Marwan 26
Ibn al-Muqaddam 102, 104, 107, 144-5,
Mary of Antioch 148
152-3, 198, 201, 238-9
Ibn Marzuq 128
Ibn Muqla 92
Ibn Masai, Najm al-Din 64, 66, 68, 99, 117
al-Muqtafi 34
al-Mashtub, Saif al-Din 75-7, 143, 163,
Muranguras 177-8
196, 208, 224, 228, 235
Muslim revanche 107
Masrur 131
Muslim solidarity 70
massacre of the 3000 206-11
Muslim world 136
masters of Egypt 82-97
Muslim year of 566 95
crushing of the Sudanese uprising 8 4 - 8
al-Mustadi 146
• 272 .
I N D E X
al-Mustanjid 34
al-Pahlawan of Azerbaijan 161-2,
al-Mutanabbi 152
165
Mu'tamin al-Khilafa 86
Palestine 21, 44, 51-2, 5 4 - 6 , 187-8, 200
Mutazilism 16, 19
Palestinian Liberation Organization 2
al-MuzzafFar see Taq ul-Din
Palm Sunday 133
Myriokephalon 119, 138
peace negotiations 229-31
mysticism 28
people's mourning for Saladin 235-6
Persian Sasanian traditions 32
Nablus 160, 185, 188
pharaohs 85
Ibn Naja, Zein al-Din 60-1, 92, 99, 110,
Philip Augustus 161, 204, 209
121, 193
Philip of Flanders 107, 138-44
najas 39, 192
Philippa of Antioch 150
Najm al-Din 28
piety 47, 50, 121, 131-2, 135, 188
al-Najmi, Qaymaz 168-70
Pisa 13, 157, 197, 204
Najmiyya 28
plague 50
naphtlia 87
political backwater 20
al-Nasiriyyali 95, 120, 123
political disintegration 16
Nasr al-Din 8 2 - 3 , 1 0 0 , 107, 146, 220
political genius 15
Nazaretii 185
political intrigue 55
Nejd 149
polo 42, 50, 73
Nestorians 21
Pope Urban 111 200
new Sunni orthodoxy 14-19
power struggle in Syria 106-9
Night Journey to the Heavens 44, 192
prisoners of war 37, 118
the Nile 51, 54-62, 85-6, 99, 120, 139,
prize of Syria 98-119
152, 162
challenge of Aleppo 109-19
Nisbin 170
death of Nur al-Din and Amalric
Nishapur 123
100-6
al-Nishapuri, Qutb al-Din 47-8, 92, 110,
power struggle 106-9
Saladin marches in 109-19
128, 237
Nisibin 115
Prophet Muhammad 10-11, 15, 28, 44,
47-9, 57, 61-2, 92, 125, 129, 132,
Nizam ul-Mulk 15, 17-19, 22, 30-5, 41-2,
154, 193, 241
56-8, 91, 103, 122, 125-6, 130, 136,
ptolemies 85
187-8, 237, 240
Nizamiyya 30-1, 33, 56, 97, 116-17, 119,
122, 130, 240
al-Qadi al-Fadil 45, 77-81, 8 3 ^ , 90-1, 94,
Norman atacks 52
101, 105, 107, 116-18,127-8, 132-4,
Nubia 53, 129, 214
141, 144-5, 153-4, 162-7,182,
Nur al-Din 7, 28-36, 40-52, 59-76, 80-95,
187-8, 197-8, 206, 219, 228, 232-6,
98-106, 126, 130-2, 137-8, 144,
240-1
148-56, 163, 186-7, 192, 194, 198,
renewed vows 164-7
206, 238, 241
rise of 77-81
death of 100-6
al-Qadir 13-15
death of son 148-56
Qadiri Creed 13-14, 17, 42
rise of 29-3 5
qadis 15, 23, 41, 49-50, 132-3, 193
Saladin's 'spiritual father' 7
al-Qahira 13
Nuriyah 75, 84, 109
al-Qahwani 171
Ibn^al-Qaisarani, MuwafFaq 100
Orontes river 21
al-Qamihiyya 120
