Italian, 461;
Sicilian, 464, 465;
Christian, 601;
under Rome, 18, 71, 82, 92, 133, 141, 227, 233, 278, 291, 293, 310, 338-346
passim, 347-351 352-362
passim, 372, 376, 384, 386, 412, 414, 418, 442-443, 453, 480, 511-512, 514, 532, 634-635, 661-662, 671
Scylla, 602
Scythia, 194, 218, 429, 483, 496, 500, 520, 528, 629
Secular Games, see ludi saeculares
Secundini Family, Tomb of the, 474
Segovia, 470
Seine (anc. Sequana), 175, 470, 523
Sejanus, Lucius Aelius, prefect of the Praetorian Guard (?-31 A.D.), 263-264, 365*, 447
Seleucia, 96, 428, 528, 529, 546, 602
Seleucia Pieria, 512
Seleucids, 507, 511, 528-530, 536
Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria (187-175 B.C.), 86
Selinus, 413
semaphores, 324
Semites, 41, 245, 530
Sempronian Law, 144
Senaculum, 624
Senate, 13, 21-31, 34, 37, 44, 45, 49-52, 70, 71, 76, 85, 86, 89, 90-91, 93-94, 95, 96, 103, 105-107, 111, 114-118, 120-126, 129, 130, 136-140, 143-145, 160, 165, 170-175, 180, 181-184, 186, 190-191, 193-201, 205, 206, 212-216, 221, 226, 232, 250, 260-264, 265, 266, 268-271, 273, 275-277, 279, 280, 283-287, 289, 291-293, 301, 331, 332, 336, 348, 364, 393, 395, 397, 407, 409, 413, 414-415, 416, 423, 427, 433, 446, 447, 449, 463, 519, 620, 621, 623-628, 63 3, 636, 638-640, 668-669
Seneca, 351
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Stoic philosopher (4? B.C.-A.D. 65), 95, 97, 154, 239, 260, 267, 273, 274, 275-279, 282, 295, 296, 299, 301-308, 311, 315, 316, 319, 324, 333, 334, 335, 338, 343, 350, 351, 363, 367, 369, 370, 371, 377, 379, 380, 387, 388, 408, 435, 436, 439, 456, 469, 470, 478, 671
Seneca, Marcus Annaeus, rhetorician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 295, 296, 301, 319, 369, 379, 470
Senectute, De (Cicero), 108, 163*
Senlis (anc. Augustomagus), 474
Senones, 471*
Sens (anc. Agendicum, later Senones), 471*
sententiae, 296
Sentinum (battle, 295 B.C.), 37
Sepphoris, 543
Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus), Roman emperor (146-211), 330, 336, 465, 620-622, 623, 628, 631*, 632, 633, 635, 649, 666, 669
Septimius Severus, Arch of, 623, 635
Septimontium, 12-13
“Septizonium,” 635
Septuagint, 541, 614
Serapis, 635
Serapis, Temple of (Rome), 291, 635
Serapis, Temple of (Serapeum), 500
Serbia, 480
Serdica (Sofia), 483
serfdom, 6, 39, 319, 473, 479, 529, 644, 668-669
sermones, 245
Sertorius, Quintus, general (?-72 B.C.), 136-137
Servian census, 27
Servian constitution, 123
Servile Wars, 141;
First, 80, 112;
Second, 120-121
Servilia, mistress of Caesar and mother of Brutus (1st century B.C.), 168, 196
Servilian Gardens, 283
Servius Tuliius, sixth King of Rome (fl. 6th century B.C.), 14-15, 340
Seuthes and Son, Alexandrian banking firm, 331
Seven against Thebes, 316
Severus (Flavius Valerius Severus), Roman emperor (?-307), 653
Severus, architect (fl. 1st century), 345
Seville (one. Hispalis), 192, 470
sewage system, 81, 220, 326, 356, 439, 671
Sextius, Lucius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-366 B.C.), 24
Sextus of Chaeronea, Greek Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 425-426
Sextus Empiricus, Greek philosopher (fl. end of 2nd century), 494-495
sexual intercourse, recommended by Pliny, 310;
among the Essenes, 537
