Left, 186
Times, 9, 10, 94, 168
London, Jack, 195–96
Lopukhin, Aleksei A., 95, 177–78
Lower East Side, New York City, xx, 1–2, 3, 103–4, 187–92, 195–96
Lower Kishinev (Old Town), xv, 40–42, 77–83, 208
Asia Street 13/Aziatskaia Street, 23–24, 48, 77–79, 81, 208
Davitt tour, 134
photos (1880s), 26, 40, 41, 42
pogrom, 68, 77–83, 88, 130
Pushkin, 40–41
residences, 41–42
synagogues, 78, 82–83
Urussov visit, 48–50, 101
Lydda, Arabs of, 19–21
lynchings, of blacks, xix, 186, 187–88, 192–94
Malamud, Bernard, 1–2, 3
male cowardice:
Jewish, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
Manchester Way/Muncheshtskii Street, Kishinev, 76, 83–85, 90
Mandate period, British, 2–3, 19
martyrdom:
holy, 130
Kigel’s, 82–83, 103
Marx, Karl, 121, 122
Marxists:
Hyndman, 121, 122
Russian, 14
Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 14
Zionist, 18
see also Bolshevism
McCarthy, Mary, 2
McKinley, William, 171, 189
medical conditions, Bessarabia, 43
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 148
The Melting Pot (Zangwill), 12, 203–5
memory, preferred over history, 132–33
Mendelsohn, Ezra, 206
Menshikov, Mikhail Osipovich, 168, 175
militarization:
Russia, 91
see also armies; self-defense; war
Miller, Henry, 191
Minsk, 156
Minsk conference (1902):
Zionist, 176–77
Miron, Dan, 108, 109, 115, 130
modernity, 17–18, 112
Moldavian language, 33, 39
Moldavians:
Lower Kishinev, 77
Manchester Way, 76, 84
rioters, 68, 122
Moldova:
independent, xviii, 207
Krushevan’s vision embraced in, 148
Transdniestria at edge of, 21–23
Mon Lay Won (Pell Street eatery), New York City, 102–3, 102
Moore, John, 8–9
Morgenthau, Henry, 1
Moskowitz, Henry, 198
Mother Earth magazine, 192
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 205
Muncheshtskii Street/Manchester Way, Kishinev, 76, 83–85, 90
murder:
of three Israeli teenagers on West Bank, 21
see also ritual murder accusations
Museum of Ethnography and National History, Kishinev, 51, 207
My Promised Land (Shavitt), 19–21
mythology, 18, 29
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), xv, xix, 14, 188, 194, 198, 200–203
nationalism:
European, 111
Irish, 121, 136
Jewish, 114–15, 132–33, 199, 204
Romanian, 37
Russian, 21, 37, 144
see also Zionists
National Negro Conference, 202, 203
National Public Radio, 19
Native Americans, 186
Nazis, xiii, 140
Netanyahu, Benjamin, xiv, 21, 24
New Exodus, The (Frederic), 5
New Market, Kishinev, 50, 65–71, 87–89
newspapers:
Iskra (Spark), 45
London Times, 9, 10, 94, 168
Odesskie Novosti, 71
Znamia (St. Petersburg newspaper), 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
see also American newspapers; Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper)
New Star Theater, New York City, 104
New York American, 103, 105, 120
New York City:
Broadway theater, 12, 190–92, 205
Chinese Theater, 101, 104
Crown Heights riots (Brooklyn), 3
Herald Square Theater, 190
Lower East Side, xx, 1–2, 3, 103–4, 187–92, 195–96
Mon Lay Won (Pell Street eatery), 102–3, 102
newspapers, 5, 10, 29–30, 101, 103–5, 120
New York Times, 5, 10, 29–30, 101, 104
Nicholas II, Tsar, 46, 92
Night (Wiesel), 108
Nikolaevskii Street, Kishinev, 69, 73, 75
Non-Existent Manuscript, The (De Michelis), 170
Odessa, 34, 112–14
anti-Jewish violence, 96, 198
Bernstein-Kogan, 181–82
Bialik, 110–14, 113, 140
British consul general, 67
Davitt, 122–23, 181–82
Jewish intelligentsia, 110–17, 113
Kishinev comparisons, 28–29, 42, 51–52, 55, 82, 156
Klausner, 108
Krushevan, 153, 155
map, 29
Pushkin and, 28
refugees from Kishinev in, 117
Odesskie Novosti (newspaper), 71
