Havy, M., J. Bertoncini and T. Nazzi, ‘Word Learning and Phonetic Processing in Preschool-age Children’, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 108 (2011), 25–43
Hawke, J. L., R. K. Olson, E. G. Willcutt, S. J. Wadsworth and J. DeFries, ‘Gender Ratios for Reading Difficulties’, Dyslexia 15 (2009), 239–42
Hyde, J., and M. Linn, ‘Gender Differences in Verbal Ability: A Meta-analysis’, Psychological Bulletin 104.1 (1988), 53–69
Kaushanskaya, M., V. Marian and J. Yoo, ‘Gender Differences in Adult Word Learning’, Acta Psychologica 137 (2011), 24–35
Logan, S., and R. Johnston, ‘Investigating Gender Differences in Reading’, Educational Review 62 (2010), 175–87
Mehl, M. R., S. Vazire, N. Ramírez-Esparza, R. B. Slatcher and J. W. Pennebaker, ‘Are Women Really More Talkative Than Men?’, Science 317 (2007), 82
Newman, M. L., C. J. Groom, L. D. Handelman and J. W. Pennebaker, ‘Gender Differences in Language Use: an Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples’, Discourse Processes 45 (2008), 211–36
Ozçalişkan, S., and S. Goldin-Meadow, ‘Sex Differences in Language First Appear in Gesture’, Developmental Science 13 (2010), 752–60
Sommer, I. E., A. Aleman, M. Somers, M. P. Boks and R. S. Kahn, ‘Sex Differences in Handedness, Asymmetry of the Planum Temporale and Functional Language Lateralization’, Brain Research 1206 (2008), 76–88
Tannen, D. ‘Gender and Family Interaction’, in J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff, The Handbook on Language and Gender Basil Blackwell, 2013, 179–201
Tenenbaum, H. R., S. Ford and B. Alkhedairy, ‘Telling Stories: Gender Differences in Peers’ Emotion Talk and Communication Style’, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 29 (2011), 707–21
Van den Brink, D., J. J. Van Berkum, M. C. Bastiaansen, C. M. Tesink, M. Kos, J. K. Buitelaar and P. Hagoort, ‘Empathy Matters: ERP Evidence for Inter-individual Differences in Social Language Processing’, Neuropsychologia 46 (2008), 1349–62
Vigil, J. M., ‘A Socio-relational Framework of Sex Differences in the Expression of Emotion’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences 32 (2009), 375–90
Wallentin, M., ‘Putative Sex Differences in Verbal Abilities and Language Cortex: A Critical Review’, Brain and Language 108 (2009), 175–8
Zimmerman, D., and C. West, ‘Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation’, in B. Thorne and N. Henley (eds), Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, Newbury House, 1977, 105–29
12 Health
Badcock, C., ‘The Imprinted Brain: How Genes Set the Balance between Autism and Psychosis’, Epigenomics 3 (2011), 345–59
Cheslack-Postava, K., and R. M. Jordan-Young, ‘Autism Spectrum Disorders: Toward a Gendered Embodiment Model,’ Social Science and Medicine 74 (2012), 1667–74
Diller, J. W., C. H. Patros and P. R. Prentice, ‘Temporal Discounting and Heart Rate Reactivity to Stress’, Behavioural Processes 87 (2011), 306–9
Dreyer, R., M. Arstall, R. Tavella, C. Morgan, A. Weekes and J. Beltram, ‘Gender Differences in Patients with Stable Angina Attending Primary Care Practices’, Heart, Lung and Circulation 20 (2011), 452–9
Galderisi, S., P. Bucci, A. Üçok, and J. Peuskens, ‘No Gender Differences in Social Outcome in Patients Suffering from Schizophrenia’, European Psychiatry 27 (2012), 406–8
Guarner-Lans, V., M. E. Rubio-Ruiz, I. Pérez-Torres and G. Baños de MacCarthy, ‘Relation of Aging and Sex Hormones to Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease’, Experimental Gerontology 46 (2011), 517–23
Kay, K., and C. Shipman, The Confidence Code: The Science and Art of Self-Assurance–What Women Should Know HarperCollins, 2014
Kryspin-Exner, I., E. Lamplmayr and A. Felnhofer, ‘Geropsychology: The Gender Gap in Human Aging–a Mini-review’, Gerontology 57 (2011), 539–48
