81. Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936) was an influential English writer of the early twentieth century. His best-known character is the priest-detective Father Brown.
82. Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc (1870–1953) was a French-born British writer known for his children’s nonsense verse.
83. The McMahon Line was the boundary between India, China, and Tibet drawn up at the Simla Convention of 1914, where it was proposed that the Himalaya act as the watershed between India and her northern neighbours. China, objecting to the proposed Sino-Tibetan border, did not recognise the agreement.
84. The MacCartney-MacDonald Line refers to the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir with Tibet and Sinkiang drawn by the British in 1899.
85. Crocker is referring to the series of white papers published by the Government of India after 1959 containing their correspondence with China on the border dispute.
86. China’s patrols continually entering south of the McMahon Line, technically Indian territory, provoked its ‘Forward Policy’ in the late 1950s. The plan of the policy was to create outposts behind advancing Chinese troops to intercept their supplies, forcing their return to China. There were eventually sixty such outposts, including forty-three north of the McMahon Line.
87. Congo was granted independence in 1960. That same year, the province of Katanga broke away from the national government and declared independence under Moise Tshombe, leader of the local CONAKAT party.
88. The Suez affair started in October 1956 after the Suez Canal (which linked the Mediterranean and Red Seas) was nationalised by the Egyptian government under President Nasser. The Canal was administered until then by an international council, which was effectively run by Britain. Trying to regain control of the canal, Israel launched an attack on Egypt, and troops were sent from Britain and France. The Suez affair was widely regarded as an example of Western neo-colonialism.
89. The period 1960–65 was of turmoil for the Congo that began with the country gaining independence from Belgium and ended with Joseph Mobutu seizing power.
90. Dag Hammarskjold (1905–61) was UN Secretary-General. He died in 1961 in a plane crash, en route to negotiate a ceasefire between the non-combatant UN forces and the secessionist Katanga troops of Moise Tshombe.
91. The European Economic Community, created in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome, was also called the Common Market.
92. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the climactic battle of the first Indochina war between France and the Viet Minh. The battle occurred between March and May 1954, and culminated in a massive French defeat that effectively ended the war. The United States provided the French with material aid during the battle but avoided public direct intervention.
93. The Laotian Civil War (1962–75) was an internal fight between the Communist Pathet Lao and the Royal Lao government in which both the parties received support for a proxy war from the Cold War superpowers—Russia and the USA.
94. Nehru played a critical role in mediating between the twin powers of the USSR and the USA regarding the Korean war (1950–53).
95. The police officer attached to Nehru’s staff and regarded as specially close to him.
96. B.M. Kaul was made major general of the Indian army in 1962 to drive the Chinese out of the disputed Thagla ridge region between India, Bhutan, and Tibet. The appointment was controversial as Kaul was regarded as an armchair general who had never commanded a fighting unit before.
97. António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970) served as the prime minister and de facto dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968.
98. Yehudi Menuhin (1916–99) was a famous violinist and conductor.
99. John Henry Newman (1801–90) was an important Victorian intellectual and a major figure of the Oxford Movement which wanted to move the Church of England closer to its Catholic roots.
100. Richard Gardiner Casey (1890–1976) was an Australian politician and diplomat and the sixteenth governor-general of Australia. In 1944 the British government appointed Casey as governor of Bengal. Casey held this post until 1946.
101. Edward Pritchard Gee (1904–68) was a tea-planter and an amateur naturalist in Assam. He is famous for his discovery of a langur species named after him.
102. Mandell Creighton (1843–1901) was an English historian and ecclesiastic. He is best remembered for his History of the Papacy.
103. President Rajendra Prasad and Nehru had a difficult relationship and this perhaps refers to Prasad attempting to press leading Congressmen to take a stand against the prime minister.
104. Charles Hardinge (1858–1944) was the viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916. The early days of Hardinge’s administration in India were marked by political unrest and terrorist activities aimed at undoing the partition of Bengal. He himself was wounded in a bomb blast during his state entry into Delhi in 1912.
105. Sudhi Ranjan Das, one-time Chief Justice of India, constituted a one-man commission which investigated allegations of corruption and misuse of power against Punjab chief minister Pratap Singh Kairon in 1963. Kairon was forced to resign as a result of his findings.
106. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (1889–1964) was the health minister of India from 1947 to 1957.
