Ellis Island Institute and Conference Center, 407–8
Ellis Island Restoration Commission, 392
Ellis Island Snow Globe (Rand), 404 “Ellis Island’s Problems” (Irwin), 154 Emmett, Robert, 119
England, 26–27, 28
Erdofy, Arthur, 93
Erie Canal, 28
Espionage Act (1917), 309, 319
eugenics, 243–47, 250–51, 335, 346–47 Eugenics Research Association, 247 Europe, 343
eastern, 91, 161, 215, 231, 333, 381 northern, 91, 207
southern, 91, 215, 231, 333, 381 western, 91
evolution, 8, 41, 246–47
Fairbanks, Louis, 268
Farber, Gershon, 199
favus, 150, 206
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
350, 353, 354, 360, 367
Federal Trade Commission, 305 “feebleminded,” 242
feminism, 306
Ferdinand, Franz, 286
Ferguson, Sean, 401
Ferraro, Geraldine, 398
Fettmann, Eric, 393, 395
Field, Stephen, 61
Fino, Paul, 380
first-class passengers, 298–99
Fitchie, Thomas, 109, 113, 114, 115,
120, 133, 134–37, 144, 265 Fitzgerald, John F., 97
Fitzharris, James “Skin the Goat,”
119–20
Flynn, Thomas, 93
Foran Act (1885), 43
Ford, Melbourne, 46–49
Ford Motor Company, 391
Fort Wadsworth, 324–25
Foster, Charles, 63
Fourteenth Amendment, U.S., 204 France, prostitutes from, 282 Franco, Francisco, 354
Franklin, John Hope, 404
Fraser, James, 140
Frick, Henry Clay, 318
Friedman, Jacob, 401
Fuhr, Eberhard, 350, 358
Gage, Lyman, 114, 116
Galicia, 104, 208, 233
Garfield, James A., 64
Garrett, Cynthia, 408
Garrison, William Lloyd, 32, 95 Garrison, William Lloyd, Jr., 189 Garvey, Marcus, 404
Gaston, William A., 143, 144
Geddes, A. C., 340–41
Gelvot, Meyer, 199
General Services Administration (GSA),
379–80
genetics, 8, 41, 205, 243, 244–45,
246–47, 250–51, 335, 346–47 George, Henry, 84, 131, 322
Germans, Germany, 34, 40, 92, 98, 103,
151, 155–56, 162, 170, 171, 175–76,
182, 200, 218–20, 222–23, 225, 234,
235, 270, 282, 307, 308–10, 344 as “alien enemies,” 292–94, 295–96,
351, 352, 357–59, 360
quotas on, 334–35
German Society, 35
Germany, U.S. declaration of war with,
293, 302
Gettysburg, Battle of, 52, 64
Gibbet Island, 14, 19, 20–23
see also Ellis Island
Gibbs, Charles, 22–23
Gift of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 345 Giro, Marco, 285
Giuliani, Rudy, 408
Glazer, Nathan, 389
globalization, 414, 417
Glueck, Bernard, 254–55
Goddard, Henry H., 242, 244, 247, 253,
254, 255, 256, 258, 346
Goderis, Joost, 25–26
Godfather II, 406
Goldberger, Paul, 400
Golden Door (Nuovomondo), 406–7 Goldman, Emma, 147, 148, 311, 316,
318–25
Goldman, Julius, 319–20
gold standard, 111
Gomez, Juan Vicente, 270, 271
Gompers, Samuel, 60, 112, 181–82, 187,
188
Gouree, Alice, 302–3
Grant, Madison, 164, 335–36, 381 Gratz, Roberta, 393, 395
Great Depression, 91, 238, 348, 381 Great Oyster Island, 25, 26
Great Society, 382, 386
Greeks, 181, 220, 341, 342, 344
“greenhorns,” 33, 34, 116, 179, 188 Greenwich Village, 136, 306, 307 “Guests from Gibbet Island” (Irving),
20
Gulda, Friedrich, 361, 363
habeas corpus petition, 199, 203, 236, 314
Hackenberg, Helene, 357, 359, 360
Hackenberg, Rudolf, 357, 359, 360
Hague, Frank, 291–92
Hall, Prescott, 94, 95, 100, 150, 155, 181, 183, 184, 185, 192, 197, 205, 224, 232, 234–35, 239, 306, 308, 309, 333, 335, 381, 392, 417
depression of, 99, 100, 235
on genetic sorting, 244–45
IRL formed by, 98–99
on physique of immigrants, 206–7
Hand, Augustus, 314
Hand, Learned, 199, 202
Handlin, Oscar, 381, 384
Hanna, Mark, 131
Hansen, Marcus Lee, 379
Harding, Warren, 333, 343
Hardwick, Thomas, 315
Harper’s Weekly, 60, 84, 108, 220, 227–28
Harris, Edward, 366–67
Harrison, Benjamin, 62, 63, 64, 65, 78, 85, 87, 91
