see also Romans
Leonidas 97, 100, 103, 144, 151, 215
Leosthenes 139
Leotychidas 231–2, 235, 236–7
Lesbos 244
Leuctra 38, 51, 58, 80, 89, 94, 95, 99–100, 104, 108, 109, 118, 145–6, 148–9, 150, 164, 167, 168–9, 189, 215, 237, 244, 254–6
light-armed 31, 84, 100, 115, 118, 122, 130–2, 223;
see also gymnetes, psiloi (Index II)
lion-monument 43–4, 102
Locris 26, 45, 238
Lucian 72
Lucullus 53
Lycurgus 103, 161
Lycus 96
Lydia 208
Lykeios211
Lysander 44, 48, 138, 140, 153
Lysias 82, 247
Lysicles 151
Macedon, Macedonians 22, 26, 31, 39, 68–9, 72, 88, 97, 125, 142, 153, 190–2, 196, 244
Machanidas 230
Magi 203
Makaria 215
Mantineia 30, 88, 140, 184, 246;
battle of 418 BC;
34, 59, 80, 90–1, 98, 100–2, 104–5, 108, 118, 148, 150, 160, 232, 237, 244;
battle of 362 BC, 33, 48, 89, 98, 116, 146, 149, 167, 168
Mantitheus 108
Marathon 21, 42, 78, 80, 87, 98, 134–5, 136, 138, 146, 149, 156, 169, 175, 204, 210–11, 225, 254
Marathos 214
Mardonius 88, 207, 220
Masistius 73
mass 35, 66–7, 79, 81, 100, 104, 128–30;
see also othismos (Index II)
Megara 113, 134, 175, 194, 209, 210
Megistas 108
Melos 5
Menander 51
mercenaries 30–1, 125, 132, 138–9, 142, 190–1, 209
Messenia 54, 56, 105, 140, 213;
First Messenian War 81, 159;
Second Messenian War 15, 131, 159
Methone 146
middle-class 122, 135;
see also zeugitae (Index II)
middle-rank, of phalanx 76, 97, 254
military historians 9–10, 253–6
Miltiades 136, 138, 163, 164, 169
Mimnermus 129
mining 83, 184, 194–5
missile-weapons 21–2, 28, 31, 81, 88, 91, 105–6, 178, 185, 189–92, 207
missing, in battle 47–8, 50, 61
Mnassipus 104
monuments 42–3
morale 104, 106–7
Motya 195
mountains 173, 178, 180
Muses 224
Mycalessus 5
Myceneans 23, 36, 65–7, 70, 83, 173
Mykonos 203
Mytilene 104, 145
Myronidas 149, 168
Napoleon 104, 145
Naxos 44
Nearchus 113, 153
Nemea 88, 90, 95, 98, 102, 108–9, 118
Neon 206
Neoptolemus 34
Nereid Monument 147, 181–2, 195
Nestor 126, 128, 157, 159
Nicarchus 33
Nicias 29, 50, 54, 61, 137, 141, 143, 151, 204
Nisaea 134
noncombatants 185
Odysseus 137–9
Oenophyta 107, 149
old men, in battle 48, 69, 118
Olpae 235
Olympia 26, 113, 184, 195, 229, 230, 239, 243, 246
Olynthus 146, 191
omens 31;
see also mantis (Index II)
Onasander 57, 141, 166
orders 97, 110, 117
Paches 169
pack-animals 174–5, 193
Paean 90, 116, 123, 150, 169, 198, 239;
see also war-cry
Pagondas 90, 149
Pallene 160, 163
Panakton 175
panhellenism 42–3, 44, 125, 244–6, 247
panic 101, 104, 146;
see also flight, Phobos, fear, cowardice
panoply 53, 66–7, 81, 84, 174;
damage to 229, 232, 244–5;
fabrication of 66;
price 77, 229;
origins 130–1;
plundering of 228, 249;
weight 39, 63, 64–5, 78, 181;
see also helmet, body-armor, shield, spear, sword
Pantites 107
paradoxes, of Greek warfare 6, 179– 86
Paris 35
patriotism 105
Patrocles 53, 109, 213
Pausanias, author 42–3, 60, 159, 244;
general 48, 138, 149–50, 163, 207–8, 211, 238
Peisistratus 133
Pellene 95
Pelopidas 39, 59, 98, 102, 109, 142, 146, 168, 215
Peloponnese 130, 209
Peloponnesian War 5, 45, 60, 87, 137–8, 143, 180, 188, 195–6
peltasts 22, 105, 116–17, 139, 141;
see also light-armed troops
Pentagon 79
