monks 126–8
music in 125–6, 135
Kuiji 438
Kukkutamara Monastery 235
Kumarajiva 123, 413, 436, 441
Kumutura Caves 132–3
Kushan empire 201–2, 333
Kushinagar, India 227, 301–4, 312–13, 385, 442
Kyrgyzstan 149, 151–6, 159–62, 166, 168–70, 440
Landi Khotal 186
Lang Zhao 66–8
Laos 56
Le Coq, Albert von 101, 102, 124, 131, 160
Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkistan 102, 124
Li (history student) 416–19, 421, 428, 430, 431–5
Li Bai 175–6
Li Yuan, Emperor 15
Liang Wuti, Emperor 411
Liangzhou (Wuwei) 79–82, 95, 123
Life of Xuanzang (Hui Li) 11, 12, 223, 241, 270
on Bodhi Tree 269
on Great Khan 171, 173
on journey to India 110, 115, 123, 148, 205
on public debates 246
on religious beliefs 15, 16, 232
on return to China 323, 409
writing of 423
Liuyuan (Willow Station) 82, 89
Loulan Beauty 130–1
Lumbini, Nepal 227, 313
Luoyang 211, 410, 411
Macaulay, Thomas Babington 226
McMahon Line 217
Mahabharata 242
Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya 264–6, 277, 284
Maharashtra 306
Mahayana Buddhism 127, 128, 181, 189, 246, 247, 255, 275, 326, 391, 403, 436
Maitreya Buddha 69, 128, 193, 232, 262, 283, 356, 438
Malava (Malwa) 322
Mao, Madam, see Jiang Qing
Mao Zedong 3–4, 19, 22, 34, 57, 283, 394–5, 421, 443–4
as Buddhist 17
education 35
Little Red Book 3, 395
and Red Guards 67
sayings of 21, 32, 37, 61, 141
verses written by 8, 29–30, 421
wars 212
Mara, army of 87
Masson, Charles 190
Mathura, India 195, 227
Menander (Milinder), King of Bactria 194–5
Mishra, Dr 249–50, 252
Mishra, V. P. 296–8
Mogao Caves, Dunhuang 366–83, 393
Moguls 237
Mokshagupta 128
monasteries 40, 51–3, 55, 60, 61, 62, 70–1, 385–405, 426–7
Monastery of Great Benevolence, Xian 51–3
Monastery of the Great Happiness, Chang’an 422
Monkey King, The 7–10, 12, 28, 43, 49, 89, 91, 104–8, 384–5
theme park 104, 110
mummies 109–10, 131
Nagarjuna 243
Nagpur, India 307
Nairanjana (Phalgu) river 259, 261, 289
Nalanda, Bihar 16, 239, 242–50, 313, 322–3, 325
New Mahavihara 248–50
Xuanzang Memorial Hall 252–3, 255
Nagasena 194–5
Naxalites 279, 283
Nayaka (monk in Nalanda) 249
Nehru, Jawaharlal 212, 216–17, 300
Nepal 318
Ningrong Cave Monastery 100
Nirvana Temple, Kushinagar 303–4
Ode on Filial Piety, The 223
Omar, Mullah Mohammed 204, 205
opium 237–9
Opium War 238, 334
Orissa, India 313
Oxford University 37, 143
Pakistan 185, 214, 322
Pali canon 193
Pamir Mountains 77, 91, 331, 343, 383
Panjikent 176
Pantuo 83, 86–8
Pashtuns 182, 184–7, 191, 197
Patna, Bihar 227, 231–7, 243
Pelliot, Paul 372
People’s Liberation Army 17, 138, 281
Persia 77, 150, 172, 193, 422
Peshawar, Pakistan 181–5, 191, 193, 198–204, 379
bazaar 200–4
Museum 191–2, 196, 204
pipal tree 201–2
Peter (host in Peshawar) 183–4, 197–8
Phalgu (Nairanjana) River 259–60
Polo, Marco 163, 172, 221
Prem (host in Delhi) 215–17, 229–30
Przhevalsky, N. M. 158, 163
Pu Ci 64–6, 68, 71
Punjab 331
Puranas 223
Pure Land School 14
Qian Ling 430
Qing dynasty 334
Qiuzi, see Kucha
Qu Wentai, King 95–7, 106–7, 109, 110, 114, 174, 189, 332, 414
Rajgir, India 227
