Byrhtferth of Ramsay, 296
Byrhtwold, Anglo-Saxon warrior at battle of Maldon, 316–17
Byzantine Empire, 9, 10, 63, 67
Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd, 279
Caithness, 215, 245, 261, 282, 285, 341
Call, Sir John, 87–8
Calverley, Rev. W. S., 267
Cambridge, 158, 165, 227
Camden, William, 127
Canterbury, 93, 199, 206, 207
Carantoc, Celtic saint, 85–6
Carhampton, battle at (836), 82–3, 85–6, 91, 96
Carolingian Empire, 67–72, 73, 75–6
Carver, Professor Martin, 53, 54, 57, 76
Cashen, Isle of Man, 244
Castleford, 293
Cenncairech, Amlaíb (Olaf), 283
Ceolwulf, King of Mercia, 82, 166, 189
Ceorl, ealdorman of Devon, 93
Charlemagne, 29, 67–72, 73, 75–6
Chester, 279, 309
Chesterton, G.K., 176–7; Alarms and Discursions, 174–5, 177; The Ballad of the White Horse, 163, 177–8, 191
Chippenham, Wiltshire, 166, 182, 184
Chirbury, Shropshire, 226
Christchurch, Dorset, 211
Christianity: Anglo-Saxon, 122–6; baptism of Guthrum, 180–1, 182–4; Charlemagne’s bellicose foreign policy, 67–9, 75–6; Christ’s death on the cross, 126, 176; and Cnut, 338–9; coda to pagan end of days, 269; cross-slabs, 54–7, 76, 149; and geographical knowledge, 21, 24; hierarchical/authoritarian structures, 75; High Middle Ages, 324–5; Historia Sancti Cuthberti, 273–5; Holy Roman Empire, 67–72, 75–6; hybrid iconography, 268–70, 277–8; illuminated gospels, 7, 27–8, 206; as ‘imperial toolkit’, 76; Irish forms, 5; Jelling dynasty in Denmark, 327; Lindisfarne Gospels, 7, 27–8, 314; and Northumbrian Viking kings, 273–8; in Norway, 117; reliquary shrines, 59–62; Roman forms, 5, 11; seventeenth-century Scotland, 55–6; and symbol stones, 12, 266, 267; theme of diabolical North, 24–6, 29, 31; Tolkien and ‘true myth’, 176; and Viking ‘religion’, 75, 269–71, 277–8; and Viking violence, 54, 56–8, 75–6; violent characteristics of, 67–9, 75–6
Christiansen, Eric, 25
Church of Scotland, 56
Cirencester, Gloucestershire, 184–5, 283
Civil War, English (seventeenth century), 339
Cnut IV, King of Denmark, 342
Cnut, King of England, 39, 111, 125, 329–30, 331–7, 338–9
Cnut, Viking king of Northumbria, 273, 276
coins, 8, 9, 157, 185–7, 201, 223, 276; Æthelred’s, 318–19; bullion economy, 202, 208, 244; Cuerdale Hoard, 280–1, 318; Edgar’s standardization, 309–10; Islamic, 201–2; of Viking Northumbria, 276, 276–8, 277, 280, 290, 296
Colchester, Essex, 227
Collingwood, W.G., 218, 233–7, 240, 241; The Book of Coniston, 229, 240–1; and Cumberland ‘Statesmen’, 237–8; Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age, 235; Scandinavian Britain, 236; Thorstein of the Mere, 233, 234, 238, 242
Colonsay, 261
Coniston, Cumbria, 229, 235, 237, 239–41
Constantín I, Pictish king, 248, 254, 273
Constantín II, king of Scots, 255, 278, 279–80, 282, 283, 285, 287, 291
Constantine, Pictish king, 12
Constantine, Roman Emperor, 76
Corbridge, battle at (918), 278, 279–80
Corfe, Dorset, 312
Cornwall, 10, 11, 82, 86–9, 90, 91, 313
Cotton, Sir Robert, 314
Crowland monastery, Lincolnshire, 24
Cuerdale Hoard, 280–1, 318
Culliford Tree, Dorset, 2
Cumbria, 10, 52, 233, 237–8, 239–41, 267, 290–1; barrow graves of, 262; and Norse–Gaelic culture, 250, 252, 253