Pericles 8, 30, 58, 106, 136–7, 146
Persephone 209, 215
Persia, Persians 20–1, 29, 58, 60, 66, 72–3, 81, 88, 90, 96, 99, 100, 103, 135, 139, 145, 150, 167, 180, 203, 205, 213, 216, 224, 245–6
phalangites 88
phalanx, approach of 92–3;
crash of 96–7;
depth of 98–9, 104, 145;
evolution and tactics of 15, 18, 20, 31, 64–84, 131–2, 159;
files of 127–8, 147, 159;
look of 90;
proto- 126, 130;
size 88, 105, 118, 140, 187;
wings of 91, 97, 100
Philip II, of Macedon 39, 43, 88, 102–3, 113, 190–2
Philochorus 59
Philomelus 45
Philopoemen 72, 213, 230
Phobos 200, 209
Phocia 191
Phocion 150, 224
Phylarchus 213
Phyle 89
Pindar 93, 104, 107, 128, 158, 162
Piraeus 28, 61, 84
Plataea 5, 22, 32, 42–3, 58, 60, 73, 90, 95, 97, 99, 101–2, 103, 113, 135, 139, 149, 150, 156, 163, 180, 185–7, 195, 207–8, 211, 238
Plato 29, 30, 52, 87, 93, 103, 126, 135, 144, 236, 246
plundering 47, 116, 190, 230–1, 240
Plutarch, author 13, 28, 39, 41, 43, 56, 59, 87–8, 90–1, 95, 99, 104, 106, 114, 145, 148, 166, 168–9, 194, 208, 216, 224;
of Eretria 146
poliorcetics 180, 188, 195–6
Pollux 110, 112–13
Polyaenus 61, 117, 168
Polybius 72–3, 87, 99, 114, 206, 230
Polynices 33–4, 42, 95, 208
poor 5, 105
Poseidon 140, 202
prisoners 44, 103, 144
psychotics 107;
see also suicide
pursuit 39, 101, 149
push 71–2, 73–4, 83, 96–7, 98–9, 100, 160;
see also othismos (Index II), mass
Pylos 137, 146, 168, 235, 237, 242, 244, 249
Pyrrhic Dance 29–30, 119;
see also dance, hoplomachia (Index II)
Pyrrhus 121, 123, 128, 141, 146, 185, 243–4, 249
Pythia 229
rain 176
rank, preservation of 31, 95, 103;
arrangement of 89, 108, 254–5;
broken 29, 39;
see also front-, middle-, rear-rank
rear-rank 18, 69, 73, 76, 97–8, 99, 100, 254
recruitment 89
religion 42–3, 197–227;
see also rituals
reserves 19, 98, 118, 155
retreat 47, 70, 95, 100, 116, 119, 178;
see also flight
Rhamnous 184
Rhodes 126, 157, 192
rigor mortis 53
right wing 92, 134, 147;
see phalanx
Risikobereitschaft 122;
see also courage, general
rituals 8–9, 42–3, 44–5, 60, 84, 125, 156, 179–80, 188, 191–2, 197–227, 255
"Road of the Towers" 175, 189, 194
roads 177–80, 193–5
Romans 72, 82–3, 112, 116, 118, 121
, 131, 140, 145, 166, 169, 180, 188, 192–3
rot, of bodies 46–7, 48–53
Sachkritik 9
Sacred Band 39, 44, 102, 104, 107, 146, 168
Sacred War, First 134
sacrifice, of animals 58, 90, 107–8, 117, 150, 169, 197–222, 239;
see also sphagia (Index II)
Salamis 87, 116, 143, 166, 213–14, 216
Samos 194
Sarpedon 38
scars, from battle 146, 235
Scipio Africanus 121
scutum 70
Scythia 25, 36
seer 143, 204–6;
see also mantis (Index II)
seigecraft, see poliorcetics
Sellasia 151
servants, see attendants
shield 15–18, 21, 27, 38, 53–5, 91–3, 95–7, 99, 103, 105, 113, 115, 159, 195, 201, 233, 236, 245;
abandonment of 18, 99, 100, 230– 1, 242;
Boeotian 16;
boss 17, 54– 5, 61, 105, 140, 212, 235,
broken 33, 38;
origins of 129–30;
shape and contour 35, 64–78, 83, 184;
weight 68–9, 78, 182;
wall 95;
see also aspis, hoplon, antilabe, porpax (Index II)
shoving, see push
Sicily 5, 24, 45, 103, 110, 113, 115, 141, 162–3, 237
Sicyon 54, 105, 133, 140
signals 110, 115, 118
silence 115
