12. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 348.
13. Ibid, 348.
14. Patrick J. Garrity, A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington’s Farewell Address and the American Character (Lanham MD 1996) 1. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, House of Rep 6th Congress, 1st Session, 194.
15. Smith, Patriarch, 359
16. Axelrad, Philip Freneau, 344
17. Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington, New York 2005, 358. Lengel, who is a professor of history at the University of Virginia and editor-in-chief of the Washington Papers, notes that in 1814, Jefferson remarked that in his sixties, Washington’s “memory was already sensibly impaired by age, the firm tone of his mind for which he been remarkable, was beginning to relax, its energy was abated, a listlessness of labor, a desire for tranquility had crept upon him and a willingness to let others act and even think for him.” “In fact,” Lengel states “Washington lost no mental acuity [even] in retirement.”
CHAPTER 25
1. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 350.
2. TJ to John Breckinridge, Jan 29 1800, PTJ, Digital. Also see ROL, Vol. 2, 1112.
3. JM to TJ, ROL, Feb 14, 1800, and Apr 4, 1800, ROL, Vol. 2, 1113. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Feb. 2, 1800, PTJ Digital.
4. Malone, Vol III, op. cit., 484-5.
5. Charles O. Lerche, Jr. Jefferson and the Election of 1800, A Case Study in the Political Smear, William and Mary Quarterly, Oct. 1948, 472. Also see Burstein-Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 355.
6. Malone, Vol III, op. cit., 490-1. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison, The Great Collaboration (New York 1950), 212.
7. Milton Cantor, Great Lives Observed ( Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972), 108.
8. JM to TJ, Nov. 11, 1800, ROL, Vol. 2, 1153.
9. ROL, Vol. II, 1139-40. Also see Ketcham, James Madison, 405.
10. Mary Jo Kline, ed. Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr (hereafter PAB), 2 vols, Princeton, NJ, 1983, 485-7, Gouverneur Morris to AH, Jan 26, 1801, PAH Digital.
11. John Cotton Smith, The Correspondence and Miscellanies of the Hon. John Cotton Smith, LLD (New York,1847, 224-5). Smith was a member of the group of politicians who visited Mount Vernon early in 1802. Also see Don Higginbotham, Virginia’s Trinity of Immortals: Washington, Jefferson and Henry and Their Fractured Relationships, Journal of the Early Republic. Winter 2003, 521-543.
12. Jefferson, Anas, 223-28.
CHAPTER 26
1. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, 654-5.
2. Malone, Vol 4, op. cit., 15-20.
3. Leonard Baker, John Marshall, A Life in the Law (New York, 1974), 359. Marshall stated this opinion in a letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Mar 4, 1801, the day he administered the oath of office to President Jefferson.
4. Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis (New York, 1971), 50-52.
5. James Alexander Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton (New York, 1869), 122.
6. David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York, 1974), 344.
7. Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black, American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1968), 376-77.
8. Jack Sweetman, American Naval History, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD 1984, 20-38. The shooting war ended in August, 1815. A final treaty of peace was not signed until 1816.
9. Robert Cowley and Thomas Guinzberg, eds., West Point, Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition (New York, 2002), 18-19.
10. Malone, Vol. 4, 208.
11. James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800-1828, New York, 1966, 21-23.
12. Ibid, 26.
13. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 172.
14. Craig R. Hanyan, DeWitt Clinton, Years of Moulding, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard U. 1964, 266. DeWitt Clinton took a dim view of the federal village during the years he served as one of New York’s senators.
CHAPTER 27
1. Ketcham, James Madison, 414–415.
2. Robert Debbs Heinl and Nancy Gordon Heinl, Written in Blood, the Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1971 (Boston 1978), 110–113.
3. Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, Apr 18, 1802, PTJ Digital.
4. George Dangerfield, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1845–1813 (New York, 1960), 334-337.
5. Steven Englund, Napoleon, A Political Life (New York, 2004), 217.
6. Malone, Vol. 4, 324–5.
7. Hawke, Paine, 353–56.
8. Ibid, 357–8.
9. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 155–58.
10. Dennis A. Castillo, The Maltese Cross, A Strategic History of Malta (Westport, Ct., 2003), 126.
11. John Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense, The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America ( New York, 2004), 254-257. Also see E. Wilson Lyon, The Man Who Sold Louisiana: The Career of Francois Barbe-Marbois (Norman, OK, 1942).
CHAPTER 28
1. The Writings of James Monroe, Vol. IV, New York, 1902, 9-12.
2. Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, New York, 1976, 161–174.