Cwichelm’s Barrow (Skutchmer Knob), 303–4
Cynewulf, King of Wessex, 9, 19, 120
Dál Riata, kingdom of, 12, 244, 246, 247, 253–4, 255
‘Danelaw’, 32, 188, 190, 193, 208–9; and Edgar’s legal reforms, 311–12; hólmgang (ritual duel), 215–16, 217, 222–3; peace making in, 223; things, 217–21, 219; Þorgnýr (law-speaker), 221, 222; ‘wapentakes’, 222–3, 310
Darwinism, 42
Degge, Dr Simon, 155–6
Deira, 7
demons see monsters, demons and diabolical hordes
Denmark, 1, 4, 14, 21–2, 32, 33, 34, 67, 68, 338; Danevirke, 69; eleventh century invasions of Britain, 324, 328–9; Encomium Emmae Reginae, 328, 332, 337, 338; Godfred’s baiting of Empire, 69–70, 71, 72; Jelling dynasty, 325–8; National Museum of, 60
Derby, 120, 227
Devon, 93, 165–6, 167–8
Dickens, Charles, Pickwick Papers, 307
Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty, 219
Doepler, Carl Emil, 105
Domnall, son of Constantín I, 254
Dorchester, 1, 3
Dore, meeting at (828), 97
Dorset, 93, 165; mass grave of Scandanavians (c.1000), 334–5
dragons, 102–8, 109, 265; see also serpents
Drimore Machair, South Uist, 244
Dublin, 44, 200, 225, 248, 278, 280, 283, 284
Dumbarton Rock, 11, 245, 248
Dumnonia, kingdom of (Devon and Cornwall), 10
Dunadd hill fort, near Kilmartin, 12
Dunblane, 247
Dyfed, 10
Eadberht, King of Kent, 82
Eadred, King of England, 291, 293, 297, 308
Eadric Streona (Eadric the Acquisitor), 330–2, 336, 337
Eadwig, King of England, 308
Ealdred of Bamburgh, 282
Ealhstan, bishop of Sherborne, 93
Ealhswith, wife of Alfred, 173, 339
Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, 93
Early Medieval Archaeology Student Symposium (EMASS), 249–50
East Anglia, 6, 8–9, 82, 95–6, 199, 232; as earldom of Cnut, 336; Essex submits to Æthelwold (902), 213; Guthrum as king of, 185–7, 189; Viking conquest of (870), 121–5, 165, 248
Easter Ross, 12, 52–7, 76
Ecgberht, King of Wessex, 10, 82–3, 86–7, 90, 91, 93, 97, 173, 228
economic systems see political, social, legal and economic systems; trade; wealth
Edgar pacificus, King of England, xix, 308–12, 338
Edgar the Ætheling, 342
Edington, battle at (878), 170, 171, 173–5, 176, 182, 191–2; and Chesterton’s Ballad of the White Horse, 177–9, 191
Edmund ‘Ironside’, King of England, xviii, 330–2, 335–6
Edmund, King of East Anglia, 121, 122, 123–6, 187, 248
Edmund, King of England, 285, 288–9, 290–1
Edward the Confessor, 337, 341
Edward the Elder, son of Alfred, 198, 200, 210, 211–12, 213, 223; campaigns against Northumbria (909–10), 223–5, 278; claim as overlord of the Scots, 245; death of (924), 281; dominance in post-1910 period, 225–8; New Minster at Winchester, 338, 339, 341; submission of the north to (920), 272, 280, 281
Edward ‘the Martyr’, King of England, 312–13
Einar, Earl of Orkney, 115
Ellendun, battle at, 82
Ellwood, Thomas, 237
Elmet, 7
Emma, wife of Æthelred then Cnut, 324, 328, 338, 339
Englafeld, battle at (870), 128
England, xix; Alfred and the Vikings’ invention of, 190–1, 199–200; Athelstan as first true king of, 282; burgeoning sense of nationalism/identity, 286, 312; calamity of 980–1016 period, 307, 313–22, 323–4, 328–34; Cnut divides into four earldoms, 336–7; and ‘foreigners’, 41–2; ‘foundation myths’, 89–90, 178; late tenth century xenophobia, 312; navy, 43, 175, 309, 310, 319; Svein Forkbeard’s conquest of (1013), 323–4, 328–9; Viking mercenary fleets, 310; see also entries for regions and kingdoms