Simonides 43, 108
skeletons 59, 60, 102, 107;
see also corpses
skill 136–9
sling 17, 191;
see also missile-troops
Socrates 30, 41, 100, 197
Solon 41, 135, 229
Solygeia 50, 97
sophists 29, 123, 137–8, 158
Sophocles 138
sounds, in battle 94–5, 98, 110, 114, 118;
see also war-cry, salpinx (Index II)
Spartans, military practice of 5, 8, 20, 22, 48–9, 50–1, 101, 104–6, 114–15, 139–40, 146–50;
customs and religion 55–6, 114–15, 133, 197–202, 209, 211, 231, 235;
at Leuctra 38–9, 89;
mirage 160;
in Peloponnesian War 43, 96;
at Plataea 80–2, 195, 207;
at Thermopylae 98–9;
in Tyrtaeus 15–16, 95, 123, 131;
in Xenophon 27–30, 92–5, 96–7, 144
Spartiates 140
Spartolus 98
spear 16–19, 20–1, 22, 31–2, 34, 57, 76, 78, 84, 89, 94–5, 96, 115–18, 165, 195, 217, 244;
-butt 16, 22–3, 24–5, 31;
carrying and grip on 30–1, 35, 89, 90–1, 108;
destruction of 20, 23, 32–3, 38, 72–4, 95–7, 99;
-head 23–4, 71–2, 73;
-loop 19;
range 92;
-shaft 22– 3, 27, 71;
throwing 20, 75, 88;
two 19–20, 35–6;
weight 78
Sphacteria 5, 22, 59, 81, 96–7, 103, 105
Sphodrias 80, 96, 108, 190, 194
spoils, see also plundering, votives
Stesilaus 135
stones 21, 24, 33, 90, 106, 181, 195
Strabo 23, 43, 68
stratagem 145–6, 148, 149
strategy 45, 64–5
suffocation 39, 100
suicide 107, 151, 169, 182
sun, in battle 45, 78, 176–7
surprise 149
surrender 103
Syracuse 55, 97, 115–16, 118, 143, 151, 163, 191, 193–4, 195, 205, 212
sword 5, 16, 32, 57, 76, 84, 217–19;
as secondary weapon 22, 25, 96–7;
types of 26–8, 37, 65, 75–6, 94
tactics 5–6, 7, 9, 19, 65–78, 103, 127–30
Tamynae 150
Tanagra 146
Taurus 23
"Tearless Battle" 90, 232
teeth, in battle 99
Tegea 193, 207
Tegyra 145, 167
Teiresias 214
Teleutias 146
temple 45, 228, 231, 248
tent 115
Ten Thousand 21, 108, 141, 237
terrain 88–9, 173–80, 188–9, 234
terror 104–5, 115;
see also fear
Thasos 194, 229–30
Thebes, Thebans 20, 39, 43, 44, 48– 9, 59–60, 89–90, 96–7, 107, 116, 131, 136–7, 148–9, 185, 189, 214, 225, 229, 237, 239, 244, 247
Themistocles 136, 146, 213–14, 216, 224, 226, 245;
Decree of 163
Theocritus 34–5
Theopompos 87
Theophrastus 23
Thermon 244
Thermopylae 43, 88, 97, 99, 107–8, 159, 215, 222
Theseus 41, 59, 95, 200, 209
Thespians 95, 109
Thessaly 39, 47, 107, 208
"Thessalian Trick" 34, 94
thirst 193–4;
see also sun
Thirty Tyrants 21, 61, 88–9, 215
Thracians 30, 141
Thrasybulus 21
Thrasyllus 226
Three Hundred, Spartans at Thermopylae 43, 161
Thucydides 9, 45, 55, 58, 61, 80, 88, 90, 94–5, 101, 105–6, 114, 125, 137–8, 140, 169, 205, 212, 220
Thymbrara 141, 169–70
Thyreae 161
Timoleon 88, 110, 116
Timotheus 137
Tissaphernes 207
tombs 60
tools 23
towers 181–3
training 28–31, 100, 103;
see also drill
traitors 186–7, 196
trampling 100
Trasimene 101
tribe 46–7, 126, 132–4, 162–3
Trojans 25, 53, 116, 122, 140, 213;
Trojan War 15, 19
trophy 48–9, 50, 58, 103, 239–40
truce 50–1, 61, 103
trumpet 33, 90, 110–20, 204;
see also salpinx (Index II)
Trysa 183
tunic 47, 56, 61–2, 140, 240–2;
see also chiton
tyrant 161
Tyrtaeus 7, 10, 15–17, 66, 87, 92–5, 100, 106, 123, 127, 129–31, 132–3, 138, 153
unarmed 33, 44, 184
unburied 44–6, 50–2, 60–1
unfit 30
uniforms 140
