Clementia, De (Seneca), 275
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C..), 70, 168, 187-190, 195, 204-208, 228, 237, 247, 329, 344, 347, 512, 531, 630
clepsydra (water clock), 66, 308, 356
clientes, 22
climate, 455, 476
Clitias, Greek potter, 9
Clivus Victoriae, 341
Cloaca Maxima, 81
Clodia, wife of Caius Caecilius Metellus Celef (fl. 1st century B.C..), 135, 155-157, 172, 235
Clodius Pulcher, Publius, politician (?-52 B.C..), 132, 135, 171-174, 180, 202, 219
Clorinda, 637
clothing, in Etruria, 6, 18;
in Carthage, 40, 41;
in Rome, 18, 70, 76, 89, 108, 132, 134, 215, 223, 321-322, 328-329, 372-373, 624;
in Spain, 468;
in Gaul, 471;
in Egypt, 499;
in Parthia, Clusium (Chiusi), 17, 36
Clyde, 476;
Firth of, 476
Clytie, 351
Cnidus, 513
Code (Justinian), 394, 406
Codex Gregorianus, 634
Coele-Syria, 204
coinage, Etruscan, 6, 17;
Carthaginian, 40;
Roman, 17, 78-79, 87, 192-193, 195, 275, 291, 329, 330-331, 346, 358, 372, 627, 632, 639, 641, 656;
British, before Caesar, 476;
Pontic, 517
coitus interruptus, see birth control
Colchis, 413
Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, friend of Sextus Tarquín (fl. 6th century B.C..), 16
collegia, of priests, 63, 225;
of workers, 80, 128, 173, 192, 335, 371, 427, 627, 644;
of physicians, 312
Colline Gate, battle of (82 B.C..), 125
Cologne (anc. Oppidum Ubiorum; later Colonia Agrippinensis), 175*, 176, 324, 408, 479-480
coloni, see tenant farmers colonization, Etruscan, 11;
Latin, 12, 38;
Greek, 35;
Roman, 24, 38, 47, 116-117, 120, 192, 194, 218, 410, 419, 457, 465
Colonna, Piazza, 443
Colosseum, 287, 289, 345, 351, 356, 361, 383-387, 455, 627
Colossians, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 588
Colossus of Rhodes, 514
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese discoverer of America (1446?-1506), 308, 325, 329, 503
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, writer on agriculture (fl. 1st century), 319, 320, 473
column, 355-361, 411-413, 420, 427*, 443, 453, 465, 466, 474, 499, 500, 508, 509, 511, 512, 515, 516, 533, 661-662
Columna Lactaria, 364*
Comana Pontica, 517
comedy, 73-74, 93, 95, 98, 99-102, 232, 269, 378
Comedy of Errors, 100
comites, 479
comitia centuriata, see Centurial Assembly
comitia curiata, see Curial Assembly
comitia populi tribuna, see Tribal Assembly
Commagene, 322, 495, 513
Commentaries (Caesar), 146, 169, 178
Commentarii (Sulla), 126
commerce, see trade Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus), Roman emperor (161-192), 214, 221, 323, 330, 390, 396, 430, 432, 446-448, 505, 620, 622, 632, 649
communication, 271, 323-324
communion, 525, 598, 599-600, 613
communism, in Saturnia Regna, 61; 526, 537-538, 565, 576, 597, 604*, 605, 646
Como (anc. Comum), 322, 368, 411, 439, 440, 454
Como, Lake (Lacus Larius), 4, 344, 454
Compitalia (Feast of the Crossroads), 59
Composite order (architecture), 338, 357
Comum, see Como
concilium principis, 215
Concord, 358;
Temple of, 24, 358
concubinage, 134, 204, 222, 272, 288, 290, 300-301, 396, 423, 516, 529, 653
confession, 525, 600
confirmation, 600
Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C..), 567
conquistadores, 600*
conscription, 34, 51, 87, 90, 111, 114, 118, 178, 179, 182, 222, 429, 482, 621, 631*, 647, 650, 667, 668
Conservatori, Museo de’, 443*
Conservatori, Palazzo dei, 662
consolatio, 301
Consolatio ad Helviam (Seneca), 301
Consolatio ad Polybium (Seneca), 301
Consolatione, De (Cicero), 163*
Constantia, sister of Constantine I (2nd and 3rd centuries), 663
Constantine I the Great (Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman emperor (272-337), 331, 349, 375, 426, 483, 607, 639, 643, 644, 645, 653-664, 665, 666, 668
Constantine, Arch of, 443*
Constantine, Basilica of, 661-662
Constantine, Baths of, 375
Constantine, Life of (Eusebius), 663
Constantine, anc. Cirta, q.v.