Eohric, King of East Anglia, 214
Eric Bloodaxe, 291–4, 295, 297–9, 300–2
Eric Hákonarson, 336
Essex, 9, 213, 226–7, 313–16
Estonia, 41
ethnicity see race and ethn
icity
Euganan (Wen), Pictish king, 246–7
Exeter, Devon, 165–6, 197
Eystein Haraldsson, King of Norway, 342
Fadlan, Ibn Ahmad, 63, 114, 159–60, 201, 257
Fáfnir (ur-dragon), 104–6, 108
Faroe islands, 242
fascism, 45, 46–7, 49–50
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster, 64
Fenrir, 263, 265, 269, 269
Finn (legendary Frisian king), 33
Flusco Pike, Cumbria, 253
Folkestone, 313, 316
Fortriu (Moray Firth region), 246–7
France, 9, 32, 67, 185, 204, 325
Frank, Roberta, 112–13
‘Franks’ casket, 119–20
Franks (Germanic tribe), 67–72, 247, 324–5, 338
Freeman, E.A., 175
Friedrich, Caspar David, 27
Frisia, 71
Frösö Church, Jämtland, Sweden, 113–14
Furness Abbey, Cumbria, 52
Gaimar, Geoffrey, 130
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, 323
Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, 75
Ganger Rolf (Rollo), 47
Garstang, Lancashire, 230
Gaul, 9, 67
Geats of Gautland, 4, 21–2, 33, 99, 102, 172
Gelling, Margaret, 135
geographical knowledge: boundary clauses, 16–19; and Christianity, 21, 24; early medieval, 20–1; modern cartographical, 19–20
Gevninge, Zealand, 85
Gildas (British monk), 7
Gjermundbu helmet, 38, 84
Glasgow, 249–50, 251, 252
Glastonbury, Somerset, 36
Gloucester, 166, 226, 286
Godfred, Danish king, 69–70, 71, 72, 78
Gododdin, 7
Gokstad ship, near Oslo, 96, 261
Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, 326–7
Gosforth, Cumbria, 267–8, 269, 278
Govan, Glasgow, 249–50, 251, 252
Greek world, maps in, 21
Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 230
Grove, Barry, 55
Gunnhild, wife of Eric, 292
Guthfrith, Viking king of Northumbria, 273–6
Guthfrith, Viking king of Northumbria (grandson of Ivar), 280, 281–2, 283, 290
Guthrum, Viking chieftain, 158, 161, 165, 176, 192; accord with Alfred, 182–4, 185, 188–9, 190, 193, 231; baptism of, 180–1, 182–4; death of (890), 210; as king of East Anglia, 185–7, 189
Gwent, 10
Gwynedd, 10, 279
Haakon the Good, King of Norway, 292
Hadrian I, Pope, 70
Hæsten, Viking warlord, 210–11
Hafrsfjord battle-site, Norway, 46–7
Hägar the Horrible (comic strip), 37
Hákon, King of Norway, 117
Halfdan Long-leg, 115
Halfdan (son of Ragnar Loðbrók), 110, 118, 143, 158, 161, 273
Halfdan the Black, 46, 50
Halton, Lancashire, 108
Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark, 323, 326–8
Harald Finehair, King of Norway, 46, 115, 242–3, 291, 292
Harald Hard-ruler, King of Norway, 44, 342
Harald, King of England (son of Cnut), 337
Haraldsson, Maccus, 309
Harold Godwineson, King of England, 337
Harthacnut, King of England (son of Cnut), 337, 338, 339
Harun al-Rashid, 71
Hastings, Battle of (1066), 337–8
Heahmund, bishop of Sherborne, 143
Heath Wood cemetery, Derbshire, 158–9, 160, 262
Hebrides, 241, 244, 245, 253, 261