orthodoxy 7-9, 14-19, 29, 32-3, 43, 90-7;
Qaraqush, Baha ul-Din 75-6, 84, 86, 89,
138
118,208
Outremer 24, 140, 166, 200
al-Qazwini, Abu Yusuf 19, 38
• 273 •
I N D E X
Ibn Qudama, MuwafFaq al-Din 62, 92, 171,
fall of Acre 206-11
187
fragmentation of Saladin's army 2 0 4 - 6
Queen Maria Comnena 189
march towards Jaffa 211-13
al-Qurshi, Uthman Ibn Marzuq 61-2, 132
massacre of the 3000 206-11
Quran 16, 27, 34, 45-6, 49, 78, 92, 132,
Saladin's defeat at Arsuf 2 1 4 - 1 7
194, 224
siege of Acre 2 0 0 - 4
qutb 48
Ridwan 58-9
Qyzyl-Arslan 202
rihla 96
rise of al-Qadi al-Fadil 77-81
Rajab 49, 192
rise of Nur al-Din 29-35
Ramadan 49, 86
River Jordan 21, 51, 158, 171
Ramla 217, 222, 228-9
Roger II 57
rapprochement 112, 165, 188
Roger of Moulin 168
al-Raqqa 152
Rome 2
al-Rashid, Har
un 9
al-Ruha 147, 151
rationalism 16, 19
Rum 42
Rawadiya 25
Rupen III of Cicilia 152
Raymond of Antioch 4, 34
Ibn Ruzzik 59
Raymond of Tripoli 63, 106, 111-13,
137-9, 147, 149-50, 157, 159, 161,
Sacred Law 10, 126-7
1 6 4 - 9 , 1 7 2 - 8 1
Sacred Rock 224
al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din 128
al-Sadriyya mosque 121
realpolitik 26, 118
Safad casde 178
Reginald of Sidon 201
Saffuriya 171-3
relationship between Saladin and ulama
al-Sahibiyya 131
125-32
Sahih of al-Bukhari 50
religious homogeneity 31
Said al-Suada hospice 129
religious milieu in which Saladin grew up
Said, Edward 5
3 7 - 4 1
Said Ibn Ahmad 38
religious symbolism 95
Saif al-Din 204
renewed vows 164-7
sailing close to disaster 157-67
resurgent Islam 106
death of Baldwin IV 160-2
Resurrection 44
renewed vows 164-7
retreat 37, 6 4 - 6
Saladin and al-Qadi al-Fadil 164-7
return of Jerusalem 184-95
Saladin's illness 163-4
collapse of the Latin Kingdom 185-9
Saladin's march on Mosul 162-3
Saladin besieges Jerusalem 190-1
Saladin gathers his army 170-2
triumphant entry into Jerusalem 191-5
return to Damascus 2 3 3 - 4
Saladin's death 235-6
Revival of Religious Sciences 18
Salah al-Din 27
Reynald of Chatillon 112, 137-8, 148-9,
Salahiya 84
154, 157, 159, 164-7, 169, 172-3,
al-Salih 101, 104-7, 110-11, 114-15, 144,
181-3, 198, 206,
148, 153
238
al-Salihiyya 122, 128
Saladin slays 182-3
Ibn Sallar 58-9
rhetoric 78
Samarqand 121
Richard 1 76-7, 186, 196-232,
sanctification 193
2 3 9 - 4 0
'Sanctum Sepulchrum adjuva' 214
Conrad fortifies Tyre 196-9
Saruj 147, 152
defiance of 226-9
Sea of Precious Virtues 43
departure of 229-31
search for legitimacy 22
• 274 •
I N D E X
Sebastea 160
siege of Acre 76, 200-4, 208
Second Crusade 4, 25, 36-7
siege of Alexandria 66-8, 99, 117,
self-interest 74-5, 118
145
self-preservation 81
siege of Damascus 37
Seljuqs 14-15, 18, 21-3, 26, 55, 119