Constantinople (Byzantium, Istanbul), 95, 332, 354, 406, 410, 412, 482, 483, 509*, 518, 529, 622, 633, 640, 656, 657, 661, 663, 670
Constantinople, Council of, 615
Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus), Roman emperor (reigned 305-306), 635, 640-641, 644, 651, 653, 655
constitution of Rome, 670;
under the Republic, 25-35, 51, 114, 123, 125, 126, 139, 174;
under the Principate, 212-217, 285, 292, 391
consulship, 23-25, 27, 29-31, 34, 126, 180-181, 191, 213, 216
Contra Celsum (Origen), see Against Celsus
contraception, see birth control
contracts, in the early Republic, 57
Copenhagen, 350
Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473-1543), 502, 503
Coponius, Caius, senator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 202
Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius, general (fl. 1st century), 271, 275
Corcyra (Corfu), 383
Corduba (Cordova), 296, 425, 470
Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, historian (?-25), 301
Corfinium, 78, 122, 182, 184
Corinna, 254-255
Corinth, 87, 107, 192, 193, 194, 283, 332, 374, 383, 487, 546, 584-585, 602, 617, 630;
Isthmus of, 283, 487
Corinthian order (architecture), 338, 345, 355, 357, 420, 427*, 465, 474, 511, 533, 661
Corinthians, The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 580, 587*, 589, 591
Corinthians, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 587*
Coriolanus, Caius (or Cneius) Marcius, hero (banished 491 B.C..), 35
Corioli, 35
corn, see grain
Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist (1606-1684), 302, 412
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115, 117
Cornelia, lex, 312
Cornelia, sister of the Gracchi and wife of Scipio Aemilianus (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 113, 115
Cornelia, second wife of Caesar (?-68 B.C..), 167, 168
Cornelian Laws, 126
Cornelii, Roman clan, 21, 91, 364
Cornelius, Roman Pope (?-253), 618
Corneto (anc. Tarquinii, q.v.), 11
corporations, 78-80, 88, 340
Corsica, 38, 40, 43, 46, 52, 301, 302, 463-464
Coruncanius, Tiberius, consul (fl. 280 B.C..), 32
Corvini, Roman family, 255
Corvus, Marcus Valerius, consul and dictator (fl. 350, B.C..), 71
Cos, 312, 329, 504, 514
cosmetics, 89, 187, 255, 329, 372-373, 465, 596, 599, 624, 657
Cossutia, first wife of Caesar (1st century B.C..), 167
Costoboii, 431
Cotta, Aurelius, political leader (fl. 241 B.C..), 78
Cotta, Lucius, friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C..), 197
Cottian Alps, 454
Country Life, On (Varro), 159
courtesans, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 62, 68, 132, 138, 199, 204, 244, 254, 255, 366, 369, 636
court life, 235, 303, 640-641, 643, 655, 661, 662, 668
courts, 1
29, 160, 180, 216, 220, 231, 261, 270, 275, 340, 397-398, 401-403, 448
crafts, 80, 111, 243, 321-323, 333, 335, 338, 365, 373, 479, 510, 513, 528, 536, 642-644, 671
Crassus, Lucius Licinius, orator (fl. 1st century B.C..), 160
Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, general and triumvir (112-53 B.C..), 126, 130-131, 137-139, 168-169, 170-179, 192, 194, 217, 312, 529, 531, 623
Crates of Mallus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 95
cremation, 84, 232, 443, 472
Cremona, 47, 87, 236, 285, 454, 461
Crescens, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century), 590
Crete or Candia (anc. Creta), 17*, 55, 200, 216, 505
Crimea, 517, 519
criminals, in labor, 78, 322;
in games, 383-387;
law and, 398;
in the army, 665
Crispus, son of Constantine I (?-326), 663-664
Crispus, Caius, husband of Agrippina the Younger (fl. 1st century), 273
Critolaus, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 95-96
Croesus, King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C..), 516 Cronus, 62-63, 588*
Crotona, (Cotrone), 35, 37, 51, 363
Crucifixion, 555, 559, 572-574
crucifixion, 112, 138, 168, 281, 385, 397, 404, 469, 543, 544, 545, 572-573, 578, 591, 606, 652
Ctesiphon, 413, 428, 528, 529, 531, 602, 605, 622