Hart Island, 24
Hartley, William, 369
Harvard University, 51, 95, 98
Hausdorffer, William, 295, 296
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 263
Hazard of New Fortunes, A (Howell), 38 Hearst, William Randolph, 170, 171,
218–19, 226–27, 231
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS),
198–203, 208, 212, 213, 214, 215,
222, 236
Helprin, Mark, 391
Henderson v. Mayor of New York, 42 Hess, Charles, 115, 141
Hicks, Albert, 23
Higham, John, 9–10
Hill, William, 21–22
Hindus, 107
Hine, Lewis, 180, 181
Hirsch, Baron de, 66
Hiss, Alger, 364
Hitler, Adolf, 178, 351, 354
Hjerpe, Elin Maria, 266, 267
Hoch, Julia, 72
Hodel, Donald, 394
Hoffman Island, 86
Holinsky, Isaac, 72
Holland, F. Ross, 393
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 203, 325–26 Holt, Henry, 101
Home Colony, 313–14
Hondes, Bertha, 279
Hoover, Herbert, 348
Hoover, J. Edgar, 318, 323, 324–25, 326,
350–51, 353, 354
Horvath, Julia, 371, 373
Hotel de la Inmigración, 409
House of Representatives, U.S.:
Ellis Island hearings of, 223–27 Howe investigated by, 301, 304–5,
316–17, 326, 329
Immigration and Naturalization Committee of, 323, 332, 335
immigration investigated by, 46–49 Un-American Activities Committee of (HUAC), 364, 366
see also Congress, U.S.
Howe, Frederic, 239, 276, 289, 303, 310,
312, 314, 315–16, 328–29, 336, 338,
409
congressional investigation of, 301,
304–5, 316–17, 326, 329
and Ranc case, 276
reforms of, 297–98, 299–300, 304,
305–6
resignation of, 316
Howe, Julia Ward, 95
Howe, Marie Jenney, 306
Howells, William Dean, 38
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 129, 179
Hughes, Charles Evans, 170, 171 Hull, Harry E., 1
Hungarian Republican Club, 138, 177, 309
Hungary, Hungarians, 96, 104, 122, 138, 158, 200, 230, 249, 250, 327, 371, 373, 375
Huntington, Samuel, 405, 412–13
Iacocca, Lee (Lino Anthony), 391–93, 394–95, 400, 404, 407
Iacocca, Nicola, 394–95
If Your Name Was Changed at Ellis Island, 401
immigrant runners, 33, 34, 35–36, 37–38, 42, 50
immigrants, immigration:
aid societies for, 68, 213, 215
appeal of cases by, 82, 171–74, 183–84, 1
87, 207, 217, 223
birthrates of, 51, 99
bonds for, 3, 35, 80, 81, 85, 88, 151, 207, 210, 211, 263, 375
budget for, 228–29, 248, 338
classification of, 199–201
from 1820 to 1860, 28–29
exploitation of, 33–34, 35–36, 37–38, 42, 45, 46, 116
federal laissez-faire attitude toward, 13, 34–35, 38, 40–41, 102
five-man commission on, 63–69 head tax on, 35, 36, 42, 43, 69, 103, 182, 229, 299
House investigation of, 46–49
illegal, 343, 411, 416, 419
labor by, 8, 11, 59, 65, 94, 113–14, 129, 130, 131–32, 153–54, 171, 205, 229, 232
photographs of, 179–81
prejudice against, 5–6, 9–10, 30–31, 39–40, 51, 92, 96–106, 111, 112, 123, 150, 154–55, 161, 403–4 prepaid, 43, 60–61, 65, 69, 80, 81, 85, 88, 113
recent reform of, 411–16
totalitarianism and, 360–76
see also Castle Garden; China; Ellis Island; quotas
immigrants, immigration, restriction of, 6–7, 8, 76, 79, 88, 103, 114, 129, 148, 181–82, 183–84, 185, 196–97, 208–10, 211, 220, 335–36, 348 for anarchy, 6, 40, 87, 127–28, 146–48, 151, 168, 195, 221, 232, 313–14, 316, 318, 319, 360
for appearance and physical ailments, 3, 5, 10, 48, 203, 204, 205–6, 207, 208–9, 212, 214, 215, 241
Chinese and, 11–12, 14, 42, 43, 53, 61, 87, 113, 168, 194, 231, 402, 415 crime and, 35, 42, 84, 92–93, 94, 112, 119–20, 127, 152, 154, 186, 195, 221, 230, 246, 298–99, 413