siege of Jerusalem 190-1
separating man from myth 1 - 8
siege of Tyre 186, 197
Shaban 49
al-Silafi 58-9, 65, 78, 9 3 - 4 , 125,
Ibn Shaddad, Bahu ul-Din 47-9, 71-2,
133
8 3 - 4 , 126-7, 135, 165, 171, 177,
Sinan, Rashid al-Din 112
179, 181, 186, 191, 194, 202,
Sinjar 149, 153, 155, 160, 170, 198,
205-12, 215, 217-18, 223-5, 228,
201-2, 220, 226
232-6, 241
Siyasaname 32
Shadi 26, 89
skulduggery 101
al-Shafii 96, 128
soldiers of fortune 56
Shafiism 16-17, 19, 30, 35, 41-2, 58-9, 73,
spin 118
79, 90-5, 119-25, 128-32, 155, 171,
spread of Islam 15, 19
187, 193-4
spread of madrasas 29-35
Shah Arman of Akhlat 161-2
struggle for northern Syria 148-56
Shah, Farmkli 115, 145, 148-9, 152-3
Sudanese uprising 8 4 - 8
Shah, Malik 15, 22
sufism 11, 18, 28, 41-2, 48, 61-2, 91, 98,
Shah, Sanjar 146, 2 0 4 - 5
117, 129, 131-2, 171, 187, 192, 194,
Shah, Turan 83, 85-7, 89, 101, 115, 119,
241
129, 144, 147, 221, 239
suhba 22
al-Shahrazuri, Kamal al-Din 41, 6 3 - 4 ,
al-Sulami, All Ibn Tahir 42-3, 103
101-2, 107, 113, 119, 130
Sultan of the Saints 48
Shama, Abu 57, 83
Sunni orthodoxy 7, 14-19, 29, 43, 56,
Shams al-Din of Busra 108
90-8, 120-3, 187-8, 194,240
Shananshah 131
building new 14-19
'Shaqi al-Din' 127
introduction to Egypt 9 1 - 7
see also Taqi ul-Din
Sunni Revival 7-10, 14-20, 30, 33-43,
Sharia 10, 16, 126-7
46, 52, 56, 9 1 - 3 , 1 0 3 , 112, 116,
al-Shatibi, al-Qasim Ibn Firruh 132
123-5, 130, 163, 187-8, 194-5,
Shaubak 159
216, 237, 240
Shawar 59, 62, 6 4 - 7 , 69-72, 79-82, 85,
sec also Abbasid caliphate
94, 110, 134, 208
Sunnification of Egypt 129, 132-6
Shawqi, Ahmad 5
al-Suyufiyya 121
shihna 63
suzerainty 21
Shiism 10-14, 19, 31-2, 41, 43, 90, 92, 99,
Sybil 200
111-12, 1 2 2 , 1 2 9 , 1 4 9
Sybilla of Anjou 138
Shirkuh, Asad al-Din 7, 26-8, 36, 40, 42,
symbolism 59, 65, 95, 182, 186, 192,
47, 50-2, 60-7, 70-86, 95, 100, 105,
195
109-11,115-16, 122-3, 128-31, 146,
Syria 13, 19-25, 29-30, 33-7, 51-68,
165, 188, 194, 201-2, 224
98-119, 148-56
campaign of 62-6
arrival of the Crusades 22-5
death of 73-7
madrasas in 33-4, 40
Ibn Shukr 131
power struggle in 106-9
Sibyl 147, 165
prize of 98-119
Sibylla 204
Saladin marches in 109-19
'sick man of the Nile' 54-62, 85
struggle for northern 148-56
siddiq 128
Syrian anarchy 107
Sidon 23, 184, 186, 201
Syrian Lightning 117
I N D E X
tafsir 78615
Tyre 23, 113, 151, 184-9, 196-200, 229
Tahqiq al-Wasit 123
fortification of 196-9
Tammam, Abu 45
siege of 186, 197
Taqi ul-Din 7, 16, 46, 88-9, 93, 100, 115,
125, 127, 130, 141, 146, 148, 153,
ulama 10, 15-18, 23, 32-3, 37, 4 0 - 4 , 47,
158, 160, 170-2, 174-6, 178-81, 185,
104, 122, 125-32, 135-6, 163
192, 197-8, 2 0 1 - 7 , 2 1 8 - 2 3