107. Dr A.V. Baliga (1904–64) was an eminent Bombay surgeon.
108. Harold Joseph Laski (1893–1950) was an English political theorist, and was the chairman of the Labour Party from 1945 to 1946.
109. Shapurji Saklatvala (1874–1936) was the third Indian British MP after fellow Parsees Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Bhownagree.
110. Justice Vivian Bose was judge of the Supreme Court of India. This probably refers to an enquiry into the Mundhra case in 1959–60, the first major instance of corruption in government. At the heart of the case was a Marwari businessman named Haridas Mundhra.
111. A movement started by the Gandhian Vinoba Bhave to promote social work and cooperation particularly in rural India. Sarvodaya literally means ‘in the service of all’.
112. In the 1960s, Rajaji collaborated closely with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in successfully challenging the once-dominant Congress Party in Tamil Nadu.
113. See annotation 61.
114. Jomo Kenyatta (1894–1978) served as the first prime minister (1963–4) and president (1964–78) of Kenya. He is considered the founding father of Kenya.
115. Kenneth David Kaunda (1924–91), commonly known as KK, was the first president of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991.
116. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina (1891–1961) ruled the Dominican Republic from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. His regime, historically known as the Trujillo era, is considered one of the bloodiest of the twentieth century.
117. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators in Haiti. They created a private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoute. This period was marked by corruption, autocracy, and terror.
118. Sir V.T. Krishnamachari (1881–1964) was the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission and contributed greatly to the First Five Year Plan.
119. Verrier Elwin (1902–64) was a self-trained anthropologist and tribal activist, who began his career in India as a missionary. After India attained independence in 1947 he was asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to find solutions to the problems that emerged in the north-eastern states of India, then called NEFA.
120. In June 1962, a committee on the prevention of corruption was appointed and chaired by K. Santhanam.
121. See annotation 105.
122. Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970) was the eighteenth French president and a war hero during the World War II.
123. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home (1903–95) was the British prime minister in 1964, the year of Nehru’s death.
Index
A
Abdulgani, Ruslan
Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammed
imprisonment of
at Nehru’s funeral
prime minister of Kashmir
relationship with Nehru
r
eleased
secret talks with Nehru
see also Nehru
statements on Kashmir
Adelaide students
African affairs
Afro-Asian brotherhood
Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung)
Aid India Club
Aid to India Consortium
Akihito (Crown Prince of Japan)
Aksai Chin
China’s claims to
Ali, Mohamed (Chaudhry)
visit to Delhi
Ali, Munshi Mubarak
American civil war
Anand Bhavan
Anti-colonialism
Anti-coloured policy
Armaments race
Asaf Ali, Aruna
Asian Relations Conference
Ataturk, Kemal
Atomic Energy Commission
Attlee, Clement Richard
obituary on Nehru
Axis victories
Ayub Khan, Muhammad
Azad, Maulana
B
Baghdad Pact
Bajpai’s minute
Bakshi (ousted ruler of Kashmir)
Baldwin, Stanley
Baliga, A.V. (Dr)
died in London
Baltimore Sun,
Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias
Banerjea, S.
Belloc, Joseph Hilaire Pierre René
Bengal famine of 1940s
Besant, Annie
Bevan, Aneurin
Bhabha
Bhave, Vinoba
Bhownagree, Mancherjee
Bismarck
Blunt, Wilfred Scawen
Diaries,
Bogra, Muhammad Ali
Bose, Vivian (Justice)
Bose, Subhas Chandra
British Cabinet Mission’s plan
British Government of India Act of 1935
British immigration restrictions
British Preventive Detention Bill
British raj
Brooks (Nehru’s tutor)
Browning
Butcher thesis
C
Calcutta massacres
Casey, Richard Gardiner
Caucus, within Congress Party
Central Statistical Institute
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Chain, Ernst Boris
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith
Chiang Kai-shek
Nehru’s relations with see also Nehru
China,
attack on India (in 1962) see also India
truth about
occupation of Tibet see also Tibet
and Russia, tensions between
suspicions for India
Chou En-lai
at Bandung