sexual life, see abortion, adultery, betrothal, birth control, bisexuality, celibacy, concubinage, courtesans, divorce, effeminacy, emasculation, eunuchs, hermaphrodites, hetairai, homosexuality, incest, marriage, morals, pederasty, polygamy, promiscuity, prostitution, venereal disease
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616), 16*, 100, 147, 241, 302, 435, 484, 617
Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria (reigned 859-824 B.C.), 39
Shammai, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.), 539, 547
Shansi, 329
Shaosyant, see Mithras
Shapur I, King of Persia (reigned 242-271), 605, 629
share-croppers, 104
shaving, in Carthage, 41;
in Rome, 70, 372;
Christians and, 599
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792-1822), 147, 311, 635
Shemaya, Jewish rabbi (fl. 1st century B.C.), 538
Shepherd of Hermas, The, 599
shipbuilding, 220, 325, 513, 516
ships, 324-326, 329, 516
shrines, 75, 79, 335
Sibyl, Cumean, 64, 236-237, 240-241
Sibylline Books, 64, 94, 236
Sibylline oracle, 197
Sicels, 4
Sicily, 4, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 52, 54, 62, 66, 77, 92, 106, 107, 111, 112, 120, 138, 141, 183, 2l6, 234, 237, 254, 297, 310, 322, 325, 328, 339, 418, 455, 464, 518, 523, 602, 629, 631
Sidon, 39, 329, 347, 510, 511, 534
Sidonius, see Apollinaris Sidonius Silanus, senator (fl. 1st century B.C.), 144
Silanus, Marcus Junius, poisoned by Agrippina (14-54), 273
Silas, colleague of St. Paul (1st century), 583
Silchester (anc. Calleva Atrebatum), 477
Silenus, 354
Silius, Caius, lover of Messalina (?-48), 272
silk, 329, 373, 510, 514, 624, 640 Silvae (Statius), 316
Silvanus, 60, 238-239
Silver Age, 235, 295-318, 319
silverware, 346, 349, 373, 529, 624
Silvester I, Roman Pope (reigned 314-335), 659
Simeon (New Testament), 542
Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem and martyr (87 B.C. ?-A.D. 107?), 648
Simon, Christ’s brother, 558
Simon Magus, Samaritan sorcerer (1st century), 577, 604
simony, 604
Singidunum, see Belgrade
Sinope (Sinob), 517, 518, 520, 604
Sinuessa (Rocca di Mandragone), 113
Sirach, 539
Sirmio (Sirmione), 158
Sirmium (Mitrovica), 480, 635, 640
Siro the Epicurean, philosopher in Naples (fl. 1st century B.C.), 236
Sixtus II, Roman Pope (257-258), 650
skepticism, 308, 388-389, 489, 494-497, 500, 522;
Cicero’s, 164-165;
Augustus’, 225-228;
Horace’s, 248;
Ovid’s, 256;
Vespasian’s, 287, 311;
Hadrian’s, 415, 418, 648;
Lucian’s, 495-497;
Constantine’s, 655-656
slavery, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 39, 52;
in Greece, 86;
in Germany, 479;
under Rome, 22, 57, 58, 63, 66, 71, 76, 77, 80, 81, 87, 88, 95, 99, 103-104, 105, 107, 111-113, 117, 120-121, 124, 130, 133, 134, 137-138, 143, 170, 175, 177, 184, 189, 190, 192, 202, 203-204, 205, 211, 215, 220, 221-222, 245*, 255, 261, 267, 270, 279, 290, 297-298, 301, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 328-329, 332, 333-335, 336, 338, 342, 364, 366, 374-375, 380, 385-387, 395, 397-398, 400, 403, 412, 424, 429, 441, 448, 462-463, 464, 465, 469, 473, 476, 490, 493, 499, 513, 515, 516, 522, 529, 531, 536, 543, 545, 548, 566, 589, 590, 596, 631-632, 634, 644, 665, 667, 668;
barbarian and foreign, 629
slums, 90, 111, 132, 280, 342, 366, 465, 481, 510
