and the Green Carts initiative, 85–88
and the Smoke-Free Air Act, 32, 33–37
and Smoke-Free Air Act expansion, 148
and the soda portion cap rule, 213, 264
See also New York City ordinances; specific councilmembers
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 257–70
author as health commissioner, 127, 128, 131–32, 137, 185
current department, 269
doctor outreach efforts, 94
founding and history of, 8–9, 16–17, 23–24
Frieden’s arrival and administrative style, 7–8, 9–10, 17–18, 21, 72, 81
Frieden’s hires, 26, 42, 180
Frieden’s thoughts of resignation, 74
influence outside New York City, 136, 269
and the press, 138–39, 143–44, 183–86, 199
prevention focus of, 9–10, 134–35, 266–68, 270
Primary Care Information Project, 9, 92, 94–97, 98–100, 169–73
and the swine flu pandemic, 127–28, 132–34
tuberculosis programs, 23
See also specific public health problems and initiatives
New York City food policy coordinator, 86, 87, 107, 108, 109, 262
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC), 46–47
New York City health code, 50–51, 207
See also restaurant calorie-labeling rule; trans fats ban
New York City ordinances
cigarette tax increases, 19, 21, 30–31, 48, 97–98
mayoral term limits revision, 122, 145
2013 tobacco control bills, 238–42, 244–45, 247–50
See also New York City health code; Smoke-Free Air Act
New York City public schools
cigarette sales bans near, 146–47
and the H1N1 virus, 128, 133
healthy food initiatives in, 107, 108, 262
Office of School Health, 137
New York Daily News, 139–40, 162
New Yorkers Against Unfair Taxes, 158
New Yorkers for Beverage Choices, 229
New York Korean-American Grocers Association, 231
New York Medical Society, 20–21
New York Post, 71, 75, 139, 143, 185, 209, 210
New York State
attempts to legislate restaurant labeling requirements, 69, 77
cigarette tax increases, 30–31, 97–98, 156, 160
city tax increases and, 30, 104–5
recession and budget woes, 104–5, 111, 156
SNAP sugary drink exclusion proposal, 178–83, 186–87, 190–91
state antismoking ad campaign, 59
state smoking ban, 61
state soda tax proposals, 109–10, 111, 156–60
New York State Coalition of Hispanic Chambers of Commerce, 231
New York State Restaurant Association (NYSRA), 9, 53, 76, 77
litigation over calorie-labeling rule, 9, 79–85, 88–90, 91
New York Times, 128, 139, 147
on antisoda initiatives and related litigation, 111, 154, 210, 211, 233, 235
on the indoor smoking ban, 33, 34
and the Pouring on the Pounds FOIL request, 184–85
on salt and salt reduction initiatives, 162–63, 222, 224
Taubes article on carbohydrates, 102
on trans fats, 71, 75
New Zealand salt reduction initiatives, 225
Ng, Fay, 236
Nicaragua
Frieden in, 11, 26, 49
Silver in, 49
nicotine-patch distribution program, 47
NJOY, 245, 246, 252–53
NLEA (Nutritional Labeling and Education Act), 81–82
Nonas, Cathy, 75, 185
non-communicable diseases (NCDs). See chronic disease entries; specific diseases
Nooyi, Indra, 104, 159, 181
NSRI. See National Salt Reduction Initiative
nutrition. See healthy eating; junk food initiatives; obesity entries; restaurant calorie-labeling rule; salt entries; soda entries; trans fats
Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), 81–82
Nutrition Facts labels, 69, 81
Nutrition Summit (2010), 165, 166–67, 176
Nutter, Michael, 160
NYC Newsstand Operators Association, 144–45, 241
NYSRA. See New York State Restaurant Association
Obama, Barack, 111–12, 122, 127
Obama administration and salt reduction initiatives, 176, 225, 263
See also health care reform
Obama, Michelle, 175, 204