Okhrana (Russia’s secret police), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
Old Town, see Lower Kishinev (Old Town)
O’Neill, Eugene, 192
Orlenev, Pavel, 190, 192
Orthodoxy, Russian, 186, 188
Orwell, George, 61
Ottoman Empire:
Bessarabia acquired from, 30
Palestine, 128
Out of Kishineff (Stilles), 188
Ovington, Mary White, 198, 202
Pale of Settlement, 6
Jewish occupations, 7
Kishinev pogrom defining, 30
Krushevan, 156, 161–64
map, 160
Minsk, 156
Vilna, 2, 110, 142, 156, 177
see also Kishinev; Odessa
Palestine:
Bernstein-Kogan, 178
Bialik, 113, 126–28
Bialik veneration, 140
Dizengoff, 113, 123
first female Jewish artist, 126
Haganah, xv, xx, 13, 86
Herzl’s Zionism focused on, 111
Jewish migration to, 122
Mandate period, 2–3, 19
Raskin sketches, 113
riots (1937), 18
Palestinophile movement, 7
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 120
passivity, Jewish, 89, 118, 141–42
see also cowardice
Peniel, Noah, 141–43
Perlman, Shmuel, 109
Pesker, Yehiel, 87
petition, Americans calling on Russia to investigate pogrom, 189, 193–94
Philadelphia Ledger, 186
Pinsker, Leon, 7
plays:
Broadway theater, 12, 190–92, 205
inspired by Kishinev pogrom, 104–5, 189–92, 203–5
Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich, 92–96, 93
assassinated, 93
Herzl and, 175, 177, 180–81
Kishineff play, 104
letter, 15, 92–96, 117, 146, 182–83, 188–89
minister of the interior, 15, 92–94
Plot Against America, The (Roth), 1
poetics:
Bialik’s, 107–9, 133, 140–41
of violence, 82–83, 133
pogroms, 145
black mistreatment compared with, 187–88, 192–94, 202
Gomel, 198–99
permanent, 62
Russia’s pogrom wave (1905–6), 4–5, 185, 187
term, xvii, 1–6, 9–15
wave (1881–82), 45
see also Kishinev pogrom (1903)
Poland, 6, 160
police:
Lopukhin, 95, 177–78
during pogrom, 63, 66, 88–89
Russian secret police (Okhrana), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
politics:
activists stir
ring up riots, 96–97
anarchists, 19, 186, 189
Bolshevism, 4, 13–14, 21, 145, 149, 167–68
Kishinev pogrom impact, 6, 20, 21
see also civil rights; conservatism; Left; liberalism; radicalism; Right; Social Democratic Party; socialism; Zionists
Popov (local activist), 97
population/numbers:
Bessarabia, 34, 36, 37
Jewish immigrants from Russian empire to U.S., 103
Kishinev, 37, 40, 43, 50
Kishinev rioters, 65, 68, 134, 137
pogrom rapes, 73, 135
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, The (Joyce), 120
Prague Cemetery, The (Eco), 150
prayer:
dried up value, 141
Moldavian outlawed (1870s), 36
press:
Berkeley Russian Review, 196
Kishinev pogrom, 11, 17–18, 91, 149, 178–83
Mother Earth magazine, 192
Odessa, 114
responsibility for violence, 201
see also Jewish press; Krushevan, Pavel; newspapers; Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Pridnestrovian Moldavan Republic (Transdniestria), 21–23
Principles of Sociology (Spencer), 91
“Program of World Conquest by Jews, The” (World Union of Freemasons and Sages of Zion), 167, 172–74
Pronin, Georgi A., 62, 97, 98, 182
Prophecy and Politics (Frankel), xx, 103–4
“Prophet, The” (Pushkin), 109–10
Protestants, contempt for Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
protest meetings, U.S., 12, 189
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, xv, 147, 167–72
Bernstein-Kogan and, 182
Bern trial and, 147, 169
Butmi version, 171–72
De Michelis annotated translation, 170
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion (Segel), 170
Egyptian television series, 148
forgery, xvi–xvii, 99, 168–69
Krushevan version, xvi–xvii, xviii–xix, 16, 22, 99, 146–50, 153, 159, 167–71, 183
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion (Segel), 170