Rajiv (hotelier) 261–4, 278
Rambhar Stupa, Kushinagar 312
Rawak, Khotan 353–5
Red Guards 4–5, 7, 9, 31, 32, 59–60, 64, 67, 443
Record of the Western Regions (Xuanzang)11, 220, 270–1, 339
on Ajanta 319–20
on Bodh Gaya 266–7, 277
on Ceylon 314, 319
on death of Buddha 302
fragments of 109, 369, 383–4
on Gandhara 200
on Hinduism 290, 294–5
on India 211, 217–19, 246, 296, 299–300, 302–4, 314, 322
on Karakul 158, 163
on Khotan 332, 338–9, 341–2, 347, 352–3, 356
on King Harsha 324–5
on Kucha 122, 127, 131
on miracles 294–5, 355
on Nalandra 245
preface 424
and rediscovery of Buddhist sites 222, 224–5, 227–8, 253–4, 299, 303, 313
on teachers 247
writing of 119, 416, 423–4
Religious Bureau, China 56, 70
Richthofen Ferdinand von 76
Romans 76–7, 171–2, 201
Russia 101, 166
Salim (guide) 117–24, 126, 128–32, 134–7, 155, 173
Samarkand 99, 170, 176
King of 176
Sanskrit language 246
Santarakshita 243
Sariputra 243
Sarnath, India 224–5, 226, 298, 304, 385
Savarna Liberation Army 279
Scar Literature 36
Seleucus Nicator 194
Sere 76–7, 172
Shan Ren 386–7, 389, 396–7, 400–4, 442
Shandong 24
Shang Shu 432
Shankar, Ajay 219–20
Shankara 315–18
Shantideva 442
Shanxi 164, 165–6
Shilabhadra, Venerable 243–4, 247, 250, 315, 323–4
Si Maqian: Record of History 81
Sichuan 13
silk 76–8, 121, 171–2, 201, 214, 314, 341–7
Silk Road 76–9, 92, 94, 105, 109, 162, 175, 201, 214, 365
archaeology 101–2, 170
caravans 98–9, 114, 147, 160–1, 169, 171, 176, 200, 332
merchants 16, 342
spread of Buddhism via 79, 189, 269, 332–3
Singh, Dr 249–50, 252
Singh, Ramadhar 279
Singing Sand Hills 366
Sogdians 76, 83, 176
Soviet Union 158, 187, 335
Sravasti, India 227
Sri Lanka 56, 127, 225, 234, 267, 313, 314, 319
State Slavonic University, Kyrgyzstan 170
Stein, Aurel 160, 339, 342, 354–5, 367–73
Desert Cathay 368
stupas 63–4, 65–6, 68, 188, 202, 234, 235, 312, 314, 353–4
Suiye 175–6
Sumeru, Mount 16
Sun family aunts and uncles 26, 116–17, 136–43, 155
Father 3, 8, 21–4, 29, 31–4, 37–8, 139, 281, 401, 442, 444
army career 17, 18, 31, 281–2
as Communist 17, 18–21, 34–5, 38
death 38–9, 41, 140, 219
grandfathers 18, 25–6, 281
Grandmother 3, 7, 21, 32, 37, 77–8, 107–8, 142–3, 381–2, 442
bound feet 18, 23–4, 434
as Buddhist 9–10
, 17–19, 22–3, 28–9, 33–5, 52, 60, 274, 444, 446
death 444–6 life 24–7, 281
story-telling 30–1
Mother 3, 5, 17, 18, 19, 21–2, 26, 32–3, 39, 42, 78, 116–17, 213
Si Cong (nephew) 43
sisters 3, 6, 29, 35, 142
Zhaodong (brother) 32–4, 403
Sun Shuyun birth 21–3
childhood 3–11, 23–4, 29–31, 77–8, 116, 142, 395, 403
Chinese identity of 167
education 6, 29, 35, 37, 41, 142–3
and religion 5, 29, 40–2, 52, 385, 388, 405, 442
Sunita 277
sutras 8, 10, 40–1, 90, 181, 189, 194, 201, 430–1
Amitabha Sutra 394
Diamond Sutra 250, 369
Gosringa-Vyakarana Sutra 356, 360–1
Great Nirvana Sutra 302
Heart Sutra 71, 90, 108, 387, 394, 430, 437
Lengyan Sutra 390–1
Lotus Sutra 14, 22, 356, 382, 395
Sutra Nipata 193
Sutra on Gratitude to Parents 430
translations 14–15, 84, 123, 128, 189, 212, 369, 413, 422–6, 436–7, 441
Wisdom Sutra 437