Lockshin, M. D., ‘Nonhormonal Explanations for Sex Discrepancy in Human Illness’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 193 (2010), 22–4
Maguen, S., L. Ren, J. O. Bosch, C. R. Marmar and K. H. Seal, ‘Gender Differences in Mental Health Diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Enrolled in Veterans Affairs Health Care’, American Journal of Public Health 100 (2010), 2450–6
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Nasser, E. H., N. Walders and J. H. Jenkins, ‘The Experience of Schizophrenia: What’s Gender Got to Do with It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin 28 (2002), 351–62
Needham, B., and T. D. Hill, ‘Do Gender Differences in Mental Health Contribute to Gender Differences in Physical Health?’, Social Science and Medicine 71 (2010), 1472–9
Piccinelli, M., and G. Wilkinson, ‘Gender Differences in Depression: Critical Review’, British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000), 486–92
Rakison, D. H., ‘Does Women’s Greater Fear of Snakes and Spiders Originate in Infancy?’, Evolution and Human Behaviour 30 (2009), 439–44
Rogers, N., M. Stafford and A. Steptoe, Financial Circumstances, Health and Well-Being of the Older Population in England: The 2008 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Wave 4), Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2010
Strong, J., T. Mathews, R. Sussex, F. New, S. Hoey, and G. Mitchell, ‘Pain Language and Gender Differences When Describing a Past Pain Event’, Pain 145 (2009), 86–95
Van Abeelen, A. F., S. G. Elias, P. M. Bossuyt, D. E. Grobbee, Y. T. Van der Schouw, T. J. Roseboom and C. S. Uiterwaal, ‘Famine Exposure in the Young and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood’ Diabetes 61:9 (2012) 2255–60
Waddell, J. and M. M. McCarthy, ‘Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and ADHD: What Is a Sex Difference in Prevalence Telling Us?’, Current Topics in Neuroscience 9 (2012), 341–60
Index
academic careers, 16, 110, 121–2
Adam’s apples, 26–7
addiction, 151, 153, 159
ADHD see attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Afghanistan, 12
Africa, 82
age: health and well-being in old age, 170–2; and partner choice, 36, 38, 80
aggression: in adolescents, 71; in children, 58, 59; in conversation, 146; and dementia, 156; sexual differentiation, 32, 37–8, 94–6, 100
Agnodice, 111
agoraphobia, 162
agriculture see farming
alcohol abuse, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159
Alkhedairy, B., 146
Allendorfer, J. B., 142
Alzheimer’s disease, 156
Amazons, 10
Amge, Jyoti, 26
amygdala: and emotions, 50–1, 95, 99; function overview, 50–1; and health, 165; and sexual desire, 78, 86; sexual differentiation, 50–1, 52; and transsexuality, 92
Anaximander, 28
Anderson, Mary, 112
andropause, 77
anger, communicating, 108
angina, 166
annexin, 164
anorexia nervosa, 163
anxiety, 38, 51, 71, 100, 106
apology, 107
Aquinas, Thomas, 12, 111
Aristotle, 1, 10, 28
arthritis, 151, 154, 168
Assyria, 9
astrology, 108
astronomy, 111–12
Athens, 9–10, 111
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 151, 161–2
attractiveness, 78–83
auditory-spatial abilities see visuospatial abilities
Augustine, St, 12
Australia, 72–3
&nb
sp; autism, 98–9, 142, 152, 159–61
autoimmune disorders, 46, 151, 152, 164, 167–8, 177
axons, 45–6, 53
babies, 55–7, 59–62, 97, 127; see also children
Babylonians, 9
Badcock, Christopher, 160–1
Bancroft, John, 74
Bao, A.-M., 80
Barnes, D., 146–7
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 6, 96, 97–8, 118–19, 160
beauty see attractiveness
Beilock, S. L., 114
Beltz, A. M., 69, 70
bereavement, 154
Berenbaum, S. A., 69, 70
Bertoncini, J., 147–8
Bible, 10, 11, 28
bipolar disorder, 155
birth order, and homosexuality, 90, 177
Bitan, T., 142
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 112
blood pressure, 169
body language, 104–5
Body Mass Index (BMI), 81
Booth, J. R., 142