jealous of Nehru
offer to visit Delhi in 1963
visits to India
Churchill
Cold war
Nehru’s attitude to
superpowers of
Colombo power proposals
Common Market
Commonwealth
attitude of India to
a multi-racial group
prime ministers
conference of
South Africa’s place in
Commonwealth Press Union
Communism
and anti-communism
Community development campaign
Congo
independence granted to
story of
Congress–Muslim interim government of 1946
Congress party
revitalisation of
Cooperative farming
Nehru’s enthusiasm for
Corruption
increase in
Cow-worshippers
Creighton, Mandell
Cripps’ Mission
Gandhi’s rejection to see also
Gandhi
Cripps, Stafford (Sir)
D
Daily Telegraph,
Dalai Lama
flight to India
background of
effect on China
Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)
Danegeld
Danzig
Das, Sudhi Ranjan
report on Kairon regime
Dayal, Harishwar
ambassador to Nepal
died
de Gaulle, Charles
Decolonialisation
Deficit financing
Delhi, old and new
Democracy
Desai, Morarji
Diefenbaker, John George
Dien Bien Phu battle
Direct Action Day
Douglas-Home, Alexander Frederick
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
Dulles
criticism of Nehru
views on non-alignment
visit to India
Duvalier family reign in Haiti
Dyer (General)
E
East Pakistan,
Hindu-Muslim clashes in
Eisenhower, Dwight David
Elwin, Verrier
European Economic Community
F
Fabians
Family planning
FAO publications
Farrukhsiyar (Emperor)
Fascism
First Kashmir War
Five-year Plans
main emphasis of
criticism of
focus on urban development in
Nehru’s myopia about
two defenses for
wrongly conceived
Flagstaff House
Fleming, Alexander (Sir)
Florey, Howard (Lord)
Food for Peace
Forward policy
Franco
Free world
Frost
G
Gagarin
Gandhi, Feroze
Gandhi, Indira
as hostess and housekeeper
made a marriage
Gandhi, Mahatma
anti-science outlook of
assassinated
doctrine of Soul Force
fads of
Father of Nation
love for Rajaji
Nehru’s dualism for
non-violent agitations of
power of mind of
a puzzle to Nehru
quit India movement of
relations with Nehru see also Nehru
Gandhi, Sanjay
Ganges
Gee, Edward Pritchard
The Wild Life of India,
George, David Lloyd
Gladstone
Goa,
aggression, factors leading to
bomb explosion in
a campaign before aggression
coup d’état in 1954
‘fantastic lies’ about
Indian propaganda about
India’s claim to
invasion by Indian forces
Nehru’s stand on
Portuguese claims about
reaction in India to
under Portuguese rule
Grow More Food campaigns
H
Hammarskjold, Dag
death
Handoo
Hardinge, Charles (Lord)
Hindu revivalism
Hindu–Muslim communalism
Hindustani Theatre
Hitler,
Hungarian Revolution of
Hungary affair
Hunt, Baron
Hunt, Henry Cecil John (Brigadier)
Hutheesingh, Krishna
We Nehrus,
Hydroelectric dams
I
Ideological hatreds
Independence Day ceremony
Independence movement
and mob violence
India,
agriculture situation in
anti-colonial passion of
driving force behind
attitude to armed alliances
as Brit
ish Dominion
Chinese attack on, (in 1962)
Nehru’s appeals to US and UK for help
after Chinese attack
public reaction against Chinese
creation of a republic state
daily consumption of animal protein
difficulties in food production
division of states in
fall in death rate in
fever of nationalism in
foreign aid to
foreign missions in
general elections in
growth of slum in
huge foreign debt on
industrialisation and socialism in
law and order situation in
Nehru’s contributions to
partition of
per capita income in
population problem in
poverty in
reaction of foreigners to
recognition to Tibet Region to China
redrawing the boundaries of states
rice bowl of South-East Asia
secretiveness of Government of
a secular state
slap-dash inefficiency in
standard of living in villages
under Nehru
India and China,
agreement on trade in Tibet signed
border disputes between
implications of
reasons of
brotherhood
betrayal of
relationship between
song of unbroken peace
India and Pakistan,
cold war
disputes between
relationship between
war of 1947
Indian Constitution
adopted in 1951
Indian,
attitude to England
nationalism
race prejudices
spirituality
Indian Forward Policy
Indian League
Indian National Army
Indian National Congress
Indonesia
Indo-Tibetan border, troubles over
Inflation
in educational standards
International communism
J
Jallianwala Bagh
Jan Sangh
Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Édouard (Le Corbusier)
Jinnah
John Henry Newman
Johnson (President of US)
Johnson, Samuel
Jones, Thomas
K
Kairon, Pratap Singh
Kamaraj Plan
Kamaraj, K.
Karnal case
Kashmir
American proposals for independence
first UN Commission to
conclusions of