Medicine, in Victorian era, 45–46, 61
and cholera, 68–69
scientific method and, 97–98
surgery, 62–63
Megacities, 216–18
Mekalanos, John, 246
Methane gas, 2, 129–30, 133
explosions, 8, 119
Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 119–20
and cholera outbreak, 191–93
Metropolitan life. See Urban life; Urbanization Mexico City, 3
Miasma theory of cholera spread, 69–70, 74, 86, 121–28, 131–32, 204–5, 213–14
biological basis, 128–31
Board of Health and, 163–66
and Broad Street pump, 140
Chadwick and, 113–14
confirmation bias, 186–87
Farr and, 101–2
Hall and, 183–84, 186–87
maps and, 196–97
power of, 134–35
Snow and, 107–8, 144–48, 275–76n
social prejudice and, 132–34
Vestry Committee and, 182
Microbes. See Bacteria Microscopes, 131
Middlemarch (Eliot), 167
Middlesex Hospital (London), 154
Moore’s Law, 250
Morning Chronicle (London), 51, 121, 134
and Chadwick, 112
Mayhew article, 10–11
Morton, William, 63
Mozart, Leopold, 18
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 18
Mud-larks, 2
Mumbai, Squatter Colony, 216
Nash, John, 20
Native Americans, and alcohol, 104
Nausea, 129
Neighborhoods, street-level knowledge, 225
Netherlands, waste recycling and, 6
Neuwirth, Robert, 216–17
New River Water Company, 31, 105
New York City, 87, 223, 238
cholera outbreak, 85–86
311 service, 222–24, 225
911 system, 222–23
New York Evening Post, 86
Newspapers, in Victorian-era London, 83
and cholera outbreaks, 85–86
and medicine, 45–47
See also specific newspapers
Newton, Isaac, 149
Newton, John Frank, 58–59
Niche environments, in cities, 221–22
Nicholas Nickleby (Dickens), 17
Night soil, and night-soil men, 8–13
Nightingale, Florence, 15, 127–28, 134, 154
and miasma theory, 123–24
9/11 attacks, 239–40
Nonrenewable energy, urbanization and, 238–39
Notes on Nursing (Nightingale), 123–24
Nuclear weapons, 241–42, 253–54, 283–84n
Nuisances Removal and Contagious Diseases Prevention Act, 118–19, 134, 177, 204
Obituary of Snow, 206–7
Observer (London), 83, 109
and cholera deaths, 162
Offensive trades, 145–46, 204
Old Ford reservoir, 210–11
On Air, Water, and Places (Hippocrates), 126–27
On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations (Snow), 65
On the Mode and Communication of Cholera (Snow), 74
Opium, 48–49, 61
Our Mutual Friend (Dickens), 2
Owen, David, 238
Pacini, Filippo, 99, 165, 213
Pain management, Snow and, 62
Pandemic, global, 243–44, 247–48, 249
Paris, in nineteenth century, 9–10
Parliament
Farr’s testimony, 211–12
Snow and, 204
Thames pollution and, 205–6
Pasteur, Louis, 266n
Patent medicines, 46–47
Penny Newsman (London), 95
Pepys, Samuel, 117
Percussion caps, 28
Perpendadores, 3
Pesthouse fields, 191
Peter Street, cholera outbreak, 52–53, 170, 171
Pets, in Victorian-era London, 28
Phase transitions, human societies and, 93–94
Phillips, Richard, 89
Phrenology, 132
Physicians, in Victorian era, 59–61, 268n
Snow as physician, 61–62
and treatment of cholera, 49–51
Plague, government intervention and, 120–21
Plague burial grounds, 191, 192
Poland Street (Soho), cholera deaths, 142
Poland Street Workhouse, 28, 82, 142, 153, 228
Politics, network technology and, 224
Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, 265–66n
Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 234
Population control, cities and, 234
Population density, 4–7, 224, 236
and disease, 171
and environment, 281–83n
perils of, 240–54
and transmission of cholera, 41–42
urbanization and, 233–36
in Victorian-era London, 18, 28
Populations
growth of, 84, 92, 94–95
London, 1800s, 12–13
statistics, 97
urban, 231–34
Portland (Oregon), 233
Postal service, London, 82–83, 270n
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 87
Poverty, 85, 171, 232
in developed world, 218
in Victorian-era London, 265n
“Predisposing” causes of disease, 132–33
Prelude, The (Wordsworth), 90, 91