3. Malone, Vol 4, 256.
4. W. B. Hatcher, Edward Livingston, Jeffersonian Republican and Jacksonian Democrat, ( Baton Rouge, LA, 1940), 93-99.
5. Malone, Vol 4., 313–14
6. Ibid, 318–19
7. Ibid, 338
8. Everett Somerville Brown, ed. William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate (1803-1807), New York, 1923, 123. Also see Jerry W. Knudson, Newspaper Reaction to the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri Historical Review, Oct. 1953, 207. For poem, see: Patricia L. Dooley, ed, The Early Republic, Primary Documents on Events from 1799 to 1820 (Westport, CT, 2004), 147.
9. Brown, ed. Plumer’s Memorandum, 517-18.
10. Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte, New York, 1997, 314-327. Carola Oman, Napoleon at the Channel, New York, 1942, 98-111.
CHAPTER 29
1. Jefferson, Anas, Dec. 31, 1803, Jan. 2, 1804, 222–3.
2. Ibid, Jan. 26, 1804, 224–28.
3. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis, 71–2.
4. Kline, PAB 849. Brown, ed: Plumer’s Memorandum, 147-77. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis, 73-5. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, Eighth Congress, 1st Session, 813.
5. A Century of Lawmaking in a New Nation, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 9th Congress, 1st Session, 515-16.
6. Tim Mathewson, Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 140, No 1, Mar. 1966, 24-88.
7. Leonard W. Levy, ed., Freedom of the Press from Zenger to Jefferson (New York, 1966), 364. In Part Five, “The Special Case of Thomas Jefferson,” 327-76. Levy included over a dozen letters from Jefferson upholding a free press, and wryly noted that with Jefferson it was necessary to distinguish rhetoric from reality.
9. The Wasp, Aug. 23, 1802.
10. Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr, 2 Vols (New York 1979-83), Vol. 1, 317. Also see Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, Aaron Burr, Portrait of an Ambitious Man, New York, 1967, 185.
11. Samuel Wandell and Meade Minnigerode, Aaron Burr, 2 vols. (New York, 1925), Vol 1, 245-46.
12. Unger, The Last Founding Father, 174.
13. Arthur Bryant, Years of Victory, New York, 1945, 53-54.
14. Kline, PAB, 891-2
15. TJ to JM, Aug 3 1804, ROL, Vol 2. 1331. “No time should be lost in publishing officially the final ratification,” Jefferson wrote.
16. Isaac Newton Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 (New York, 1915-28), Vol. 5, 1422.
CHAPTER 30
1. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 426-27.
2. Kline, PAB, op. cit., 898-99. Also see David O. Stewart, American Emperor, Aaron Burr’s Challenge to Jefferson’s America (New York, 2011), 76-78.
3. Baker, John Marshall, 429.
4. Ibid, 424.
5. Jefferson to Joseph H. Nicholson, in Bruce Peabody, The Politics of Judicial Independence, Courts, Politics and the Public, Baltimore 2011, 77.
6. Kline, PAB op. cit., 861-62.
7. Lomask, Aaron Burr, Vol. 2, 367.
8. Malone, Vol. 4, Jefferson the President, First Term, 482.
9. John P. Kaminski, George Clinton, 275.
10. Miller, The U.S. Navy, 52-60.
11. Josephy, On The Hill, 132.
12. Malone, Vol. 5, 410, 481.
13. Ibid, 401.
14. Ibid, 405-13.
CHAPTER 31
1. Kline, PAB, op. cit. 968.
2. Ibid, 973-80. Parmet and Hecht, Aaron Burr, 270.
3. Baker, John Marshall, 462-3.
4. Ibid, 464.
5. Ibid, 465. Also see The Papers of John Marshall, Digital Edition, edited by Charles F. Hobson Vol. 7, 17.
6. Malone, Vol. 5, 303. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, op. cit., 446.
7. Thomas P. Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, New York, 1954, 234-5.
8. Parmet and Hecht, Burr, 288.
9. Baker, Marshall, 477. Also see Malone, Vol. 5, Jefferson the President, Second Term, 314.
10. Lomask, Aaron Burr, Vol. 2, 208.
11. Baker, John Marshall, 507-9.
12. Abernethy, Burr Conspiracy, 249.
13. Baker, John Marshall, 501, Lomask, Burr, Vol. 2, 267-9.
14. Baker, John Marshall, 507-9.
15. Lomask, Burr, Vol 2, 281. Papers of John Marshall, Vol. 7, 115.
16. Josephy, On the Hill, 134.
17. Parmet and Hecht, Burr, 309.
CHAPTER 32
1. Josephy, On The Hill, 134.
2. Malone, Vol. 5, 416 -22. The patrolling British warships regularly sent men ashore to buy fresh water, vegetables, and other supplies in Norfolk. Desertion from these landing parties was frequent.
