political generals, 128, 201–202
presidency in 1864, 374
and press, 134, 135, 222, 224, 226, 252–253, 359, 360
prisoner exchange, 433
prisoners, 194
retaliation, 360
slavery, xviii–xix, 92, 360–361, 431–432
slaves, 20, 93–94, 105, 530 n182, n183, 531 n186, n196
staff, 39, 132–133, 175, 338–343, 379
strategic planning, 129, 134–135, 158, 174, 296, 313, 362, 376–377, 389, 391, 448
Union, 124, 361
Unionism, 127
voting, soldiers in field, 431
See also individual attacks, battles, campaigns, and sieges
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), personal
anti-Semitism, 272–277
anti-slavery influences, 21
appearance, 107–108, 109, 358
birth, 13
character and personality, xvii, 15, 18, 19, 23–24, 86–87, 91, 109, 133, 134–135, 154, 182, 187, 196, 199, 205, 305, 306, 308, 331, 335, 369, 373, 379, 411, 437, 449
courtship, 40
drawing ability, 16–17
drinking, 69–70, 89–90, 94, 108, 131, 180, 194, 197, 252, 299, 335, 364–365, 379, 520 n79, 526 n97, 528 n147, 555 n7, 565 n95, 570 n110, n111, 575 n97, 577 n26
education, primary, 15–16
education, secondary, 19ff
entrepreneurism, 109
as farmer, 92–93
as father, 85–86
finances, 153, 302, 378, 430
health, 197–198, 302, 379, 429, 439
horses, 17, 20
marriage, 84–86, 89, 229, 429
politics, 15, 94, 535 n43
profanity, 108, 131
public speaking, 16, 20
reading, 16
religion, 15, 108, 535 n30
romances, purported, 510 n44
slave ownership, 92
smoking, 358
temperance, 94
thought process, 302–303
travel, 20, 22, 28–29, 69, 85–86, 106, 489
work habits, 17–18, 153, 175, 429
writing style, 16, 21, 358, 507 n158
youth, 14–24
See also Grant, pre–Civil War life; Grant, views on
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), post–Civil War
administration scandals, 488
bankruptcy, 489
Civil Rights Act, 487
and Fifteenth Amendment, 487
the French in Mexico, 437, 476
Galena, return to, 466
historiography on, xi–xii, xxi
and Indian policy reform, 488
and Ku Klux Klan, 487
Lee in 1869, meeting with, 481–484
Lee pardon, 464–465
memoirs, 489–490
military occupation of South, 476–477
mythology, xviii–xxi
presidency, 477–478, 479, 487–489, 490
secretary of war, interim, 477
trip around world, 489
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), pre–Civil War life
abolitionists, and, 15
billiard parlor ownership, 88–89, 527 n136, 528 n137
in brokerage house, 93
Chandler in Detroit, and, 85, 526 n97
election of 1860, 109–111
farmer, 91–93
in Galena, 104ff
Lee, meeting, xvii
name, 504 n98
slave, frees, xviii–xix, 93, 95
votes in 1856, 94
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), pre–Civil War military experience
ambition, 22
army, frustration in, 56–58, 60, 90–91
army, resignation from, 90
Battle of Molina del Rey, 68
in California, 88
at Fort Humboldt, 89–90
at Fort Vancouver, 87
Mexican War, 50–60, 63–64, 66–70, 73–74, 84ff
in Oregon, 87–89
promotion to captain, 90
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), relationships with
Buell, Don Carlos, 207
father (Jesse), 14–15, 18, 23, 24, 177, 195, 197, 226
Halleck, Henry W., 177, 183–184, 194–199, 222–223, 226
Kountz, William J., 177–180, 181, 183–184, 194–197, 226
Lincoln, Abraham, 360, 374, 431–432
McClernand, John A., 226, 242, 243, 254, 258, 260, 297, 299, 330, 336–338
Meade, William, 391, 403, 438–439
Porter, David D., 342
Rawlins, John A., 108
Rosecrans, William S., 228, 252–254, 365
Sherman, William T., 342, 436
Thomas, George H., 365, 366–369, 379, 435–436, 437
Grant, Ulysses S. (USG), views on
black protection and civil rights, 466–467, 487–489
Buchanan, James, 123