Yogacara Sutra 232, 244, 247, 425
Sutras of the Sage and the Fool 333
Tagore, Rabindranath 228
Taizong, Emperor 125, 174, 214, 333, 419, 421, 432
assumes throne 16
military conquests 150–1, 332, 410
and religion 411, 414, 422, 423–4, 425–8
sons of 170, 427
tomb 428–30
and translation work 416, 423–6, 431
and Xuanzang 119, 337–8, 361–2, 378, 410–16, 425–8, 439–40
Tajikistan 153–4
Taklamakan Desert 77, 92, 102, 109, 132, 333, 365
oases 91, 92, 102, 201, 338, 357
Taliban 187–8, 190, 197–8, 204–6
Tang Annals 121, 173, 176
Tang dynasty 15, 50, 121, 416–22, 426, 431, 434
Temple of Raising the Faith 438–9
Thailand 127, 225
Theravada Buddhism 128, 189, 246, 274–5, 313
Thunderbolt Monastery, Dunhuang 384–5, 386–405
Tiananmen Square, Beijing 67, 220
Tiantai School 14
Tiberius, Emperor 76
Tibet 60, 243, 318, 360
Tibetans 120, 121
Tocharian language 130, 132
Tokmak 157
Tokyo: National Museum 126
treasure hunters 354–5
Tumshuq 102
Turfan, Xinjiang 92–3, 102, 104–6, 108–10, 131, 349, 414
Turkestan 102
Turks 150–1, 158, 171, 333, 419
Tushita 69, 193
Uighurs 92, 120–2, 126, 131–2, 140–1, 350
Islamic fundamentalists 154, 155, 334
separatist movement 154, 334, 348–9
uprisings 334–5
United Nations 197–8
Upali 277
Urumqi, Xinjiang 109, 131, 149, 155
Uzbekistan 152–3, 154, 156, 166, 177
Vaisali, Bihar 235, 277
Valentina (archaeologist) 170–3, 175
Vasubandhu 182, 183, 243
Vietnam 56
Vimalakirti 377–8
Vinaya 67
Waley, Arthur 441
Wang Yuanlu 368–72, 384
Warner, Langdon 372
Wei Zheng 415
Weigan river 132
Western Region 91, 99, 114, 118, 131, 135, 150, 332–3, 414
Western Turks 150–1, 170–2
Khan of, see Great Khan
White Horse Monastery 211
White Huns 182, 197, 233
White Jade river 340, 351–3
Wild Horse Spring 88, 91
Wilford, Francis 221
Wu, Empress 430, 431–4
Wuwei, see Liangzhou
Xian 13, 47, 49–72, 409–10, 416–18, 429, 434–5
see also Chang’an
Xian Buddhist Association 66, 67
Xian Municipal Cultural Bureau 56
Xinjiang 92–3, 101, 115–16, 120, 122, 130–1, 135, 139–41
Islamic fundamentalism 154, 155, 156
uprisings 334–5
Xinjiang Airline 149
Xuanzang 10–11, 41–3, 47–8
appearance 13
in Benares 290, 292
in Bihar 232–5, 240–7, 252, 269–70, 284, 322–6
character of 12, 13, 17, 48, 91, 108, 149, 155, 271, 440
death and burial place 435–9
disciples of 438
Doctrine of Mere Consciousness 315
and emperors 75, 337–8, 361–2, 378, 412–16, 423–8, 430–1
and Empress Wu 433
ill health 148
journey to India 75, 79–80, 82–4, 86–91, 95–8, 106–7, 110, 114–15, 117, 119–20, 124–5, 147–51, 162–3, 181–3, 205
legends surrounding 384
life of 12–17
life threatened by pirates 232–3, 270–1
love for India 211, 217–18
as Mahayana Buddhist 127–8, 181–2
meeting with Khan 157, 169, 171–5
monastery of 51–3, 61, 63, 66, 69, 71
portraits of 72, 159, 383, 384
presence of 440
public debates 246, 325–6
remains of 63, 235–6, 438
reputation of 159–60, 220, 222, 228, 247, 253, 284, 383–4, 410
return journey 327, 331, 336–7, 351, 361, 365, 379, 385
return to China 409–11
reverence for history 223
shrine of 384
in South India 313–15, 319