Hedeby, Schleswig, 32, 69, 72, 79, 114
‘hell’, origins of word, 25
Hengestdun (Kit Hill), Cornwall, 86–9, 90, 91
Henry II, King, 232
Hereford, 199, 226
Hertford, 226
Higbald, Bishop, of Lindisfarne, 30–1
High Middle Ages, 324
Hilton of Cadboll stone, 54–6
historical record, xx, xxii; absence of Viking written sources, 13; Annals of St-Bertin, Frankish, 247, 253; Annals of St Neots, 212; Annals of Ulster, 246, 248, 285, 286; and battle of Brunanburh, 284–5; British written sources, 13; Chronicles of the Kings of Alba, 285; early vernacular written records, 7; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, 279; Frankish Royal Annals, 69, 71; geographical origins of Vikings, 14–15, 66–7; lack of detail in Scotland, 245–6; Scotland in, 282–3; see also Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Asser, bishop of Sherborne
hogbacks, 250–1, 251, 252, 254, 262
hólmgang (ritual duel), 215–16, 217, 222–3
Holy Roman Empire, 67–72, 75–6
homosexuality, 153–4
Howard, Robert E., ‘The Dark Man’ (1931), 36
Hrothgar, legendary Danish king, 4, 22, 34
Hughes, Thomas, Tom Brown’s School Days, 127, 134
Hunterston Brooch, 253–4
Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, 227
Hywel, king of the West Welsh, 282
Iago ab Idwal Foel of Gwynedd, 309
Iceland, 242; Althing (‘parliament’), 217, 218; earliest law codes, 153; Thingvellir, 217–18
Icelandic sagas and histories, 13, 40, 117–18, 150–1, 218
Inchmarnock, island of the Clyde, 58–60, 62
India, 9
industry and mining, 89, 201, 295
Ine, King of Wessex, 3, 9, 22, 95
Ingeld, king of the Heathobards, 34
Ingimundr, Viking leader, 278–9
Inishmurray, Co. Sligo, 51
Iona, 12, 51, 62, 81, 245
Ipswich, 32, 79, 199, 313, 316
Ireby, Cumbria, 243
Ireland: abduction for slave trade from, 63; early Viking raids, 51, 62, 81; Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, 279; hybridized Norse–Gaelic culture, 252–4; inter-kingdom warfare, 64; Olaf Guthfrithsson in (920s), 283; Olaf’s raids, 248; Uí Ímair dynasty, 225; Viking expulsion from Dublin (902), 225, 278; Viking winter camps (longphuirt), 200
Irish chronicles, 63
Iron Age hill-forts, 12, 170–1, 173, 198
Iron Age tribal groupings, 11
Isle of Man, xxi–xxii, 12, 108, 219, 220–1, 243, 244–5, 256–8, 261, 262, 265–7, 341
Isle of Sheppey, 82
Isle of Wight, 303, 304
Ivar the Boneless (son of Ragnar Loðbrók), xviii, 110–12, 118, 123, 124, 158, 225, 248–9
Jarrow, 51
John of Worcester, 3, 120, 147, 284–5, 291, 313, 328, 331
Jörmungandr (‘mighty-wand’), 103, 104
Jutes, 32–3
Jutland peninsula, 33, 68, 69, 326–7
Kelvin, Lord Smith of, 58
Kenneth II, King of Scotland, 309
Kent, 6, 9, 82, 90, 183; men of Kent at ‘the Holm’ (902), 213–14, 215, 216, 223
Kit Hill (Hengestdun), Cornwall, 86–9, 90, 91
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 44
Kitchin, G. W., 237, 241
Lachish, siege of (701 BC), 119
Lake District, Cumbrian, 233, 234–5, 237
Lakenheath, Suffolk, 215