Confederate soldiers, 404
Confederate will, 377–378
Democratic Party, 109
Dred Scott decision, 94
education, 488
fighting, 54, 56, 64, 431
freedom, 18–19
government, 59
Grant, Jesse, and speculators, 275–276
Hamer, Thomas L., 517 n26, n28
Indians, 87–88
Lecompton Constitution, 94
Lee, 465, 477, 492
Mexican War, 53, 58, 66, 520 n73
Mexicans, 58–59, 70
Northern dissent, 359
patriotism, 125
Pierce, Franklin, 517 n26
press, 53, 359
reconstruction, 465, 476
Republicans, 95
rivers, control of, 129, 134–135
secession, 123
slavery, 58–59, 125, 129, 176, 224–225
Union army, 437
US future, 464
Virginia, 482–483, 484
war, 152, 465
Grant, Ulysses S., Jr. (USG son), 86, 485
Greene, Nathaniel, 167
Gregg, Maxcy, 284
Grierson, Benjamin, 306, 308, 402
H
Halleck, Henry W., 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183–184, 193, 221–222, 226, 248, 250, 253–255, 258, 259, 297, 303, 307, 331, 334, 341, 345, 360, 361, 363, 367, 370, 372, 373, 390, 392, 400, 402, 403, 407, 408, 409, 416, 429, 432, 464
jealousy of USG, 195–199, 201–207
passim relations with USG, 177
Hallowell, Benjamin, 11–13
on REL, 122
Hamer, Thomas, L., 15, 19, 22, 57, 64
Hamilton, Charles, 258
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 475
Hardee, William J., 133
Hardscrabble (USG farm), 92, 103
Harney, William S., 118
Harpers Ferry, 1859 attack, 95–96
seized 1861, 120
Harris, Thomas, 131
Hatch, Reuben, 174, 179, 225, 343
Hayes, Rutherford B., 488
Hazlitt, Charles, 57
Hickory Hill plantation, 351
Hill, Ambrose P., 213, 214–220, 230, 238, 239, 243, 310, 314, 322–330, 354–357, 398, 401, 405, 471, 487
Hill, Benjamin, 441
Hill, Daniel H., 32, 145, 209, 214–220, 288–289, 322–323, 471
Hillyer, William S., 132, 175, 187, 250, 302, 330, 331, 338–341
Hitchcock, Ethan A., 183
Holly Springs, MS, attack, 279
Holmes, Theophilus H., 213
Hood, John Bell, 322, 434, 435, 447
Hooker, Joseph, 289, 290, 292–294, 308, 310–311, 313, 319, 320, 323, 325, 366–367, 369, 370–371
Hoskins, Charles, 56
Houghton, H. H., 108
Hudson, Peter, 342
Huger, Benjamin, 191, 213, 216
Hunter, David, 379, 389–390
Hunter, R. M. T., 444, 446
Hurlbut, Stephen, 131, 200, 201, 206, 248–250, 260, 334, 359
I
Imboden, John D., 384
Ingalls, Rufus, 32
Irving, Washington, 16, 30, 31
Iuka, MS, Battle of, 238, 246–247
J
Jackson, Andrew, 9–10, 11, 15, 45, 487, 503 n77, 504 n79
Jackson, Thomas J “Stonewall,” 139–140, 190, 193, 212, 213, 214, 230, 240, 242–246, 261–268, 286, 293, 308, 310, 313, 317–321, 323–337, 354, 471
Jane (REL slave), 48
Jo Daviess Guard, 124, 125, 126
Johnson, Andrew, 458, 463, 477
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 77, 83, 111, 146, 160, 171, 178, 179, 182, 190, 193, 199, 202, 204, 207
Johnston, J. Stoddard, 459
Johnston, Joseph E., 25, 62, 111, 140, 141, 189, 209, 213, 233, 266, 333, 334, 344, 345, 347, 379, 380–382, 385–386, 395, 412–414, 443–444, 448, 449, 457, 458, 490, 492
on Peninsula 190–193
Johnston, Samuel, 328
Johnston, William Preston, 211
Jomini, Antoine-Henri, 27
Jones, John Paul, 27
Jones, William (USG slave), 92–94
Juarez, Benito, 476
K
King, Mary, 28
Kirby Smith, Edmund, 266, 463, 476
Knowlton, Miner, 33
Knoxville, TN, Campaign, 356
Kountz, William J., 177–179, 180, 181, 183, 194, 197, 299
L
Lafayette, Marquis de, 9
Lagow, Clark B., 132, 175, 338–341, 364, 379
Lamb, Francis, 350
Lawley, Francis, 286
Lawrence, Abbott, 81
Lawton, A. R., 161
Leary, William B., 6, 7, 9, 10, 131, 499 n35, n37, n39, 499 n40, n42, 500 n45, n46
on REL, 9
Lee, Ann Carter (REL daughter), 44, 144, 68, 97, 100, 173, 291
death 261–262, 270