3. Burton Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, Charlottesville, Va, 1979, 87.
4. Ibid, 89.
5. TJ to JM, Aug 16, 1807, ROL Vol. 3, 1486.
6. Gordon Wood, Empire of Liberty (New York, 2009), 649.
7. Malone, Vol. 5, 482.
8. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence KS, 1976), 107
9. GW to John Bannister, April 21, 1778, PGW Digital. This five-page letter is a veritable treatise on how to raise and maintain a successful army.
10. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 652.
11. Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 455. Also see Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 116-17.
12. Ibid, 117, note.
13. Ibid, 118.
14. Malone, Vol. 5, 652.
15. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 655.
16. Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis, 151-2. The author describes the American nation as a “rudderless ship” in the last year of Jefferson’s presidency.
17. Malone, Vol 5, 653-4, 667-68.
CHAPTER 33
1. Josephy, On the Hill, 139.
2. Ketcham, James Madison, 482.
3. TJ to JM, April 27, 1809, ROL, Vol. 3, 1568. Also see PJM Digital, same date.
4. Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict, Champaign Ill, 2012, 60.
5. Ibid.
6. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson, 931.
7. Ketcham, James Madison, op. cit., 529.
8. Spencer C. Tucker, The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy, Columbia, SC, 1883, 10, 103, 107.
9. TJ to to Monroe, Oct. 16, 1814, PTJ Digital.
10. Cowley and Guinzberg, eds, West Point, 24-5. Thanks to Eustis, the number of cadets dwindled to one.
11. Ketcham, James Madison, 522.
12. TJ to William Duane, Aug. 4, 1812, PTJ Digital.
13. Annals of Congress, House Committee on Naval Affairs, Nov. 27, 1812, 12th Congress, 2nd Session, 1812. Also see Thomas Clark, Naval History of the United States, Vol. 1, Philadelphia, 1814, 230, 234.
14. TJ to James Monroe, Jan. 1, 1815, PTJ Digital.
15. TJ to JM, May 21, 1813, ROL, Vol. 3, 1719-20. Also see same in PTJ Digital.
16. JM to TJ, June 6, 1813, ROL, Vol 3, 1721-22. See same in PJM Digital.
17. http://pgparks.com/War_of_1812/History/The_Battle_of_Bladensburg.htm. Also see Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York, 1972), 23-24, 139.
18. Ketcham, James Madison, 588-89.
19. TJ to JM, Sept. 24, 1814, JM to TJ Oct. 10, 1814, ROL Vol. 3, 1744-47. Also see Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, 527.
20. James Morton Smith commentary, ROL, Vol 3, 1989-91.
21. Ketcham, James Madison, 671.
EPILOGUE
1. Brian Steele, Thomas Jefferson Remembers George Washington, in Sons of the Father, George Washington and His Proteges, edited by Robert M.S. McDonald, Charlottesville, VA 2013, 88.
2. Ibid, 89.
3. Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, 2011). This entire book is a tribute to the power of the Union as a motivating force.
4. Josephy, On The Hill, 228.
5. James L. Sundquist, The Decline and Resurgence of Congress, Washington DC, 1981, 26.
6. Josephy, On The Hill, 231
7. Ibid. 232
8. Sundquist, Decline and Resurgence of Congress, 28.
9. Josephy, On the Hill, 240.
10. James McGregor Burns, Congress on Trial, New York, 1949, 147.
11. Ibid, 164.
12. Sundquist, Decline of and Resurgence of Congress, 32.
13. James Burnham, Congress and the American Tradition, Chicago, 1959, 108.
14. Ibid, 139.
15. Gordon S. Jones and John A Marini, eds, The Imperial Congress, Crisis in the Separation of Powers (New York, 1988), 156-7.