Smith, William Benjamin, American educator (1850-?934), 554
Smyrna, see Tralles
Soaemias, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and mother of Elagabalus (?-222), 623-625
soap, 375
social service, 371
Social War, 79, 122, 125, 146, 182
Socrates, Athenian philosopher (469-399 B.C.), 104,
258, 306, 491, 557, 646
Socrates, brother of Nicomedes III (fl. 1st century B.C.), 518
soil, 76, 77, 238, 319-321, 339, 456, 457, 404, 476, 482, 511, 513, 631, 665
Soissons (anc. Noviodunum), 177, 471*, 474
solarium, 343
Solomon, King of the Jews (reigned 974-937 B.C.), 530
Solon, Athenian lawgiver (638?-559? B.C.), 23, 32, 83, 392, 405
Solway Firth, 417, 476
soothsaying, 60, 63-64, 147, 164, 197, 243, 278, 292, 308, 311, 388, 419, 429, 485, 514, 537, 559, 624
Sophistic, Second, 488-489
Sophists, 497, 515
Sophists of the Dinner Table (Athenaeus of Naucratis), see Deipnosophists
Soranus of Ephesus, Greek writer on medicine (fl. 98-138), 505
Sorrento, see Surrentum
Sorrows (Ovid), see Tristia
Sotion, Pythagorean philosopher (fl. 1st century), 301
soul, Lucretius on, 152;
Seneca on, 304-305;
Plotinus on, 608-610;
Origen on, 615
Spain, 36, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52-53, 54, 82, 86, 87-88, 96, 107, 111, 112, 113, 119, 126, 129, 136-137, 138, 169, 170, 176, 179, 183-184, 188, 189, 190, 192, 200, 217, 218, 219, 252, 283, 285, 308, 318, 319, 322, 323, 329, 330, 346, 348, 366, 406, 408, 410, 414, 417, 431, 468-470, 471, 472, 473, 475, 481, 513, 514, 521, 585, 590, 602, 632, 638, 669-670, 671
Spalato (anc. Spalatum), 644
Spanish, 73, 295
Sparta, 87, 200, 387, 482, 487, 519, 534, 630
Spartacus, slave leader (?-71 B.C.), 137-138
Spartianus, Aelius, biographer (fl. 4th century), 414, 416, 419
Spectaculis, De (Tertullian), 612-613
speedometers, 356
Spendius, Campanian slave and rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.), 46
Spenser, Edmund, English poet (1552?-1599), 258
spinning, 58, 77, 213, 230, 321-322, 371
Spinoza, Baruch, Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632-1677), 580
Spinther, Publius, senator (fl. 1st century), 331
spoils, 82-83, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 103, 120, 123, 125, 129-130, 141, 169-170, 175-177, 183, 194, 196, 205, 211, 213, 219, 261, 287, 288, 293, 331, 349, 365, 410, 482, 543, 546, 623, 629
sports, see athletics, games Sporus, youth married by Nero (1st century), 282
Spring, 354
Spurinna Vestritius, soothsayer (fl. 1st century B.C.), 197
Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), 354
stadiums, 360, 362, 378, 382, 487
stage, see theater
statio, 324
Statius, Publius Papinius, poet (ca. 61-ca. 96), 289, 291, 295, 315-318, 335, 370, 456
statuary, see sculpture Statue of Liberty, 351*
Steele, Sir Richard, English essayist and dramatist (1672-1729), 304
stenography, 466
Stephanos (Meleager), 509
Stephen I, Roman Pope (reigned 254-257), 618
Stephen, first Christian martyr (?-3o?), 576, 580
Sterculus, 59
sterility, 212, 229, 366, 449, 480, 482, 666
Stertinius, Quintus, physician (fl. 1st century), 312
Stilicho, general (?-408), 358
Stoa, Zeno’s, 421, 490, 497
Stoicism, 63, 95, 97, 135, 141, 144, 154*, 164, 165, 166, 190, 196, 249, 250, 274, 279, 286, 292, 300-307, 335, 370, 389, 392, 405, 409, 415, 422, 425-427, 431, 432, 449, 485, 489-494, 496, 497, 502, 514, 521-522, 541, 588, 594, 598, 602, 613, 614, 658, 671