Price gouging by drug companies, 48
Progress, intellectual, 135, 149
Prokaryotes, 264n
ProMED-mail, 219
Proust, Marcel, 128
Public health, 255
Chadwick and, 113–14, 118–21
cities and, 232
information networks, 218–19
institutions, future of, 249
statistics, Farr and, 100–101
Public Health Act of 1848, 118
Public infrastructure engineering, 218
Pump, 158
Broad Street. See Broad Street pump
Punch, 63, 264–65n
“Who Shall Decide When Doctors Disagree?” 50
Pure, 2, 263–64n
Pure-finders, 2, 4, 217–18, 263n
Quack cures, 46–47, 267n
Radcliffe, John Netten, 210, 226
Railway system, 93, 271n
Rakers, 8–9
Reason, and superstition, 163
Recycling of waste, 5–8, 115–16, 217–18
Mayhew and, 273–74n
Regent Street (London), 20–21, 26
Registrar-General’s Office, 100, 136, 178, 209, 275n
Religion, miasma theory and, 127
Research, medical, in Victorian era, 46
Snow and, 65
Return to Nature: A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen, The (Newton), 58–59
Richard the Raker, 9
Richardson, Benjamin Ward, 156
Richardson, James, 150–51
Rio de Janeiro, Rocinha area, 216
Robinson, James, 63
Rogers, John, 53–54
Rogers, Richard, 227
Rogers, William, 22
Rome, 94
medieval, building materials for, 5
Rumor, and cholera outbreak, 83
Rural areas, 232–33
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 154–55
St. James’ Parish, and cholera outbreak
Board of Governors, 159–60, 167–68
Vestry Committee, 172, 179, 181–82, 200–201
St. James Workhouse, 28, 82, 142, 153, 228
St. Luke’s Church (Berwick Street), 25, 26–27, 227
Sanitary conditions, 169–70
and cholera, 51–52, 54
Sanitation, Chadwick and, 118
Scavenger classes
in developing countries, 216
in V
ictorian-era London, 1–5, 8–13
Scientific establishment, and waterborne theory, 204
Scientific method, Victorian-era medicine and, 97–98
Sedgwick’s Principles of Sanitary Science and Public Health, 194, 200
Sewer-hunters, 2
miasma theory and, 125
Sewer system, London, 105, 117, 119, 207–10
construction of, 82
investigation of, 191
Broad Street, 199
Shadow Cities (Neuwirth), 216–17
Shantytown developments, 216
Shelley, Percy, 18
Slingshot water purifier, 217
Small intestine, cholera and, 37–38, 146, 148,
151–52, 246
Smell
as disease, 114, 121, 206
Snow and, 146
sense of, 128–31
in Victorian-era London, 8, 15, 27
Smith, Angus, 124
Snow, John, 56, 58–62, 86, 97, 131, 148–49, 225, 226, 246–47
and anesthetics, 63–68, 276–77n
attacks on, 204–5
and Broad Street outbreak, 109, 135–41, 153–56, 168–69, 201–2, 275n
cause of epidemic, 159–60
grand experiment, 107–9
map of, 193–97, 198–201
sociological evidence, 147–48
and cholera, 68–77, 79, 98–100, 146–47, 176, 276n
consilient thinking, 67–68
death of, 206
and Epidemiological Society, 193
Farr and, 209, 211–12
information resources, 259–60
The Lancet and, 269n
and miasma theory, 125, 144–48, 204, 275–76n
reasoning style, 270n
scientific studies, 268–69n, 269–70n
and water companies, 105–6
waterborne theory, 173
opponents of, 167–68
Whitehead and, 181, 202–3, 227
Social prejudice, 149–50
and miasma theory, 132–34
Socioeconomic element in cholera outbreak, 78–79
Sociologist, Snow as, 147–48, 149
Soho (London district), xii–xiii, 16–20, 190, 227–28, 240
cholera epidemic, 57–58, 154
newspapers and, 83
in Victorian era, 20–21
See also Broad Street (Soho); Golden Square (Soho); London; specific sites
Soho Field, 15–16
Soho Square, 25
Soil fertility, waste recycling and, 5
South America, cholera outbreaks, 215
South London Water Works, 73
Southwark and Vauxhall (S&V) water company, 105–8
Sproat, William, 34, 35
Squatter cities, 216–17
Standage, Tom, 46
Statistics of public health, Farr and, 100–101, 272n
Street-level knowledge, Snow’s map and, 197–98
Subcultures, in cities, 221
Suburbs, 221
Suicide bombers, 251
Superstition, 163, 255
Surgeons, in nineteenth-century London, 60
Surgery, in Victorian era, 62–63, 269n
