nudity and depictions of the body
pietàs
repentance, 3.1, 3.2n
sacraments, 3.1n, 4.1
sin, 3.1, 4.1
Trinity, 6.1, 6.2n
who is saved question
Cicero, 1.1, 1.2
Città del Sole, La (Campanella)
Civitas Dei (Augustine), 5.1n
Clark, Kenneth, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Clarke, Antony
Claudius, Emperor of Rome
Clement VII, Pope, 2.1, 7.1
Cochlaeus, Johannes
Cock, Hieronymus
Coecke, Pieter
Coligny, Gaspard de
Columbus, Bartolomeo, 1.1, 1.2
Columbus, Christopher, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5n, 1.6
description of landing, 1.1, 1.2n
Earth’s size and, 1.1, 1.2n
as the New Man, 1.1, col3.1
on the Tainos
Comedy of Errors, The (Shakespeare)
Communio Sanctorum (Bonhoeffer)
Communism
Compendium Vitae (Erasmus)
Complutensian Polygot, 3.1n
Conciliarism, 4.1, 6.1
Condivi, Ascanio
Confutation of Tyndale (More)
Constantinople, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1
Coogan, Michael, n
1 Corinthians 14:11
Cost of Discipleship, The (Bonhoeffer)
Council of Constance, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1
Council of Florence
Council of Trent, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Counter-Reformation, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, col3.1n, 5.1, 6.1
Cranach, Lucas, n
Cranmer, Thomas
Crassus, 3.1, 3.2n
Cromwell, Thomas
Crucible, The (Miller)
Dante Alighieri, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1n, 2.2, 2.3n, 5.1n, 5.2
Dark Ages, itr.1, 1.1
David (Bernini)
David (Donatello)
David (Michelangelo), 2.1, 2.2
David (Verrocchio), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
David with the Head of Goliath (Caravaggio)
Dawkins, Richard
Decameron (Boccaccio), itr.1, itr.2
De Corporibus Regularibus (Piero)
Democracy
Denial of Saint Peter, The (Caravaggio)
De Prospectiva Pingendi (Piero)
Desire of the Everlasting Hills (Cahill), 3.1n, 3.2n, 3.3n, 5.1n
Diet of Speyer
Diet of Worms, epi.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1
Divine Comedy (Dante), itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 2.2n
Dominic, Saint
Dominicans, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1
Donatello, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
innovation by
nudity in sculpture of, 2.1, 2.2
See also David; Mary Magdalene
Donation of Constantine
Donne, John, 1.1, 7.1
meditation on death
Don Quixote (Cervantes)
Dostoevsky, Fyodor
Du Bellay, Jean Cardinal
Dudley, Guildford, n
Dudon, Paul
Duffy, Eamon, n
Durand de Villegaignon, Nicolas
Dürer, Albrecht
connected to Luther, 5.1, 5.2
human body, depiction of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Italian wanderings, 5.1, 5.2
Jesus and
marriage of
monogram
self-portraits
woodcuts for Revelation
See also specific works
Eagleton, Terry
Eastern Orthodox Church, itr.1, 6.1
Eck, Johann, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Education
boarding schools, church-affiliated
pleasure in learning and
Renaissance and, 1.1, 3.1
rote learning, 1.1, 5.1
scholasticism and
thesis statement and, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2n
university teachers, in orders
Ursulines and
of women, 7.1, 7.2
Edward I, King of England
Edward III, King of England
Edward VI, King of England, 6.1, 6.2n
Ego (Self), 2.1, 4.1, col3.1
Black Death and
Columbus and
of Henry VIII, 5.1, 6.1
of Loyola, 5.1, 5.2
portraiture and
printing and culture of personality
Renaissance and
Eighty Years’ War
Elegie XIX (Donne), 1.1, 1.2n
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Anglicanism and
ditty on the Eucharist
motto of
as virgin queen
Enchiridion Militis Christiani (Erasmus)
England, 5.1, 6.1
Anglicanism, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
anti-church quatrain
burning of books
burning of heretics, 6.1, 6.2
divine right of kings, 5.1, 7.1
execution of Jesuits
execution of rebels
Jews and, 1.1, 1.2n
jingle on social inequity
language of
monarchical church, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
More’s judgments on mores of
Reformation and, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
as sea power
socioeconomic change in
Spanish Armada and, 6.1, 6.2
Stuart dynasty
Tudor dynasty, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1
Tyndale’s Bible
Wat Tyler’s Rebellion, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1
Wyclif’s vernacular Bible and
See also More, Sir Thomas; Shakespeare, William; specific monarchs
Erasmus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
first bestselling author
Gospel teaching and
Greek text of scriptures and
homosexuality and, 3.1, 3.2n
as humanist, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1
Luther and, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
More and, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2n
New Testament of, 3.1, 3.2n, 5.1
Platonism and
satire on Julius II
See also specific writings
Eratosthenes
Erikson, Erik
Europe, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2
anti-Semitism in
Apocalypse concerns in
Black Death in, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1