stoicism, 57, 68, 88, 133, 154*, 225, 230, 251, 260, 274, 282, 301, 307, 408, 426, 468, 667
Stone Age, New, 4, 11, 471
Stone Age, Old, 4, 468, 471
Strabo, Greek geographer (63 B.C.?-A.D. 24?), 321, 329, 347, 424, 455, 468, 471, 477, 473, 483, 513, 514, 516, 520-521, 546
Strabo of Sardis, Greek anthologist (fl. 50 B.C.), 509*
Strasbourg, see Argentoratum
Strategamata (Frontinus), 328
Strauss, David Friedrich, German rationalistic theologian (1808-1874), 553
streets, Roman, 81, 281, 341-342, 477, 633;
of Italy, 461;
of Petra, 508;
of Antioch, 512;
of Rhodes, 514;
of Ephesus, 515
strikes, 80, 499
Stromateis (Origen), 614
Styx, 522
Sublicius, Pons, 327
Sublime, On the (Longinus), 636
Subura, the, 167, 341-342
Succubo, 425
Suessiones, 175, 471*
Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, historian (70?-121?), 167, 188, 197, 212, 215, 218, 221, 227, 228, 261, 264, 266, 267, 272, 275, 280*, 283, 286, 287, 293, 350, 414, 441, 554
Suez, 521
Sufetula, 465
suicide, 190, 203, 207-208, 218, 240, 262, 264, 282, 284, 296, 300, 301, 306-307, 311, 371, 386, 398-399, 422, 478, 489, 516, 623, 654
Suilius, Publius, delator (fl. 1st century), 302-303
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Felix), dictator (138-78 B.C.), 31, 91, 92, 119, 122-127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 138, 139-140, 141, 142, 167, 168, 169, 170, 189, 195, 211, 391, 448, 457, 483, 519
Sulmo (Soloma), 253-254, 257, 455
Sulpicia, poetess (fl. end of 1st century), 370
Sulpicius Rufus, Publius, orator (124-88 B.C.), 122-123, 160
Sun, Temple of the, 511-512, 639
sundial, 66, 308
suovetaurilia, 64
superstition, 60, 61, 93-94, 118, 123, 147-148, 228, 251, 269, 292, 308, 311, 368, 388, 415, 425, 442, 485, 500, 515, 517, 522, 599
Sura, Lucius Licinius, aristocrat (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 408
Surena, Parthian general (fl. 54 B.C.), 529
surgery, in Etruria, 6;
under Rome, 75-76, 104, 312-313, 412, 505
Surrentine wine, 456
Surrentum (Sorrento), 322, 456, 457
Susa, 606
Swift, Jonathan, English satirist (1667-1745), 671
Switzerland, 175, 471, 474
Symmachus, Samaritan Bible translator (fl. late 2nd century), 614
syphilis, 311
Syracuse, 38, 44, 51, 52, 92, 107, 141, 464, 546
Syria, 88, 89, 107, 130, 131, 140, 170, 176, 178, 187, 200, 204; 205, 247, 297, 298, 310, 320, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 347*, 364-365, 366, 381, 390, 413, 428, 431, 487, 495, 500, 510-513, 522-523, 531, 532, 535, 543, 544-545, 546, 558, 577, 588, 595, 601, 602, 603, 606, 620, 623-625, 627, 629, 630, 633, 636, 639, 651
Syriac, 187, 495, 604, 630
“Syrian Athens” (Meleager), 509
T
Tabenne, 657
Tabitha, raised from death by Peter (1st century), 577
taboos, 60
Tacapae (Gabes), 465
Tacitus (Marcus Claudius Tacitus), Roman emperor (ca. 200-276), 639
Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, historian (ca. 55- ca. 120), 15$, 160, 224, 261-265, 267, 272, 273*, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280*, 281, 285, 289, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 303, 306, 314, 315, 322, 365, 366, 387, 433-437, 439, 440, 441, 442, 447, 463, 476, 478-479, 543, 544, 545, 546, 554, 557, 572, 612, 636, 639, 671