Lee, Ann (REL sister), 26
Lee, Ann Hill Carter (REL mother)
death, 28, 48
on education, 5–6
finances, 2–5, 7–8, 10, 496 n6, n10, 497 n29, 502 n54
health, 8, 26
moves to Georgetown, 508 n9
on REL, 13
slaves and slavery, 2, 4, 5, 48
Lee, Cassius (REL cousin), 7, 11, 121, 136
Lee, Cazanove (REL nephew), 492
Lee, Charles Carter (REL brother), 3, 4, 8, 10, 26, 34, 35, 38, 46, 48, 72, 189, 262, 290, 291, 321
Lee, Charlotte (REL daughter-in-law), 352
Lee, Edmund Jennings (REL uncle), 6
Lee, Eleanor Agnes (REL daughter), 49, 100–101, 285, 289, 323, 349, 350
Lee, Fitzhugh (REL nephew), 284
Lee, Francis, 68, 70
Lee, George Washington Custis (REL son), 39, 75, 80, 83, 99–100, 101, 102, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 166, 167, 171, 271, 280, 290, 291, 314, 347, 424, 461
Lee, Henry (REL half-brother), 3, 9, 10, 37
Lee, Henry “Light Horse Harry,” (REL father)
death, 5
and REL, 1–3, 23
religion, 7
Lee, Mary Custis (REL daughter), 43
Lee, Mary Custis (REL wife), 26, 43, 165, 285, 289, 314, 316, 322–324, 347, 384, 440, 457, 486–487
courtship, 26, 34–38
erratic behavior, 98–99
health, 97, 189, 191, 261, 267, 424
on REL 26
religion, 35–36
and slaves, 349, 351
Lee, Mildred (REL aunt), 2, 4
Lee, Mildred (REL sister), 26, 34, 49
Lee, Mildred Childe (REL daughter), 50, 98, 112, 166, 285
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), Civil War career
Antietam, MD, Campaign, 239–246
Appomattox, retreat to, 449–452
Battle of Bristoe Station, VA, 355–356
Battle of Bull Run, VA, First, 141, 143
Battle of Bull Run, VA, Second, 232–237
Battle of Chancellorsville, VA, 293–294
Battle of Cold Harbor, VA, 406–408
Battle of Petersburg, VA, 410–411
Cheat Mountain, VA, Campaign, 146–149
as chief of military operations, 189
command, asks to be relieved of, 353–354
command in South Carolina, 160–172
command in Virginia, 136–141, 143–152
command in western Virginia, 143–152
command of Army of Northern Virginia, 211, 550 n112
Davis, Jefferson, advisor to, 142
Fredericksburg Campaign, 267–269, 280
general-in-chief, 443, 444
Gettysburg Campaign, 320–330, 347, 351, 353
Grant, April 10 meeting with, 455–456, 585 n3
Mine Run Campaign, 357
“Mud March,” 289
North Anna, VA, operations, 402, 405–406
Petersburg, evacuation of, 449
Petersburg, Siege of 409, 420–449
promotion to full general, 146, 541 n117
Seven Days’ Campaign, 214–220
Shenandoah Valley Campaign 1862, 192–193
Spotsylvania Campaign, 400–402
surrender, 452–454
Virginia 1861, defense of, 136–141
Wilderness, VA, Campaign, 387–388
See also individual attacks, battles, campaigns, and sieges
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), as general army, reorganization of, 288, 321–322
believes cause lost, 425–427, 442–443
blacks in PA, seizure of, 352
characteristics, 138, 145, 268–270, 287–290, 292, 346, 348, 356, 398, 400, 404, 405, 406, 415–416
command of Tennessee, declines, 354, 380–381, 414
criticism of, 149, 151, 163, 172, 189–190, 212, 283, 284, 319, 356
and CSA (Confederate States of America), 151, 163, 282, 319, 441, 455–456
delegation, 139, 232, 317
descriptions of, 142–143, 149, 243, 283, 285–286, 319, 324, 354, 356, 388, 397, 409, 467
and dictatorship, 442–443
discipline of soldiers, 415–416, 419
dislike of North and Northerners, 136, 137, 139, 151, 164, 165–166, 314, 348, 349–350, 352, 439–440, 472
and Emancipation Proclamation, 352
Grant, compared with, 393–395
headquarters, life at, 290, 291, 314–315, 383–384, 423–424
and Jews, 277, 292
management style, 75–76, 139, 140, 145–146, 150, 190, 217–218, 219, 231–232, 235–236, 243–244, 265, 315–316, 327–329, 357, 383–384, 423