16. Ibid, 158.
Index
“An Account of Louisiana” (Jefferson, T.), 321
Adams, Abigail, 241, 246, 254, 256, 258
Adams, Henry, 386–387
Adams, John, 27, 29, 31, 213
cabinet of, 247, 254, 270, 274, 288
Discourses on Davila by, 91, 112
Federalists and, 50, 247, 254, 267–268, 271–273
France and, 246–247, 251–258, 262–263, 268, 270–275, 284, 292–294
Hamilton, Alexander, and, 257, 283, 328
inauguration of, 245–247
Jefferson, Thomas, and, 3, 18, 35–36, 55, 66, 91–92, 112–113, 186, 242, 247, 288
newspapermen attacking, 263, 270, 324
Paine, Thomas, attacking, 304
as president, 238, 240–243, 245–248, 251–258, 262–264, 266–268, 270–274, 283–286, 290, 368
as vice president, 54–56, 70–71, 73, 80, 91, 109, 112–113, 136–137, 164, 186, 193, 223, 238, 240
Washington, George, and, 6, 257, 274–275
Adams, John Quincy, 112, 182, 228, 340, 344, 347
Adams, Samuel, 6–8, 40, 72–73
Adet, Pierre-Auguste, 218, 238–239, 241, 246–247
“Advice To My Country” (Madison, J.), 382
Aedes egypti (mosquito), 301, 305–306, 311, 316, 318
Agent 13. See Wilkinson, James
Alexander, Catherine, 119
Alien and Sedition Acts, 258, 296, 323, 355
Jefferson, Thomas, and, 261–267, 269, 273, 276, 278, 324–325
Madison, James, and, 261–262, 264–266, 269, 273, 276, 281
Washington, George, and, 268–269, 273, 283
American Citizen, 326, 331
American Revolution. See War for Independence
Ames, Fisher, 84, 191–192, 222, 224, 280
as great orator, 52–54, 188, 237
on vice presidency, 240–241, 243
Anas (Jefferson, T.)
as journal, 133, 136, 143, 149–150, 161, 175, 185, 287, 336
on reelection, 336
Andre, John, 85
Anglomany, 156, 162, 309, 337, 342, 384
Annapolis conference, 12–13
Anti-federalists, 48, 50, 55
&n
bsp; Constitution and, 40–42, 44–45, 47
whiskey rebels as, 198
Aristides, 326–327
Army, U.S.
Congress and, 75–76, 117
Federalists in, 295
Hamilton, Alexander, as major general of, 257, 270–271, 273, 275–276, 278, 284, 295, 303, 319
Jackson, Andrew, and, 377, 380, 382
Jefferson, Thomas, against, 124, 362, 372, 374
Madison, James, and, 370, 372
St. Clair in, 115–117, 200
in War of 1812, 372–378
Washington, George, leading, 257, 270–271, 273, 275, 278
Wayne leading, 117–118, 127, 155, 168, 189, 199–200, 206, 215, 219
West Point of, 295, 362, 373
Wilkinson in, 168, 302, 313, 316–317, 320, 331–332, 349–355, 375
See also Continental Army; Militia
Arnold, Benedict, 22–23, 85, 183
Articles of Confederation, 2–3, 10–11, 14–15, 35–37, 44
Attorney generals
Bradford, William, 198, 210, 214
Lee, Charles, 214, 228
Randolph, Edmund, 130, 156, 161, 165, 172, 184–185
Aurora
Bache publishing, 208, 224, 227, 234, 246, 257, 262, 270, 272, 304, 371
Duane, William, editing, 371
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 172, 185, 218, 229–230, 235, 248, 297, 318
arrest of, 263–264
Aurora published by, 208, 224, 227, 234, 246, 257, 262, 270, 272, 304, 371
death of, 371
General Advertiser published by, 105
Bacon, Sir Francis, 82–83
Ball, Burgess, 199
Bank of North America, 84, 101–102
Bank of the United States
charter renewal for, 370
Hamilton, Alexander, and, 83, 100–104, 106–107, 109, 111, 114, 119, 121, 130, 134, 137
Jefferson, Thomas, against, 103, 106–110, 121, 134, 181, 265, 291
Madison, James, and, 102, 107–108, 110–111, 121, 134, 379
Washington, George, and, 101–104, 107–109
Banks, in Great Britain, 104, 107–108
Barbe-Marbois, Francois, 305–306, 308–309
Barlow, Joel, 365
Bastille, 63–64
Bayard, James, 287, 291, 342
Beckley, John, 136, 248–250, 282
Beckwith, George, 85–86
Bill of Rights, 54, 57, 80, 324
Blackstone, William, 351
Blaney, David, 206–207
Boston, 72–74
Boudinot, Elias, 102
Braddock’s Field, 197–198