Let’s Move! initiative, 176
obesity and overweight, 261
carbohydrate and sugar consumption and, 102–3, 185–86
childhood obesity, 107, 110, 203, 265
food deserts and, 85–86
health effects, 67, 150, 177, 266
obesity rates, 67, 203, 265
obesity prevention
ad campaigns, 104, 106
environmental approach to, 50, 101, 261–62
Green Carts initiative, 85–88, 262
Let’s Move! initiative, 176
portion sizes and, 104, 187–89
in schools and day care centers, 107, 108, 262
soda industry prevention programs, 183–84
See also junk food initiatives; restaurant calorie-labeling rule; soda entries
Ortiz, Felix, 69
outcome tracking, 12, 17–18
See also specific health department initiatives
Parker, Sean, 251–53
parks, smoking bans in, 147–48
Parsons, Amanda, 169–73, 180, 269
Paterson, David
SNAP sugary drink exclusion proposal, 179
soda tax proposals, 109–10, 111, 156–60
Payne-Yehuda, Martinah, 35
Pearson, Anne, 143, 145, 148, 192–93
PepsiCo, 152
health department discussions with, 103–4
and salt reduction initiatives, 164, 165, 168
and the SNAP sugary drink exclusion proposal, 181
and the soda portion cap rule, 227
soda tax proposals and, 110, 158, 159, 160
Zero Calorie Bronx Test, 184
Perlman, Sharon, 197
Perl, Sarah, 56, 141, 199, 268–69
and antismoking ads, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66
and cigarette retailer warning signs, 141–42, 143, 144
personal-choice arguments. See individual-rights arguments
pharmaceutical companies, 93–94
pharmacies
reducing/eliminating cigarette sales in, 141–45, 146, 147
Vermont law prohibiting data sales to drug companies, 200
Philip Morris, 142, 143, 144, 149, 245
Phillips, Mike, 215
Pizzeria Uno, 105
politics
food industry’s influence, 225
NYC public health proposals and the 2013 mayoral campaign, 211, 240
public health and, 135
and the SNAP sugary drink proposal, 181, 186, 190
soda industry lobbying, 158–59, 186, 213
tobacco industry lobbying, 193
portion sizes, 187–90, 204, 207
See also soda portion cap rule
Pouring on the Pounds campaign, 153–55, 183, 184–86
preschools, healthy food standards for, 107
press coverage and relations, 138–39, 143–44, 199
author’s press interviews as health commissioner, 137, 139–40
and the Pouring on the Pounds ads, 183–86
See also media campaigns; specific media outlets
preventive care, 42–43, 93, 97
Primary Care Information Project, 9, 92, 94–97, 98–100, 169–73
smoking cessation counseling, 20–21, 22, 46–47, 94, 259
See also doctors
Price Chopper, 241
&nbs
p; Primary Care Information Project, 9, 92, 94–97, 98–100, 169–73
primary prevention, 42–43
processed foods
salt in, 114, 115, 116, 119–20, 174
salt reduction targets for, 120, 124–27, 161–62, 262
trans fats in, 45
See also salt reduction initiatives
Procter and Gamble, 44–45
produce
in city agency food standards, 108
Green Carts initiative, 85–88, 262
Public Citizen, 49, 50
public health
behavioral/environmental focus for, 50, 101, 261–62, 267–68, 270
Bloomberg on governments’ essential role, 270
effective tools for, 2–3, 43–44, 134–35, 256
public health education, 257
Quinn, Christine, 202, 249, 253
and the Green Carts initiative, 87, 88
and the portion cap rule, 211
and the Smoke-Free Air Act, 34–36, 38, 148, 250, 251
and the 2013 tobacco control bills, 238–39, 240, 241–42, 248–49
Quinnipiac Polling Institute, 163
Rakoff, Jed, 192, 193
Ratner, Bruce, 231
recession
New York State budget woes and, 104–5, 111, 156
SNAP program and, 178
restaurant calorie-labeling rule
adoption and initial industry reaction, 75, 76–78
Affordable Care Act requirement, 136