Umar 12, 194
death of 218-23
Umayyad caliphate 9, 20, 26, 109
Tartus 198
uniform Islamic law 15
taxation 77, 101, 191, 232-3
unity of Islam 10
Tell al-Sultan 115, 151, 170
unlikely vizier 69-81
Tell Gezer 141
appointment of Saladin as vizier 73-7
Templar Odo 146
death of Shirkuh 73-7
Theodora 150
rise of al-Qadi al-Fadil 77-81
Third Crusade 7, 76, 144, 186, 231-2,
Upper Egypt 135
239
Upper Galilee 102, 145
Thomas Becket 161
Upp
er Sharaf 131
Thousand and One Nights 53
Usama Ibn Munqidh 38-9
threat of Shiism 31
utilitarianism 18
Thucydides 100
diuggeiy 17
Venice 13, 23
Tibnin 185-6
victory at Hattin 40, 62, 119, 168-84
Tiflis 25
virgin of the desert 40
tigris river 9, 26-7, 152, 167
Virtues of Jihad 194
Tikrit 26-7, 73
vision 30
Toghril Beg 14-15, 17
Tower of David 190
Wadi Rumnianah 175
Trans-Oxania 15, 148
al-Wahrani 46, 54, 64, 205
travellers' hostel 135
waiz 60
Tripoli 21, 2 3 - 4 , 51, 63, 106, 167, 169
wake of the Crusades 134
triumph of Islam 105
war of attrition 218-31
triumpham entry into Jerusalem 191-5
attack on Jaffa and defiance of Richard
Troy 2
226-9
truce 166-7
death of Taqi ul-Din 218-23
True Cross 119, 174, 177-81, 200-1, 206,
peace negotiations and departure of
209
Richard 229-31
capture of 179-81
Saladin fortifies Jerusalem 223-6
see also Holy Cross
war of the crosses 5
Tughtekin 89, 164, 202
Wasit 116
Ibn Zain al-Tujjar 95, 123
weakening of Abbasid caliph 9 - 1 9
Ibn Tulun mosque 121
building new Sunni orthodoxy 14-19
turning of the dde 20-35
disputes between Sunnis and Shiites 10-14
arrival of the Crusades in Syria 22-5
whipping boy of modern scholarship 16
establishment of Saladin's father and uncle
William of Tyre 13, 66, 106-7, 113, 119,
25-9
147, 150-1, 158
rise of Nur al-Din and spread of madrasas
women 131, 188
29-35
Wonder of his Age 46
al-Turtushi, Abu Bakr 12, 56, 58, 234
worldly corruption 33, 44
Tus 130
Tusi, Shihab al-Din 130
al-Yaruqi, Ain al-Daula 75-6
Twelver Shiites 12, 19, 59, 187
Yaranqash 28
• 276 •
I N D E X
Yarmuk 171
al-Zafir 121
Yamquis tribe 70
al-Zahir 198, 203, 226-30, 239, 241
Yazkuj,Sifal-Din 131
al-Zaki, Muhyi al-Din Ibn 49, 193
the Yemen 15, 54, 65, 101, 115, 164, 202
Zayd, Abu 46
young Saladin 36-50
Zengi, Imad al-Din 24-30, 33-4, 40-1, 74,
beginning of Islamic counter-crusade 4 1 - 4
100-3, 105-9, 113, 126, 148-9,
education 4 4 - 5 0
152-6, 170, 192, 198, 205, 209,
religious milieu in wliich Saladin grew up
219-20, 238
37-41
zindiq 128
Yusuf 27, 74, 76
Ibn al-Zubayr, al-Rashid 65, 68, 134
Zumurrud, Sitt al-Sham 132
al-Zafarani, Fakhr al-Din 110, 115, 151, 170
Zuwaila, Bab 87, 121
• 277 •
Dr. Abdul Rahman Azzam
obtained his doctorate in Islamic