class inequality in, itr.1, itr.2
genre painting
Holy Roman Emperor and
libraries in
Lutheran states in
New World and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, col3.1
northern vs. southern, 4.1, 4.2n, 5.1
orthodoxy in, 5.1, 6.1n
peasant rebellions
Permanent Religious Divisions (map)
Protestant
religious divisions, 6.1, 6.2
secular princes of, 4.1, 4.2
sixteenth century, epochal changes
sixteenth century, inter-Christian violence
socialism
Thirty Years’ War
Turkish threat to, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3n
See also Germany; Italy; Reformation; Renaissance; Spain
Existentialism
Explanations of the Ninety-Five Theses (Luther)
Exsurge Domine (papal bull), 4.1, 4.2
Fall of Icarus, The (Bruegel)
Fall of Man, The (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2
Falwell, Jerry, n
Fatalism, n
Federigo of Urbino, Duke
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3n, 1.4, 1.5, col3.1
Columbus and, 1.1, 1.2
daughter Juana la Loca, 1.1, 1.2n
Reconquista and
Spanish Inquisition and, 1.1, 1.2
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe, 1.1, 1.2
Ficino, Marsilio
First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, The (Knox)
Fitzmyer, Joseph A., 3.1n, 3.2n
Florence, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1
art and artists of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2n
Black Death in, itr.1, itr.2
Donatello’s David and
entertainments in
governance of
humanism in
interdict of, 1.1, 1.2n
Laurentian Library
Leo X and
Medicis in, 1.1, 1.2
Michelangelo’s David and, 2.1, 2.2
Ognissanti (Church of All Saints)
Pazzi Conspiracy and, 1.1, 1.2
printing press in
Savonarola and
sodomy in, 1.1, 2.1
See also specific artists
For the Time Being (Auden)
Fortunatus, Venantius
Four Horsemen, The (Dürer)
Fourier, Joseph
France, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1
Albigensians in
Bourbons, 6.1, 6.2
Calvinism in (Huguenots)
Catholic League
Edict of Nantes
ethnic diversity of
Guises
Henry IV and
House of Valois
Italian Renaissance and
Jews expelled from
Joan of Arc and
Loyola and
Rabelais and
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
War of the Three Henrys
Wars of Religion
Franciscans, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1
Francis of Assisi, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 4.1, 4.2n, col3.1, 5.1n
Francis I, King of France, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
Frederick I, Barbarossa
Frederick the Wise, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1
Freedom of a Christian, The (Luther)
Froissart, Jean
Frost, Robert, n
Fugger banking family, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Galeano, Eduardo, itr.1n, 1.1n, 1.2
Galileo Galilei, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
Gandhi, Mahatma, 7.1, 7.2
Garden of Earthly Delights (Bosch)
Gargantua (Rabelais), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Genesis 3:15
Geneva, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Geneva psalms, 6.1, 6.2
Genoa, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
George of Leipzig, Duke
Germany
anti-papist sentiment in
art of, vs. Italian
burning of Luther’s works in
das Vesperbild
Eck and papal bull against Luther
flagellants in
folktales
Gothic letters of
Hohenstaufen dynasty, itr.1, 3.1
indulgences and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
language of
Lebensreform and “naturist” movements in, 5.1n
Lutheranism in, 6.1, col4.1, col4.2
Luther’s Bible, in the vernacular
nationalism and
Nazism, 5.1n, 5.2n, col4.1
nobility of, 4.1, 4.2n, 4.3, 4.4
nudity in, 5.1n
papacy and
Peace of Augsburg
Peasants’ War
persecutions of the Jews in
Renaissance and
Schmalkaldic League
taste of, vs. Italian, n
university, typical, n
witch hunts
See also Dürer, Albrecht; Frederick the Wise; Luther, Martin
Gerson, Jean
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3
Gifts of the Jews, The (Cahill), itr.1n, 3.1n
Giotto di Bondone, itr.1, 2.1
Giovio, Paolo
God
European assumptions about, 1.1, 1.2n
forgiveness and
grace, concept of
monotheism and violence
as Plato’s Good (summum bonum)
polytheism and violence
Yahweh (YHWH), n
Yahweh as sexless
God and Sex: What the Bible Really Says (Coogan), 2.1n
Grebel, Konrad
Greece (ancient), itr.1, 1.1
alphabet
art of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
chauvinism of, 1.1, 5.1
homosexual love in
science, 1.1, 1.2
“Trinitarian” doctrine and, 6.1, 6.2n
works of, Renaissance and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3, 5.1
See also Aristotle; Plato
Gregory the Great, Pope
Gregory XIII, Pope
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and
Grey, Lady Jane, n
Guelph party, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2n
Guicciardini, Francesco, 1.1, 1.2n
Gustave Le Clézio, Jean-Marie
Gutenberg, Johannes
Handmaid’s Tale, The (Atwood)
Hare (Dürer)
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
Head of the Dead Christ (Dürer)
Helms, Dorothy and Jesse
Henry, Duke of Guise
Henry II, King of France