Tacitus, Cornelius, procurator and father of Tacitus (fl. 1st century), 433
Tagus, 318, 469, 470
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, French historian and critic (1828-1893), 251
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Prince de Bénévent, French statesman (1754-1838), 195
Talmud, 548, 549, 554, 580, 606
Tammuz, 523
Tanagra, 601
Tanaquil, wife of the first Tarquín (fl. 6th century B.C.), 7, 14
Tangier (anc. Tingis), 39, 464, 466, 468
Tanith, 41-42
tanning, 322
Tantalus, 245
Tarentum (Taranto), 35, 37, 38, 74, 78, 97, 116, 133, 188, 297, 377, 455
tariffs, 80-81
Tarpeia, daughter of governor (8th century B.C.), 13
Tarpeian Rock, 13, 199, 400
Tarquin (Lucius Tarquinius Priscus), fifth King of Rome (fl. 7th and 6th centuries B.C.), 7, 14, 18, 82, 358
Tarquin, Sextus, son of Tarquin the Proud (fl. 6th century B.C.), 16
Tarquin the Proud (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus), seventh King of Rome (fl. 6th century B.C.), 15-17
Tarquinii (Corneto), 5, 8, 14, 35, 461
Tarracina (Terracina), 411
Tarraco, see Tarragona
Tarraconensis, 470
Tarragona (anc. Tarraco), 417, 470, 650
Tarsus, 203, 204, 329, 513, 546, 579, 581, 582, 629
Tartarus, 147, 240, 456
Tartessus, 39, 40, 469
Tasso, Torquato, Italian poet (1544-1595), 258, 637, 671
Tatius, Titus, King of the Sabines (8th century B.C.), 13
Taurini, 454
Tauromenium (Taormina), 464
Taurus, Statilius, general (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 361
Taurus, 298
Taurus Mountains, 513
taverns, see drinking taxation, in Carthage, 54;
in Judea, 532;
under Rome, 51, 58, 68, 80-81, 89, 91, 103, 116-117, 120, 126, 129, 139-141, 170, 192-194, 203-204, 205, 207, 211, 213, 217, 220-221, 224, 227, 261, 265, 267, 269, 275-276, 287-288, 290, 330, 336, 337, 368, 373, 398, 407, 409, 415, 416, 423, 427, 432, 448, 462-463, 464, 482, 483, 487, 498, 499, 532, 543, 547, 548, 620, 622, 627, 628, 631-633, 642-645, 656, 665, 667-668
Teiresias, 497
Telamon, 47
Telephus, 354
Tellus (Terra Mater), 59, 348, 350*; feast for, 59
tempera, 352
temples, Etruscan, 9;
Carthaginian, 40, 41, 42, 465, 469;
under Rome, 62, 64, 79, 81-82, 92, 193, 219, 225, 226, 268, 269, 279, 280, 287, 290-291, 335, 339, 340, 347, 351, 352, 357-359, 362, 363, 369, 371, 381, 388, 418-421, 423, 425, 426-427, 440, 453, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460-461, 464, 465, 466, 470, 473, 476, 477, 480, 498-500, 508-509, 511-512, 513, 515, 516, 519, 522, 601, 606, 621, 625, 626, 648, 650, 656
tenant farmers, 77, 104, 111, 319-320, 631, 644
tenuiores, 332
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer), comic dramatist (190?-159? B.C.), 90, 97, 98, 99, 101-102
Terentia, wife of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 141, 163
Tergeste (Trieste), 455
Terme, Museo delle, 348*, 349, 350, 351
Terminus, 59
Terpnos, Nero’s musician (fl. 1st century), 278
Terracina (anc. Anxur), 297
terra cottas, 18, 82, 347-348
terramaricoli, 4-5
Terra Mater, see Tellus
Tertia, wife of Cassius and daughter of Servilia, q.v. (1st century B.C.), 168
Tertia, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher and wife of Lucullus (1st century B.C.), 172-173