The katakana used is 'episode'. It sounds weird, but I can't bring myself to change it.
This is an sfx that expresses the tightening of one's chest.
Karen's exact words are 'かしこまりました。いってらっしゃい。', which I can't find a proper replacement for in English. The former means 'Understood' in a very formal manner, and the latter is a greeting when you are seeing someone off.
This is a really difficult paragraph. Almost all of the phrases she used is pretty much descriptive/definitive of a married couple - the birds flying wing to wing, the entwined branches of the same tree. Oshidori - 鴛鴦 is a mandarin duck, and at the end she used 鴛鴦の契り, which is the oshidori's pledge - which refers to the closeness and good relations between a married couple (or something like that).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism
These refer to two different beings. The Emperor Elagabalus, also known as Heliogabalus, and the sun god Heliogabalus, also known as Elagabalus. They have the same name.
Jesus
A Greek martial art.
Weapons clashing sfx.