Henry III, King of France, 6.1, 6.2
Henry III, King of Spain
Henry IV, King of England
Henry IV, King of France, earlier Henry of Navarre, itr.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Henry IV, Part I (Shakespeare)
Henry V, King of England
Henry V (Shakespeare)
Henry VI, Part 2 (Shakespeare), itr.1, itr.2n
Henry VII, King of England
Henry VIII, King of England, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3n, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
children of
Church of England and
“Defender of the Faith,”
ego of, 5.1, 6.1
execution of Anne Boylen, 5.1n, 6.1, 6.2
head of the Church of England
Luther and
Tyndale’s Bible and, 5.1, 5.2
Heretics, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3n, 6.4, 7.1
“Bonfire of the Vanities” and
burning of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2n, 1.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1
burning of writings by, 5.1, 5.2
of Münster
papal warrior stance toward
sixteenth century, inter-Christian violence
Spanish Inquisition and
See also Anabaptists; Hussites; Luther, Martin; specific people, groups
Heusinger, Lutz, 2.1, 2.2
Hibbert, Christopher, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2n
Hitler, Adolf, n
Hohenstaufen dynasty, itr.1, 3.1
Holland, 6.1, 7.1
Homosexuality, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2n
Hopkins, Gerard Manley
Horace, 1.1, 1.2
House of Medici, The (Hibbert), 1.1n
How the Irish Saved Civilization (Cahill), 1.1n, 3.1n, 5.1n, 6.1n
Hubmaier, Balthasar
Huguenots, 6.1, 6.2n, 6.3
Humanists and humanism, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, col4.1
Erasmus, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 6.1
homosexuality and
More, 5.1, 5.2
Rabelais’s character Ponocrates
Tunstall, Cuthbert
Vitruvian Man as symbol
Hundred Years’ War, 6.1, 7.1
Hunsiak, John M.
Hus, Jan, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 4.1
Hussites, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
Hutterites
Huxley, Aldous, 2.1, 5.1
Idealism, fm1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Imitation of Christ, The (Kempis), 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
Indigenous peoples
as Edenic beings
El Requerimiento and, 1.1, 1.2
European assumptions about, 1.1, 1.2
fate of, Canary Islands
Filipinos, n
genocide of, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1
Las Casas on the brutalization of
as naked, “natural men,” 1.1, 1.2
papacy and, 1.1, 1.2
Spain’s clothing of
as subhuman, 1.1, 1.2
Tainos, 1.1, 1.2
Indulgences Controversy, 3.1, 3.2
Innocent VIII, Pope
Inquisitions, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2. See also Torquemada, Tomás de
Institution of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 6.1, 6.2
Ireland, 1.1, 4.1n, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2n
anti–Church of England quatrain
Muriel Moore and
Irving, Washington, n
Isaiah
28:16, n
64:6, n
Islam
contemporary Islamic societies
Jewish relationship with
monotheism and violence, col3.1, col3.2
in Spain, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
Italy, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1n, 5.1
art of, vs. northern Europe
Black Death in
Christian faith of
flagellants in
Greek scholars flee to
Jews in, n
league of city-states
modern typefaces and
nationalism
nudity in, n
Pazzi Conspiracy, 1.1, 1.2
Piero della Francesca Trail
printing in
taste of, vs. German, n
See also Florence; Rome; specific artists
James 2:24
James I, King of England, 5.1, 7.1
King James Bible (KJV) and
Jane Seymour
Janson, H. W.
Japan
Jerome, Saint, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 5.1
Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 1.1n, col3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, col4.1, col4.2
See also Loyola, Ignatius
Jesus, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5n, 3.6, 4.1n, 4.2n, col3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1
Augustine’s view
dismissal of self-righteousness
Erasmus on “the Gospel teaching,”
evangelical bias and
justification by faith and
Kempis emphasis on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
papal primacy and
parable of the Prodigal Son
pietàs or das Vesperbild and, 2.1, 2.2
in Renaissance art, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 5.1
universal brotherhood and
virgin birth, 2.1, 2.2n
as the Word Incarnate, fm1.1, 2.1, 3.1
Jews, 1.1, 3.1
in Boccaccio’s Decameron, itr.1
Bonhoeffer and
expulsions of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
Israel and breach with Muslims
monotheism and violence
as “Peoples of the Book,”
refuge in Islamic countries
as scapegoats, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
in Spain, 1.1, 1.2n, 1.3
Joan of Arc, itr.1, itr.2n
Jobs, Steve, n
Joel 3:5, n
John (Gospel of), n
John II of Portugal
John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli), Pope, 6.1, col4.1, col4.2, col4.3
John of the Cross
John of Leyden
John Paul II, Pope, n
Johnson, Samuel, itr.1, 1.1
John the Constant
Juana la Loca of Spain, 1.1, 1.2n, 4.1