studies 12, 189, 246–7, 250, 255
teachings of 63
translations 48, 57, 71, 128, 212, 246, 337, 369, 422–6, 436–7, 441
and Yogacara Buddhism 247–8, 250–2, 441
see also Life of Xuanzang; Record of the Western Regions
Yadav, Laloo 239
Yagabhu Khan, see Western Turks, Great Khan of
Yakshis 220
Yang Weijiang 336, 339–40, 343–4, 346–51, 353
Yangzi River 13, 158
Yaoxing, Emperor 413
Yasa 291
Yashkar (Uighur in Khotan) 351–7
Yellow River 79, 158
Yogacara School 15–16, 182, 183, 243, 250–2, 271, 315, 316, 338, 402, 438, 441–2
Chinese (Faxiang) 250, 252
Sutra 232, 244, 247, 425
Yogasastra 128
Yogendra (driver in Bihar) 231, 235–6, 239–42, 252–3, 261, 292–3
Yuance 438
Yuechi tribe 201
Yulin Caves 384
Yusupov, Hamid 165–6
Zen Buddhism 13–14, 15, 219, 310, 396–7, 398, 402
Zhai Fengda 377, 378
Zhang Qian 76
Zhanghuai, Prince 418
Zhangxiong, Gen. 109–10
Zhou Bapi 280–1
Zoroastrians 422
Zuo Zongtang, Gen. 335
AUTHOR’S NOTE
Spelling
I have used the pinyin system which is used in mainland China for transliterating Chinese. Xuanzang is known in older texts, and also to Indian readers, as Hiuen Tsang, or Hsuan-tsang.
Sanskrit and Indian words are Romanized, without diacritical marks.
Pronunciation
Q is pronounced ‘ch’ as in church, so the Qin (dynasty) is pronounced ‘Chin’, and Qu (as in Qu Wentai) is pronounced ‘Chew’.
X is an aspirated ‘s’, and Z before a vowel is ‘dz’ as in adze, so Xuanzang is pronounced ‘Hswan-dzang’, the two ‘a’s short as in gang – ‘Shwanzang’ is near enough if you cannot get your tongue round it.
Zh before a vowel is pronounced ‘j’ as in joke, so Zhao is pronounced ‘Jao’, rhyming with cow.
In Sanskrit words C is pronounced ‘ch’ as in church, so Yogacara is pronounced ‘Yogachara�
�.
Place names
I use the most familiar forms, such as Khotan rather than the Chinese Hetian.
Translations
I have relied mainly on Samuel Beal’s translations of Xuanzang’s Record of the Western Regions, and of Hui Li’s biography of Xuanzang, but I have taken the liberty of amending his versions without indication in some of the quotes, wherever I found them inaccurate or too archaic. I have sometimes done the same with other translations from the Chinese. (The title of Xuanzang’s book also has various versions, but I have kept to the one mentioned here, or just his Record.)
Date of Xuanzang’s birth
Xuanzang’s date of birth is disputed. AD 602 is suggested by some historians; I have taken it to be AD 600, as most Chinese scholars now do.
Name of the Buddha
The Buddha was given this name only after his enlightenment. I have not made the distinction, and for simplicity refer to him as the Buddha throughout.
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
http://www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East – 20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1 Auckland,
New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
1 London Bridge Street
London SE1 9GF, UK
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
195 Broadway
New York, NY 10007
http://www.harpercollins.com