Cuba, 59
cults, see religion
culture, Italian, 3-5;
Villanovan, 5;
Etruscan, 5-11, 17-18, 36;
Celtic, 36;
Latin, 38;
Carthaginian, 40-42;
Greek, 95, 96;
German, 479;
under the Republic, 75, 177;
under the Principate, 234-235, 287, 311, 379, 419-420, 449, 455, 459, 461, 474, 478, 481, 625;
under the monarchy, 661, 666-667;
of Rome, 670-672
Cumae, 17, 35, 37, 64, 73, 113, 121, 126, 240, 346, 347, 456
cuneiform, 529
Cupid, 255, 352-353, 468
Curio, Caius Scribonius, orator and consul (?-53 B.C..), 168
Curio, Caius Scribonius, general (?-49 B.C..), 133, 168, 181, 183, 361
Curius, Marcus Dentatus, hero and consul (fl. 275 B.C..), 71
currency, see mediums of exchange
cursus honorum, 28-29, 636
cursus publicus, see post
Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, 64
Cutilia, Lake (Pozzo di Ratignano), 288
Cybele, 94, 157, 276, 358, 513, 523, 524-525, 526, 527, 606; see also Magna Mater
Cybele, Temple of, 358
Cyclades, 519
Cydnus, 204
Cynicism, 136, 286, 292, 300, 489-490, 493, 509, 537, 657
Cynoscephalae (battle, 197 B.C..), 85
Cynthia, 253
Cyprian, St. (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus), Latin father of the Church and Bishop of Carthage (200?-258), 603, 613, 617, 618, 650, 657, 665
Cyprus, 173, 174, 196, 204, 206, 216, 310, 322, 505, 513, 548, 582, 583, 630
Cyrenaica, 40, 328, 364
Cyrene, 200, 216, 413, 548, 559*
Cyropaideia (Xenophon), 636
Cyzicus, 418, 516;
Temple of, 418
D
Dacia (Rumania), 291, 322, 330, 366, 410, 412, 414, 424, 429, 434*, 480, 632, 638
Daedalus, 256, 352
Daily Doings, see Acta Diurna
Dalmatia, 217, 366, 455, 480, 629, 639, 653
damage suits, 58, 396
Damascus, 78, 320, 508, 511, 530, 534, 544, 577, 581, 602
Damis the Epicurean (in Lucian), 496
dancing, in Etruria, 7, 11;
under Rome, 83, 135, 204, 266, 314, 354, 367, 377-379, 430, 437, 470, 500
Dancing Faun, 459
dancing girls (puellae Gaditanae), 470
Daniel, Book of, 539, 540, 541, 559, 564, 569, 593
Dante, see Alighieri
Danube (anc. Danubius or Ister), 112, 194, 217, 257, 291, 329, 410, 411, 412, 414, 417, 429, 431, 432, 441, 446, 448, 475, 478, 480, 523, 606, 620, 627, 628, 630, 631*, 638, 639, 640, 669
Daphne, park in Antioch, 512
Daphnis, grammarian of slave class (fl. 1st century B.C..), 334
Daphnis and Chloë (Longus), 637
Dardanelles, see Hellespont
Dares, 382
Darius I Hystaspis, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C..), 528
Dark Ages, 470
David, King of the Jews (reigned 1010-974 B.C..), 534, 541, 557, 558*, 559, 569
Dawn, 241, 340
Day of Atonement, 533
Dead Sea (anc. Lacus Asphaltites), 537
death masks, 350
debts, 184, 192, 213, 331, 399-400, 514, 536, 644
Decapolis, 535
Decebalus, King of the Dacians (?-106), 291, 410, 412
Decemvirs, 23, 31, 399, 670
decimal system, 75
Decius (Caius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius), Roman emperor (200?-251), 615, 628-629, 635, 650, 657
Decius Mus, Publius, consul (?-340 B.C..), 37*, 64
Decius Mus, Publius, son of preceding, consul (?-295 B.C..), 64
deforestation, 77, 270, 487, 665
Deianeira, 354
deification, 226-227, 256, 260, 266, 268, 269, 274, 280, 291-292, 309, 316, 388, 430, 432, 523, 623, 640-641, 646
Deipnosophists (Athenaeus of Naucratis), 635-636
delatores, 262, 264, 269, 279, 289, 290, 292, 302-303, 438, 447
Delia, 253
Delos, 80, 86, 92*, 112, 139, 330, 519, 546
Delphi (Kastri), 64, 124, 472, 517
Delphic oracle, 64, 484
Demas, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st century), 590
Demeter, 62, 511;
Feast of, 525
Demetrius, Cynic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 300
Demetrius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century), 615
Demetrius, Greek image-maker (at time of Saint Paul), 515, 585
demigods, 241
democracy, in Carthage, 54;
Cicero on, 165;
under Rome, 34, 54, 91, 116, 122, 128, 136, 160, 179-180, 208, 212, 251, 260, 335, 340, 395, 406, 449, 460, 641, 670