Surrey building (Horsleydown), cholera outbreak, 72–73
Sutherland, John, 204
Sydenham, Thomas, 132
Tanning of leather, 4
Tea, 95, 104
Technology
of density, 239–40
and urbanization, 236
Telecommuting, 222, 236
Terrorism
biological, 251–52
9/11 attack, 239
population density and, 240
Thames River, 73, 119–21
pollution of, 205–6, 207
sewer system and, 214
Theories, incorrect, support of, 126
“Theses on the Philosophy of History” (Benjamin), xi, 14
Third World, population control, 234
Threats, intolerable, 240–42
311 service, New York City, 222–24, 225
Times, The (London). See London Times
Toilets and water closets, 11–12
Toshers, 1–2
Towns, 221
medieval, waste recycling in, 5
Transgenic shifts, 42–43, 245–47, 250
Tropical rain forests, 6
Truscott’s Court (Horsleydown), 72–73
Tufte, Edward
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, 260
Visual Explanations, 194–95, 260
Twin Towers, population density, 240
Underclass, in Victorian-era London, 1–5
United Nations, Global Report on Human Settlements, 232
University College Hospital (London), 154
Unsanitary conditions, deaths from, 217
Urban density. See Population density
in developing world, 218
flow of ideas, 225–26
See also Cities; Inner-city air, as disease source; Inner-city life, in Victorian era; Towns
Urban mapping systems, 280–81n
Urbanism, Broad Street cholera outbreak and, 203
Urbanization, 232
benefits of, 233–39
Industrial Revolution and, 271n
pandemics and, 248
threats of, 240–54
Vaccines, production of, 249
Vegetarian, Snow as, 59
Vestry Committee. See St. James’ Parish, and cholera outbreak
Vibrio cholerae (cholera bacterium), 36–37, 40–44, 96, 99, 131, 213, 230, 246
battle against, 162–63
in Broad Street well, 151–53
“El Tor” strain, 215
transmission route, 180–81, 188
Victoria, Queen of England, 15
childbirth, 66–67
Victorian novels, and children, 84
Viral phages (cholera), 152
Viruses, 35, 250–51
evolution of, 42–44
genetic swaps, 245–47
Visual Display of Quantitative Information, The (Tufte), 260
Visual Explanations (Tufte), 194–95, 260
Voronoi diagrams, 195
Wages of night-soil men, 9–10
Wagner, Richard, 18
Waldor, Matthew K., 246
Warfare, asymmetric. See Asymmetric warfare
Warren, John Collins, 269n
Waste disposal
London, 9, 207–10
in Victorian era, 115–17, 264n
recycling, 5–8, 115–16, 217–18, 273–74n
Waste management, 3–4, 214, 218, 233, 260
Water, 38–39
clean, 217
search for, 103
contaminated, 40, 42, 43–44
as cure for cholera, 45
Water closets, 11–12
Water purifiers, 217
Water supply
and air quality, 132
London, 73, 105, 147–48
Board of Health and, 134
Broad Street, 30–31 sanitary, 214
Waterborne theory of cholera spread, 69, 72–74, 98, 131–32, 146–48
acceptance of, 198–99, 201, 211–12
Board of Health and, 183, 186
evidence for, 100, 165–66
experiment, 106–9
Farr and, 102
official endorsement, 200
supporters, 203–4
Vestry Committee and, 182
Whitehead and, 167, 171–72, 226, 278–79n
Weather, and disease, theories, 132–33
Weekly Returns of Birth and Deaths (Farr), 100–101, 102, 106, 127, 132, 150, 153, 166, 177, 191
and “Great Stink,” 204
and waterborne theory, 204
Westminster Hospital, 154
Westminster Medical Society, 61–62, 64
Whewell, William, 67
Whitehead, Henry
, 24, 25–26, 28–29, 82, 84, 86–87, 111, 127, 147, 154, 210, 211, 225, 226–27
The Cholera in Berwick Street, 169–72
and cholera outbreak, 77–79, 52–54, 168, 169–72
investigation of, 172–83, 199–200, 201–2
local knowledge, 198
and Snow, 181, 202–3, 213
and theories of cholera spread, 149
waterborne theory, 166–68, 172, 226, 278–79n
Wilson, E. O., 67
Wordsworth, William, 90, 91
Workhouses, in Victorian era, 265–66n
World Trade Center, population density, 240
World Wide Web, and information, 218–19
Yahoo!, 219–20
York (surveyor), 179–80, 199
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
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