landscape, xix–xx, 5–6; Alfred at Athelney (878), 163–5; and Alfred’s battles, 135–6, 138–40, 173–5; Coniston Old Man, 239–41; the Fens, 214–15; house at Borg on Vestvågøy, 72–5, 77; Kit Hill, Cornwall, 87–9, 90, 91; modernity’s alienation from, xx; Northey Island, Essex, 313–14; and oral narrative, 16–19; the Ridgeway, 137, 138, 303–4, 306, 307; Salisbury Plain, 170–3; Seven Barrows, Wiltshire, 306–7; Somerset Levels, 214–15; and things, 217–21; Thingvellir in Iceland, 217–18; see also geographical knowledge; maps
Lang, Andrew, ‘The Story of Sigurd’ (1890), 92, 105–6
language, xx–xxi; Celtic (Common or Old Brittonic), 6, 10, 11, 41; Cleasby–Vigfusson English–Icelandic dictionary, 237; German revolution in philology, 42; Latin, 6, 11, 19, 58, 122, 131, 181, 182, 206, 214, 324; Ogham (Celtic alphabet of hatch-marks), 265; Old Nors
e, 39, 41–2, 161, 162, 230–1, 233, 237, 265, 337; ‘Pictish symbols’, 11–12, 54–5; runic script, 13, 39, 47, 60, 155, 265, 334; and scholarly debate over settlement, 230, 233
law and justice see political, social, legal and economic systems
Leicester, 226, 227, 288
Lejre, Denmark, 75
Lenin, 127
Leo IX, Pope, 67
Lewis, C.S., 176
Lincoln, 199, 232, 288
Lincolnshire, 147–8, 200–1, 202–3, 207, 232
Lindisfarne, 7, 26–8, 51, 167, 272, 275, 290; carved tombstone from, 29–30; Viking raid on (793), 26, 28–31, 51
Lindsey, Lincolnshire, 147–8
literature, xix; Anglo-Saxon verse, 103; Armes Prydein Vawr (Welsh poem), 283, 284; The Battle of Brunanburh (Old English poem), 291, 305, 317; The Battle of Maldon (poetic fragment), 314–17; Codex Regius, 151, 152; Cotton library, 315; crow and raven, wolf and eagle, 305–6; Egil’s Saga, Arinbjarnakviða, 288, 293–4; Eiríksmal, 300–2; eulogies and praise-poems, 300–2; Flóamanna saga, 215; Frithiof ’s Saga, 44; Grímnismál (poem), 151, 300; Gylfaginning (Snorri Sturluson), 264, 265, 268, 300; Hávamál (poem), 110; Heimskringla (Snorri Sturluson), 117–18, 292; Icelandic, 13, 40, 117–18, 150–1, 215–16, 218, 343; Knútsdrápur, 111–12; Kormáks saga, 215–16; Krákumál (poem), 101–2, 109; Maxims II (poem), 103; Nibelungenlied (Old High German epic), 105; Norwegian ‘synoptic histories’, 298–9; Óláfs saga Helga, 222; Old English poetry, 21–2, 77–8, 103; Old Norse, 215–16; Old Norse poetry, 39, 77–8, 111–12, 140–1; Old Norse saga, 98–102, 103–9, 110–12, 115, 238, 242–3, 292, 299; Orkneyinga saga, 115, 243; Passio Sancti Eadmundi (Abbo), 122–5; Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson), 150–1; The Seafarer, 21; skaldic verse, 39, 77–8, 111–12, 317, 335; theme of diabolical North, 23, 24–6; Þrymskviða (‘the Song of Thrym’) (poem), 151–2, 154, 155; Völsunga saga (Old Norse epic), 105, 108, 109; Völundarkvida, 140–1; Völuspá (eddic poem), 51, 256, 263–5, 268–9; The Wanderer, 21; Widsith, 34; and the world ‘outside’, 21–3; Y Gododdin (Old Welsh poem), 77; see also Beowulf
Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey, 52, 244
Lochobar, 12
Lofoten Islands, 72–5
Loki (trickster god), 104, 151, 152, 154, 264, 265, 268
London (Lundenwic), 189–90, 197, 199; Alfred’s occupation of (886), 190; capitulation to Svein (1013), 324; first Viking raids (842, 851), 92; St Paul’s Cathedral, 334, 337; Viking army at (872–3), 147; Viking burning of (982), 313
long barrow tombs, 138–40, 141, 171–3, 306
Lydford, Devon, 39
Máel Finnia, son of Flannácan, 278