deportation of, 2, 147–48, 173, 203, 322, 323–25, 326–27, 339, 343, 351, 357, 358, 359–60, 412–13, 415 disease and, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 35, 36, 38, 52, 84, 85, 89–90, 173, 182, 185, 187, 413
eugenics and, 243–45, 246–47
Germans and, 220, 225
growth of, 221–22
for insanity, 2, 5, 11, 40, 43, 48, 52, 168, 182, 206, 242, 244
intelligence and, 43, 49, 90, 168, 172, 182–83, 185, 206, 221, 236, 237, 238–59, 346–47
Jews and, 211–13, 220, 222
Johnson’s bill on, 332–33
literacy and, 8, 87, 94, 103–6, 129, 151, 153, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 195, 206, 230, 231–32, 235, 301, 307–8, 333
Lodge’s call for, 51, 96
for poverty, 8, 11, 35, 40, 48, 68, 81, 84, 94, 128, 168, 195, 413
for prostitution, 33, 42, 45, 102, 128, 168, 174, 178, 182, 198–99, 221, 265, 282, 303, 304
race as factor in, 230
and sexual immorality, 10, 11, 52, 246, 260–86, 301–2, 303, 374
T. Roosevelt’s calls for, 128–29, 131, 132–33, 151–52, 159–60, 165, 167–68, 174–75, 189–90, 196 Williams’s enforcement of, 220–21 see also immigration law; undesirables
Immigration Act (1875), 42
Immigration Act (1882), 42–43, 46, 78
Immigration Act (1891), 52–53, 61, 65, 68, 76, 78, 79, 261, 308
Immigration Act (1907), 182, 206
Immigration Act (1917), 308, 313
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 351, 352
Immigration Bureau, 79, 105, 111, 119
Immigration Commission, U.S., 11, 332
“Immigration: Its Effects upon the United States, Reasons for Further Restriction,” 101
immigration law, 11, 91, 111, 123, 155, 168, 179
boards of special inquiry set up by, 85, 88–89, 104, 215
cholera epidemic and, 85, 132
1893 bill on, 87
enforcement and interpretation of, 6–7, 15, 78–79, 81–82, 106, 139, 150, 152, 167, 172, 176–77, 192, 234, 322
HIAS hearing and, 198–203
1920s quotas on, 13–14
plenary-power doctrine of, 61–62, 415 Russian Jews’ disputes with, 198–203 Williams’s desire for strengthening of, 150–51, 152–53, 193–96
see also immigrants, immigration, appeal of cases by; quotas; specific acts
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 411
Immigration Restriction League (IRL), 98, 100–106, 150, 152, 159, 164, 175, 181, 185, 189, 197, 235, 308, 333
Immigration Service, 82, 89, 110, 119, 131, 133, 135, 155, 229, 325, 346
Industrial Commission on Immigration, 151
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 311, 312–13, 314, 315, 316, 338
intelligence, 43, 49, 168, 172, 182–83, 185, 206, 221, 236, 237, 238–59, 346–47
measurement of, 242–43, 248–59
Internal Security Act (1950), 360, 362
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 53
Ireland, Irish, 34, 35, 40, 57, 86, 92, 96, 98, 99, 112, 119–20, 134, 182, 307, 344
Irish Emigrant Society, 35, 160
Irving, Washington, 20
Irwin, Wallace, 154
Italy, Italians, 47, 51, 74, 92–94, 96, 104, 107, 122, 134, 151, 153, 154, 162, 170, 186, 208, 220, 230, 247, 249, 264, 282, 333, 341
as alien enemies, 351, 352, 355, 356, 360
I Was Accused (Voskovec), 363
Jackson, Andrew, 31
Jackson, Robert, 350, 365, 373
James, Cyril Lionel Robert, 369–71 James, Henry, 168
Japan, Japanese, 61–62
as alien enemies, 351, 352, 360 Japanese internment camps, 292, 352 Jeanne D’Arc Home, 284–85
Jenkins, William, 75, 83
Jews, 44, 70, 80, 94, 132, 136, 151, 153,
155, 162, 171, 175–76, 182, 184,
186, 214–15, 219, 246, 247, 249,
250, 264, 282, 340, 341
exclusion of, 211–13, 220, 222 Russian, 52, 59, 64–67, 68, 71–76, 80,
83, 86, 92, 172, 176, 181, 195, 197,
198–203, 210, 220, 222
typhus epidemic among, 71–76, 81,
198
Jezdic, Dana, 266–67
Jim Crow, 384, 385
Johnson, Albert, 316, 323, 332–33,
335
Johnson, Lyndon B., 382, 385