background and health department advocacy for, 67–71
litigation and revision of, 9, 79–85, 88–89, 91
public reaction, 90–91, 105–6, 150
recent FDA rule, 263
results of, 105–6, 150–51, 262
similar efforts outside New York, 84
restaurants
and attempts to legislate labeling requirements, 69, 77
fast-food restaurants, 68
FDA and calorie-labeling requirements, 69, 263
and the National Salt Reduction Initiative, 127, 162, 163, 164–65, 168, 226
and the New York City trans fats ban, 46, 71, 73, 76–77, 79–80
portion sizes and size caps, 188–90, 204
smoke-free laws and, 22, 26, 27, 136
and the soda portion cap rule, 227
trans fats replacement/elimination, 52–53, 80, 136
See also restaurant calorie-labeling rule; Smoke-Free Air Act; smoke-free laws; soda portion cap rule; trans fats ban; specific restaurant chains
Richardson, Lynn, 230
Rite Aid, 146
Riverdale Family Practice, 171–72
R.J. Reynolds, 142, 149, 245
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 201
The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis (McKeown), 93
Rolls, Barbara, 187–88, 189
Roosevelt, Franklin, 178
Rose, Geoffrey, 43
Rosenbaum, Michael, 185, 186
Sadik-Khan, Janette, 140
Sahgal, Sumir, 92
salmonella, 24
Salt: The Forgotten Killer, 114, 117
salt
health impacts of, 113–14, 124, 224, 226
healthy daily intake, 115, 223
in processed foods, 114, 115, 116, 119–20, 174
scientific opinion about, 164, 165–66, 169, 176, 221–24
See also National Salt Reduction Initiative; salt reduction initiatives
Salt Institute, 123–24, 164, 223, 225
salt reduction initiatives
background, 114–18
in Canada and New Zealand, 225
doubts about the science of, 164, 165–66, 169, 176, 221–24
federal support for, 163–64, 165–66, 167, 169, 176, 224–25, 263
in Finland, 116
and the Obama administration, 176, 225, 263
in South Africa, 263
in the UK, 117–18, 120, 125, 173–74
Walmart and, 175–76, 226
See also National Salt Reduction Initiative
Salt Summit (2008), 118–21
Sams, Mike, 56, 57, 59
Sandinista health initiatives (Nicaragua), 11
saturated fat, 45, 52
Saturday Night Live, Bloomberg on, 264
Sawyer, Diane, 211
schools
cigarette sales bans near, 146–47
and the H1N1 virus, 128, 133
healthy food initiatives in, 107, 108, 262
Schroth, Kevin, 199, 200, 202, 241–42, 269
Schwartz, David, 241
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 84
Scientific American, 222
Sebelius, Kathleen, 176
secondary prevention, 42
secondhand smoke, 22, 26–27, 28, 36, 148
See also Smoke-Free Air Act; smoke-free laws
SEIU (Service Employees International Union), state soda tax proposals and, 110–11, 156, 157
7-Eleven, 209
Shaw, Mark, 16, 28
Sheekey, Kevin, 121
Shelley, Donna, 16–17, 18, 19–20, 21, 22, 142
Shih, Sarah, 172
Silver, Lynn, 204, 261, 267, 269
background and hiring, 49–50
doctor outreach program, 93–94
and Goodman, 137
and the Green Carts initiative, 85
and the National Salt Reduction Initiative, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 167, 174, 225
and obesity prevention initiatives, 103–4, 107, 108
and portion cap initiatives, 187, 189–90, 204
and restaurant calorie labeling, 68, 69–70, 74, 75, 80–81, 83, 150–51
and the trans fats ban, 50, 51, 72, 75, 80
Simon, Daniel, 229
60 Minutes, 84–85
Skelos, Dean, 159
Skyler, Ed, 28, 61, 72
Smoke-Free Air Act, 25–38, 268
background, 22, 25–26
Bloomberg’s support and advocacy, 29–30, 31, 32–33, 36, 37
business concerns and opposition, 27, 29–30, 33, 35, 36–37, 48
and the City Council, 32, 33–37
enforcement and effectiveness of, 47–49, 60
expansion to outdoor locations, 141, 147