votives 62, 119, 228–49
war-cry 9, 90–1;
see also Paean, eleleu (Index II)
wealthy, in battle 161;
see also aristocrats
weather 88
wine, see alcohol
women 150
wood 71;
types of for spear 22–3
World War, First 79
wounds 28, 32–4, 37, 44, 45, 102–3;
accidental 71, 72–3;
back 186;
belly 33;
bladder 32;
bullocks 32;
face 45;
legs 33;
lower body 92;
neck 45;
private parts 34;
right-side 33;
skull 32;
thigh 32, 72, 92, 94;
wounds, wounding of: Agesilaus 102, 148–9;
Archidamus 50, 61, 168;
Brasidas 168;
Cleombrotus 94;
Epameinondas 95, 146;
Hippagretes 59, 96;
Patrocles 109;
Pelopidas 102;
Philip II 102
wrestling 99;
see also "Thessalian Trick"
Xenophon 4, 9, 21, 23, 25–8, 30, 51– 2, 80, 89–90, 92, 94–5, 95–6, 97–9, 100–1, 102–3, 107, 109, 115–17, 119, 124–5, 126, 137, 139, 141, 143, 148, 153, 197, 204, 207, 223
youth 31, 89;
see also ephebes
Zeus 79, 183, 197, 202, 209, 239, 241, 249
* * *
II Index and Glossary of Greek Military Terms Italicized in the Text
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agoge (Spartan system of military education) 179
agon (the formalized struggle of hoplite battle) 146, 179, 188
aiganee (throwing-loop on javelin) 36
akontisma (spear-shaft) 23
aloieseumen ("to thresh it out";
fight it out in battle) 94
anakletikon (the call for retreat) 116
anaschomenos (holding the spear aloft) 92
anastrophe (back-wheel movement of the phalanx) 104
andreia (courage displayed in battle) 138
antilabe (hand-grip of the hoplite shield) 17, 18, 65, 67, 80
arete (recognized excellence on the battlefield) 122–3, 126, 128, 131, 136, 138–9
aristeia (distinction for valor in battle;
see arete and andreia) 143, 151, 166
aspis (shield, see hoplon) 83
astrateia (refusal to serve;
cowardice in battle) 135
axine (battle-ax;
see pelekus) 25
diabateria (rite of crossing borders) 202, 222–3
dorudrepanon (spear-sickle) 24
drepanon (sickle) 28
eis doru (spear range) 91
eleleu (war-cry) 91
enomotarch (leader of an enomotia) 62, 117
enomotia (smallest tactical unit of Spartan army) 89, 108, 117, 140
enoplia (marching-songs) 160
entaxis (light-armed intermingled in phalanx, see parentaxis) 159
epibatai (marines) 81
epikampe (forward bending movement of the phalanx) 104
epilektoi (elite units) 131, 156, 160
epitaphioi (rites or speeches over those fallen in battle) 123, 136, 139, 143
ephoroi (Spartan "overseers") 51
es cheiras (hand-to-hand) 91
exeligmos (counter-march) 104
gymnetes (light-armed soldier) 130– 1, 159
heroon (shrine or tomb of hero) 60
hippeis (knights) 91, 131, 148–9, 161
hoplon (shield from which hoplite derived his name) 15, 129, 131, 159
hoplomachia (art of fighting with arms) 29, 32–5, 37, 125, 139, 156, 164
hyaspistai (shield-bearers) 102
katalogos (muster-roll of hoplites) 46, 57, 61
kopis (cleaver) 26
lambdas (Spartan shield ensignia) 105, 140
lipotaxia (abandonment of assigned rank in phalanx) 135
lochagos (leader of a lochos) 62, 115, 117, 142–3
lochos (a company of hoplites) 89, 115, 135, 140, 147
machaera (scimitar) 26, 28, 29, 32
machairion (small sabre) 27
mantis (the seer who accompanied the phalanx) 204–5, 212, 216, 219, 223