brain: and ageing, 170, 172; activity during sexual stimulation, 77–8; early studies, 5; embryonic development, 19, 20; and emotions, 3, 50–1, 52, 95, 99, 101–2, 105–6; and gender identity, 60, 61; and health, 160–1, 162; and imprinting, 22; and language, 52, 53–4, 126, 138–9, 142–3; maturation in infants, 55; and mathematics ability, 117; and mental health, 157; and paedophilia, 92; and pain perception, 158; and reproduction, 36–7; and sexual activity, 19, 78–86, 177; sexual differentiation, 2–4, 22, 45–54, 67; and sexual orientation, 52, 90, 91–2, 177; size, 48, 176; and skills, 52, 53–4, 125–6, 127, 132–3, 135; and social conditioning, 47–8, 49–50, 54, 67, 176; and stress, 103–4; structure, 45–6, 176
breasts, 22, 42–3, 82–3
British Psychological Society, 124
Brizendine, Louann, 148
Broca’s area, 52, 138
bulimia, 163
bullying, 178
Burma, 82
Burman, D. D., 142
business ownership, 123
cacosmia, 27
CAH see congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Cahill, Larry, 45
Cameron, Deborah, 6–7, 148, 149
cancer, 169
cardiovascular disease, 151, 152, 153, 164–6
care work, 63
Carlin, George, 45
cerebral cortex, 52
cerebrum, 50–1
Chamberlain, Wilt, 74
Chandri Bahadur Dangi, 26
Châtelet, Émilie du, 112
Chen, John, 122
Cheslack-Postava, K., 56, 159–60
chess, 136
Childe, Veer Gordon, 40
children: autism in, 159–60; child-care responsibilities, 124; crying, 105; development of gender identity, 59–71; and empathy, 55–6, 57, 66, 97–8; homosexuals’ desire to reproduce, 86; and language, 57, 58, 140–2, 146; male–female education performance, 113–14; paedophilia, 84, 90, 92–3; sexual differentiation, 55–71, 175–6; sociability, 99–100; and visuospatial abilities, 127
chimpanzees, 5, 34–7, 64–5; see also primates
China: ancient, 12, 28–9; modern, 122
Christian church, 11–12, 28
chromosomes, 19, 21, 24–5, 46–7, 91–2, 152–3
chronic fatigue syndrome, 151, 168
cirrhosis, 167–8
Clinton, Hillary, 17
clitorises, 74
clothing, 60, 62, 65–6
cognitive functioning: and ageing, 170–1; and chromosomes, 25; sexual differentiation, 127; see also intelligence
Cohen, Nichola Rice, 134–5
Collaer, M. L., 128
colours: detecting colour change, 126; favourite, 65–6
communications see language skills
complaining, 107
computing, 122
confidence, 179
Confucius, 12
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): and the brain, 50; and career choice, 121; and children’s drawings, 66; and children’s play, 58; effects overview, 24; and emotions, 95, 99; and language, 144; and sexual activity, 88–9; and sexual orientation, 177; and skills, 128, 129, 134, 177; and teenage interests, 64; and transsexuality, 91–2
Congress members, 13
conversation styles, 146–7
Cook, Captain James, 93
copulation, history of, 33
corpus callosum, 50, 90
cortisol, 69, 95, 103
Cosby, Bill, 138
cosmetics, and health, 168
coughs, 169–70
courtship, 84–5
creation myths, 28–9
crime, 94–5
crying, 105, 140–1
Curie, Marie, 112
Darwin, Charles, 14–15, 29, 31, 42
Dawkins, Richard, 43–4
Dedovic, Katarina, 63
Del Giudice, M., 100
dementia, 156
dendrites, 46
dentists, 123
depression, 69, 106, 107, 154–6, 164
diabetes, 152, 163, 167
Diller, J. W., 166
Diprete, T. A., 127
direction finding see spatial orienting
discrimination: and biological differences, 14–16; explanations, 178; in fiction, 16; modern changes, 17; overview, 8–16; women as victims, 178
doctors see medicine and doctors
dogs, evolution of, 29–30
dolls, 57, 62, 63, 64–5, 137
dominance, 96, 100
dopamine, 159
drawings, children’s, 66
Dreyer, R., 166
driving, 135
drug abuse, 151, 159
dyslexia, 142, 161
eating disorders, 151, 163
education: adolescent interest in science, 120–1; history of female, 111; male–female performance, 113–14, 117–18, 127; teachers’ sex, 114, 123
Egypt, ancient, 9, 84, 111
Ekeblad, Eva, 112
embryo development, 18–25, 174