Frieden’s smoking room specifications, 37
health department advocacy for, 26–30, 31–34
impact outside New York City, 61–62, 136
inclusion of e-cigarettes, 250–53
opposition within the mayor’s office, 28–29
passage of, 37–38
projected health benefits, 27–28, 33, 38
publicity and press campaigns, 31–32, 32–33
smoke-free laws, 21, 22, 148
Boreali v. Axelrod, 232
health benefits of, 22, 26–27, 28, 29
outside the U.S., 61–62, 136, 260
See also Smoke-Free Air Act
smoking, 15–16
in the movies and on television, 242, 243–44, 259
New York City smoking rates, 31, 48–49, 54, 64, 97, 98, 141, 196–97, 242–43, 259–60
worldwide smoking rates, 62
See also secondhand smoke
smoking health effects, 7, 18
featured in antismoking ads, 56–59, 64–66, 89–90, 98, 194–96, 198, 260–61
related health costs, 18
secondhand smoke, 26–27, 28
smoking-related deaths, 15, 18, 27, 32, 62, 197–98, 258, 260
smoking prevention programs, 18–22, 54–66, 192–202, 238–54, 258–61
cessation counseling and clinics, 20–21, 22, 46–47, 94, 258–59
cigarette taxes, 19, 21, 30–31, 48, 62, 97–98, 156, 160
discount ban, 202, 238–39, 241–42, 247–48, 249, 259
e-cigarettes and, 241–42, 252
Frieden’s interest in, 15
impact and effectiveness of NYC programs, 46–49, 59, 61, 64–66, 97–98, 193, 196–99, 242–43, 258, 259
in-store warning signs, 14
3–45, 148–49, 192–93, 259
nicotine-patch distribution program, 47
outside the U.S., 61, 62–63, 198, 260–61
product display bans, 199–201, 238–39, 241–42, 247–49, 259
raising of the legal tobacco sales age, 238, 239–40, 247, 249, 259
retailer restrictions, 141–42, 146–47
See also antismoking ads; Smoke-Free Air Act
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) sugary drink exclusion proposals, 178–83, 186–87, 190–91
soda, 101, 102–4
banned in city agency food standards, 108
consumption surveys, 181, 183, 203
portion sizes and limits, 188, 189, 190
SNAP exclusion proposal, 178–83, 186–87, 190–91
vending machine bans and limits, 108–9
soda advertising, 152
counter-ads, 151–55, 183, 184–86
soda industry
anti–soda tax deal with Chicago, 232
portion cap rule opposition, 212–14, 216–18, 227–28, 231–35, 264–65
as public health enemy, 267
and the SNAP exclusion proposal, 181–82, 186
soda tax opposition, 110, 157–59, 177
vending machine bans and, 108
See also American Beverage Association; soda advertising
soda portion cap rule, 104, 203–18, 263–65
background and rule development, 188–89, 203–6
Bloomberg and, 208–9, 210, 211, 212, 216, 235
Board of Health hearings and adoption, 214–15, 227–31
business-related concerns, 208, 215, 228, 232
exclusions, 205–6, 228, 236, 237
industry lawsuit, 231–35, 236–37, 264–65
initial industry reaction, 212–14, 216–18, 229–30
and the mayor’s office, 208–9
negotiations with Coca-Cola, 215–18
potential health impact, 207
press coverage and reaction, 209–11, 212, 235, 263–64
public opinion about, 211–13, 216, 229–30, 231, 236
soda taxes
background, 101–5
efforts outside New York, 160, 232, 266
Frieden’s proposal, 109
industry opposition, 110, 157–59, 177
later proposals, 151, 156–60
Paterson’s 2008 state tax proposal, 109–10, 111
press and public opinion about, 111–12, 177
sodium. See salt entries
Soft Drink and Brewery Workers Union, 231
Sommer, Al, 14, 15–16, 74–75, 257
South Africa, salt reduction initiatives in, 263
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 179
Spitzer, Eliot, 98, 109
sports drinks, 108, 154
See also sugary drinks
Stahl, Lesley, 84
Starbucks
and calorie labeling, 89, 90, 105, 106, 150, 151
and salt reduction initiatives, 165, 168