Democritus, Greek philosopher (460?-362? B.C..), 150, 153, 164, 497 Demonax, Greek Cynic philosopher (50-150), 487, 490
Demosthenes, Athenian orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C..), 95, 161
dentistry, Etruscan, 6;
Roman, 75, 313
Derbe, 513, 582
Deuteronomy, 536
Dialogue on Orators (Tacitus), 433
Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 496-497
Dialogues of the Hetairai (Lucian), 495-496
Diana, 61, 62, 63, 81, 389, 459
Diatribai (Epictetus), see Discourses
dice, in Etruria, 7;
in Rome, 269, 375, 403
dictatorship, in Rome, 30-31, 34, 119, 124, 126, 128, 136, (Cicero on), 165, 179-184, 189-197, 208, 213, 214, 645
Didius, general (fl. 1st century B.C..), 136
Didius Julian (Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus Severus), Roman emperor (133?-193), 620-621
Dido (Elissa), daughter of King Belus of Tyre, 39, 42, 240-241, 256
Didyma, 514
Diels, Hermann, German classical philologist (1848-1922), 504*
Digest (Justinian), 393, 406, 409, 634
Digesta (Salvius Julianus), 392
di indigetes, 61; di novensiles, 62
Dio Cassius, see Dion Cassius Cocceianus
Dio Chrysostom, see Dion Chrysostomus
Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Jovius), Roman emperor (245-313), 359, 367, 375, 426, 474, 480, 520, 606, 622, 634, 635, 639-645, 651, 653, 657, 664, 668
Diocletian, Baths of, 359, 375, 635
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (1st century B.C..), 42, 234
Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 95-96, 4
91
Diogenes Laertius, Greek historian of philosophy (2nd century), 635
Diognetus, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 425
Dion Cassius Cocceianus (Dio Cassius), Bi-thynian historian of Rome (155-240?), 14, 24, 207, 212, 219, 225, 262, 267, 268, 272, 280*, 290, 302, 414, 442, 516, 545, 548, 620, 622, 636
Dion Chrysostomus, Greek rhetorician (fl. reign of Trajan), 408-409, 483, 486, 487, 488, 500, 521-522
Dionysian Artists, 80
Dionysian cult, 94, 354, 458
Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria (fl. 3rd century), 650, 651, 666
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian 54?-7 B.C..), 234, 513
Dionysus, 62, 94, 204, 352, 353, 523, 525, 553, 588, 595, 598, 605; see also Bacchus
Dionysus, Theater of, 487
Diophantus of Alexandria, Greek algebraist (fl. 250), 633-634
Dioptra (Hero), 504
Dioscorides of Cilicia, Greek writer on medicine (40-90 A.D.), 505
Dioscurides, gem cutter (fl. reign of Augustus), 346
Discourses (Epictetus), 490-494
Dispersion, the (Diaspora), 545-549, 577, 579
Disputationes Tusculanae (Cicero), 163*, 454
dissection, 313, 504, 506
Divinae Institutiones (Lactantius), 662
divination, see soothsaying
Divinatione, De (Cicero), 163*
Divine Antiquities (Varro), 159
divorce, 69, 89, 134-136, 167, 223-224, 229, 230, 254, 266, 272, 279, 370, 438, 479, 529, 539, 560, 568, 590, 598
Docetists, 605
Dolabella, Cnaeus Cornelius, governor (fl. 1st century B.C..), 169
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, consul and governor (?-43 B.C..), 188-189, 191, 200
dole, see grain
Doliche (Kakava), 390
dome, 355-361, 420, 421, 635, 662, 671
Domitia, wife of Domitian (1st century), 292
Domitia, Via, 473
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus Augustus), Roman emperor (51-96), 234, 287, 289-293, 311, 316, 317, 320, 336, 340, 344, 345, 348, 351, 365*, 372, 390, 398, 399, 407, 412, 415, 433, 434, 437, 440, 476, 490, 521, 526, 547, 575, 592, 647;
Domitii, Roman clan, 284
Domitilla, St. (?-100), 601
Domitius, Lucius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C..), 174, 176, 184
Domna, Julia, wife of Septimius Severus (?-217), 621-623, 635
Domus Aurea, see Golden House
Domus Flavia, 290, 316, 345
Domus Gaiana, 344
Domus Tiberiana, 344
Domus Transitoria, 280
Donar (Tor), 479
Donatists, 658
Donatus, Bishop of Carthage and founder of the Donatists (fl. 4th century), 657-658
Dorchester (anc. Durnovaria)
Doric order (architecture), 338, 355, 357, 411
Doryphoros (Polycleitus), 350