Johnson, Mary (Frank Woodhull), 3–5,
402
Johnson, Philip, 383, 384, 400
Jones, Thomas, 20, 21
Jordan, Barbara, 413–14
Justice Department, U.S., 146, 317, 318,
326, 351, 353, 359, 365, 366, 367,
373–74
Kaganowitz family, 210–11
Kaiser Wilhelm II, 120, 296
Kallikak family, 244
Kazan, Elia, 381
Keefe, Daniel, 207–8, 210, 225, 273,
277, 283
Kempster, Walter, 64–65
Kennedy, Ted, 397–98
Kershner, Jacob, 318, 319
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 384
King, William, 315, 316
Knauff, Ellen Raphael, 363–69, 371,
372, 373, 374, 375
Knauff, Kurt, 363, 364, 365, 367,
369
Knights of Columbus, 344, 345 Knights of Labor, 110, 111, 112, 135,
166, 188
Knox, Howard, 247, 253–54, 255,
257–59
Knox Imitation Cube Test, 257–58 Kocik, Marya, 273–74
Koelble, Alphonse, 223–24, 334 Koerner, Paula, 296
Koerner, Walter, 295
Koerner, William, 296
Kohler, Max, 11, 189, 198, 199, 201,
203, 212, 213
Kolb, Cecilie, 267–68
Korea, 360, 367, 373
Krikorian, Mark, 419
Kristoff, Michael, 292
Labor Department, U.S., 233, 262, 274,
301, 302, 314, 315, 317, 322, 326,
331, 337, 351
labor unions, 416–17
see also specific unions
Lafayette, Marquis de, 31
La Guardia, Fiorello, 178–79, 209, 316,
342, 348, 356
Lamarca, Giuletta, 285–86, 303–4,
336–37
Langer, William, 359, 366
Larned, Frank, 202, 266–67, 273 Lat
in America, 12, 411
Lax, Philip, 392
League of Nations, 328, 332
Lederhilger, John, 117, 119, 140, 163,
265
Lee, Joseph, 102, 333
Legal Aid Society, 158, 228
Liberty Island, 24
Lipsitch, Irving, 198, 208, 213, 215 literacy, 8, 87, 94, 103–6, 129, 130, 153,
181, 183, 184, 189, 195
test for, 97, 105, 151, 182, 206, 230,
231–32, 235, 301, 307–8, 333 Literary Digest, 339, 348
Lithuanians, 153, 173–74
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 77, 96, 132, 134, 162, 184, 220, 224
on decline of immigrant quality, 51–52, 70, 92, 123
literacy test desired by, 105, 182 on national sovereignty, 8–9, 417 Loeb, William, 186
Lopate, Phillip, 24
Low, Seth, 115, 132
Lowe, Caroline, 312, 314
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 101, 231
lynchings, 51
Magyars, 200
McAvoy, Charles, 86
McCarran, Pat, 360
McCarthy, Joseph, 373, 375
McClure, S. S., 280
McDonald, E. E., 312–13, 314
McGrath, J. Howard, 361, 368
McKay, Claude, 404
McKinley, William, 108–9, 110, 111,
115, 119, 127, 128, 130, 131, 322 McLaughlin, Allan J., 10, 57, 189 McSweeney, Edward, 106, 114, 119–20,
123, 141, 166, 190, 200, 279, 344–46 Corrigan’s defense of, 135–36
dismissal of, 134–35, 136–37, 138,
139, 142
ethics charges against, 106, 115–16,
117, 119, 133–34, 143–45, 344 Gaston’s campaign run by, 143, 144,
145
Powderly vs., 115, 117–19, 121, 122,
193, 338, 345
Malcolm X, 405
Mallon, “Typhoid Mary,” 24
Manhattan, N.Y., 24, 28
population of, 33
Mason, Victor, 236–37
Massachusetts, 65, 109, 134, 145 Massilia, 70–76, 78, 79–80, 81, 92 Masters, Edgar Lee, 147
Matthew, Thomas, 386–89
Mazzeo, Josephine, 362
Mehran, Parvis, 400
Melville, Herman, 21, 370, 371
Mermer, Fayer and Isaac, 71
Metropolitan Opera, 355, 361
Mexico, 38, 343, 411, 419
Meyer, Albert, 295
Mezei, Ignatz, 350, 371–75
Miller, Eloy, 284
Miller, Estelle, 384–85
Milwaukee Journal, 40, 41
miners strike, 130
Minor, Robert, 321–22
Mitchell, John, 188
Mitchell, John Purroy, 235
Moby-Dick (Melville), 370
Mondale, Walter, 398
Monroe Doctrine, 270
Montana, Joe, 408
Moore, Annie, 57–58, 59, 70, 77, 88–89, 121
Moore, Anthony, 57
Moore, Matt, 58
Moore, Phillip, 57
Morgan, J. P., 315
Morgen Journal, 170, 218, 223, 227, 235 “moron,” 243, 346