emotions: and the brain, 3, 50–1, 52, 95, 99, 101–2, 105–6; and evolution, 32, 97, 104, 105; and hormones, 95–6, 99, 100, 103, 106; sexual differentiation, 94–109
empathy: and the brain, 101–2; in children, 55–6, 57, 66, 97–8; and evolution, 32, 175; and information processing, 147; sexual differentiation, 96–9; and study of mathematics and science, 118–19
Epstein, Ira, 133
erectile dysfunction, 152
estradiol, 25
Eve, 10
evolution: and emotions, 32, 97, 104, 105; and health, 167; and language, 140, 150; and partner choice, 78–80; and phobias, 162–3; role, 31–2; and sexual activity, 31–2, 33–40; and sexual differentiation, 28–44, 174–5, 176–7; and skills, 126, 128; theory of, 29–31
exercise, and heart health, 166
eye contact, 55–6, 81, 97
faces: attractiveness, 79–80; facial expressions, 94, 95, 101, 104, 105, 149; facial recognition, 131–2; recognition of own, 61
farming, 40–2
fathers see parents and parenting
fear, 56, 104–5, 162–3
female genital mutilation, 14
feminism, 4, 17
Fine, Cordelia, 47
finger length, 22–3, 88
Finland, 13
fMRI see functional magnetic resonance imaging
food: chimpanzees’ obtaining of, 36; eating disorders, 151, 163; labour division, 40–2; malnutrition, 163; and mating, 39–40
foot binding, 12
Ford, S., 146
Fragile X syndrome, 161
France, 13
Freeman, Derek, 85
Freud, Sigmund, 15–16
friendship see relationships
Frith, Uta, 125–6
frontal lobes, 126
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 49
Galderisi, Silvana, 156–7
Galton, Francis, 15
games see sport; toys and
play
Gambia, 77
Gangestad, S. W., 79
gastrulation, 20
gender: boys raised as girls, 69–70; development of gender identity, 59–71; as distinct from sex, 5–6; gender tests, 70–1
genes: and ageing, 172; and autism, 160–1; and the brain, 46–8, 54; and evolution, 29–31; function, 19; and health, 177; and reproduction, 176–7; role in embryo development, 18–25, 174; and sexual differentiation, 2–4, 21–5, 46–8; and sexual orientation, 3, 89–90; and transsexuality, 91
geometry, 116
Germany, 111–12
ghosts, 108
Ginsburg, J., 103
Goldberg, Rube, 20
Goldin-Meadow, S., 141
Goldstein, J. M., 103–4
gonadal steroids, 162
governmental heads, 123
grammar, 147
Gray, John, 6
Greece, ancient, 9–10, 28, 111
Greer, Germaine, 17
grey matter, 46, 52–3, 126, 143, 170, 176
Gross, Sam, 74
Guarner-Lans, V., 152
haemoglobin, 26
haemophilia A, 152–3
Halpern, Diane, 48
Hamann, S., 106
Hamilton, William D., 41
happiness, and attractiveness, 80–1
Havy, M., 147–8
Hawking, Stephen, 5
Haworth, C. M., 114
headaches, 158
health, 151–72, 177; in old age, 170–2; see also mental health
hearing, sense of, 27, 140
heart disease see cardiovascular disease
heart size, 26
height, 25–6
Herodotus, 9
Herschel, Caroline, 112
Hertenstein, M. J., 108
Hesiod, 10
Hill, T. D., 153
Hines, Melissa, 49–50, 65, 125
hippocampus, 52, 54, 106, 138–9, 172
Hispaniola, 23–4
HIV, 170
homosexuality: and the brain, 52, 90, 91–2, 177; determination of orientation, 86–90, 177; frequency statistics, 86; and male–female skills, 89, 132; among primates, 35; in primitive societies, 87
hormones: and ageing, 171; and attractiveness, 80; and autism, 160; and the brain, 3, 46, 51; and career choice, 121; and children’s play, 57–8, 65, 176; and eating disorders, 163; effect of pregnancy treatment hormones, 64; and emotions, 95–6, 99, 100, 103, 106; and eye contact, 55–6; and falling in love, 102; and gender identity, 65, 68–70; and gender role, 60; and health, 152, 158, 159, 162, 164–5, 170; and insomnia, 164; and language, 144; and learning difficulties and hyperactivity, 162; and memory, 131; and mental health, 154–5, 157; and puberty, 25, 68; and reproduction, 75; role in embryo development, 19; and sexual behaviour, 35; and sexual differentiation, 21–,5, 174; and sexual orientation, 86–7, 88–9, 90, 177; and skills, 127–8, 129–30, 131, 132, 135, 177; and strength, 26; and stress, 103–4; and transsexuality, 91; see also oestrogens; testosterone