peace efforts, 444–448, 450, 458
and press, 281, 287, 349, 385, 413
prisoner exchange, 433
reconnaissance, 329–330
“reconstructionist” in 1861, 137–138
recruiting, 163, 321, 424–425
risks, physical, 312, 400, 403
staff, 139, 218, 314–319, 322, 324, 325, 328–329, 456
strategic thinking, 141, 143, 147, 149, 192–193, 214, 233–234, 237, 239, 240–241, 296, 308–309, 310, 313, 320–321, 347, 380–381, 384–386
Trent affair, 107
See also individual attacks, battles, campaigns, and sieges
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), personal appearance, 138, 142–143, 144–145, 160, 508 n12
birth, 503 n78
character and personality, xvii, 6, 8, 10, 13, 23–24, 41, 44, 76, 98, 127, 137, 146, 210–211, 262, 289–290, 316, 322, 323, 353, 355–356, 388, 406, 421, 440
conflict, avoidance of, 83–84, 118, 145, 209, 265, 284, 288–289, 316, 322–323, 355–357, 407
courtship, 26, 34–38
death, anticipation of, 96, 101, 347, 352, 424, 440–441
depression, 280, 290–291, 293, 347, 453, 557 n83
diet, 267
disappointment, 101
duty, 13, 26, 77, 115, 146, 317, 412
education, demerits during, 507 n3, 509 n21
education, Alexandria Academy, 500 n45, n46
education, Milit
ary Academy, 9–11, 25–28
education, primary, 3–5
education, secondary, 6–12
failure, sense of, 347, 353
as father, 39, 44, 99–102, 167
grief, 261–262, 270
health, 97, 290–291, 323, 328, 353–356, 406, 420–421, 423, 440, 486
inheritance, 5, 499 n30, 511 n60
isolation, 97
marriage, 38–40, 44, 98–99, 165, 424
Military academy, appointment to, 9–11
patriotism, 102, 412
political awareness, 44–46, 79, 240, 244, 321, 323, 553 n74, 554 n88
religion, 7, 35–36, 65, 76, 77–79, 101, 137, 149, 151, 172, 280, 284–285, 347, 349, 352, 353, 356, 357, 384, 387, 424, 440, 445
travel, 20
youth, 1–13, 23–24, 497 n11
See also Lee, pre–Civil War life; Lee, views on
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), post–Civil War
and CSA (Confederate States of America) memorial societies, 472
death of, 487, 591 n18
deification of, 591 n26
emigration, opposition to, 459, 462
Grant, in 1869, meeting with, 481–484
historiography, xi–xii, xxi
mythology, xviii–xx
oath of allegiance, 461
pardon application, 461
and presidential campaign, 478
and railroad development, 469–470
retirement to private life, 458
Richmond, return to, 457
symbolic post–war leader, 462–463
treason indictment, 461
and Virginia governorship, 478
war record, defense of, 471
at Washington College, xviii, 467–469
to write history of Army of Northern Virginia, 470–471
See also Lee, views on
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), pre–Civil War life
election of 1860, 112
Grant, meeting, xvii
inheritance, 5, 499 n30, 511 n60
Norris (slave) whippings, 348–349, 460, 473
as slave-owner, 48, 61, 514 n151, n153, 515 n156, 518 n52, 523 n56, n59, 589 n77, 590 n89
slaves, emancipation of Custis, xviii–xix, 113, 270–272, 277–279, 563 n131
slaves, management of, 80–84
Virginia, allegiance to, 113, 114, 115, 117, 122
as Whig, 44, 45
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), pre-Civil War military experience
with 2d US Cavalry, 77
ambition, 9–10
army, dissatisfaction with, 43, 111–112
army, resignation from, 112, 114, 115, 120–121, 122–123, 138
Battle of Cerro Gordo, 64–65
Battle of Churubusco, 65
command of US forces, declines, 119
at Harpers Ferry, 95–96
in Mexican War, 60–63, 64–65, 67–68, 70–74
at Military Academy, as superintendent, 75–77
promotion to colonel, 117
promotions, 65, 67
Lee, Robert Edward (REL), relationships with