Purishkevich, V., 144
Pushkin, Alexander, xi, 28, 40–41, 109–10
Raaben, R. S. von (Governor General of Bessarabia), 44–45, 48, 68, 71, 87, 90–91
rabbis, Kishinev, 53
race:
Davitt and, 120–22
U.S. and, xix, 14, 186–88, 192–94, 200
see also antisemitism; blacks; ethnic and religious groups
Rachkovsky, Piotr, 169, 170
radicalism:
American, 189, 194–95
Russian, 6, 157, 176–78, 186, 189, 190, 194–95, 197–98
Radziwill, Catherine, 170
rapacity of Jews, 15, 22, 123
rapes:
anti-Jewish violence in Russia (1918–1920), 4
divorce requests after, 73, 135
Kishinev pogrom, xiv, 68, 73–79, 85, 125, 132, 134, 135
Lower Kishinev, 73–79, 83
numbers of, 73, 135
Schiff, 73–76, 125, 132
Raskin, Saul, 113
Rasputin, 7
Reed, John, xix, 27, 194–95
relief campaigns, for Kishinev victims, xix, 12, 101–4, 117, 149, 180, 189
religion:
Bessarabia ethnic and religious groups, 32–33, 36–37
Jewish characteristic, 6
Kishinev, 39
see also Christianity; Judaism
Republican Party platform (1892), U.S., 186
residences:
Kishinev, 41–42, 50–51, 65–66
pogrom targeting, 65–66
Pronin’s, 98
restrictions against Jews, 50
responsibility:
of Jewish intelligentsia, 163
responsibility for violence:
blacks, 200–201
Jewish, 5, 117–19
press, 201
see also government responsibility, belief in
revolution (1905), Russia, 190, 191, 195
revolution (1917), Russia, 4, 95, 194–95, 199
Revolutionary Lives (Strunsky), 197–98, 199, 203
Rhodes, Cecil, 121
Right:
Bessarabia, 37
Russian, 15–16, 22, 95, 97, 147, 155, 169, 170, 175–79, 182
Zionist, 7, 140
see also Black Hundreds; conservatism
rights, see civil rights
riots:
antiblack, 14, 186, 187, 193, 200–201
anti-Jewish, 2, 4–5
Crown Heights, Brooklyn (1991), 3
industrial disputes, 91
Limerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
Palestinian (1937), 18
Springfield, Illinois (1908), xix, 200–202
see also pogroms
ritual murder accusations, xiv, 10, 47–48, 56–58, 84, 97
Beilis, 7–8, 95
in Bessarabets, 47–48, 62, 145
Dubrossary, 56–58, 97
Rogger, Hans, xx
Romania:
Bernstein-Kogan, 178
and Bessarabia, xvii, 30, 32, 36, 37
border at Jassy, 179
Romanian language, 33
Romanov Russia, 95, 149, 195, 206
tsars, 45, 46, 79, 92
see also Russian empire
Roosevelt, Franklin, 1
Roosevelt, Theodore, 12, 189, 203–4
Roskies, David G., 132–33
Rossman, Yisrael, 69–71, 72, 87
Roth, Philip, 1
Russian empire, xix, 49, 52, 148–49
antisemitism, 4–5, 8–10, 15–16, 95–96, 186, 198, 205
belief in government responsibility for Kishinev pogrom, xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
besporiaki/”southern storms,” 5
Bessarabia, 17, 30, 36, 39
Bolshevism, 4, 13–14, 21, 145, 149, 167–68
censorship restrictions, 191
constitutional crisis (1905–6), 4, 17, 192–93
Jewish immigration from, 103–4, 123
Jewish integration, 7–8, 157, 206
Kigel’s martyrdom, 82–83
Kishinev pogrom impact, 21–22
nationalism, 21, 37, 144
Okhrana (secret police), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
pogrom wave (1905–6), 4–5, 185, 187
revolution (1905), 190, 191, 195
revolution (1917), 4, 95, 194–95, 199
Right, 15–16, 22, 95, 97, 147, 155, 169, 170, 175–79, 182
theatrical troupe touring U.S., 189–92
tsars, 45, 46, 79, 92
unification, 164
Western Provinces map, 160
White Army, 4, 19, 90
Zionist preoccupation with domestic reform in, 176–77
Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
Russian Review, Berkeley, 196
Russia’s Message (Walling), xix, 195, 198, 199–200, 202
Russo-Turkish War (1878), 32–33
Sabra-Shatilla massacre, Lebanon, 3, 19
Schiff, Rivka, 73–76, 125, 132
Schmidt, Karl, 29, 42, 45, 46, 49–50, 65, 98, 123
schools:
Bialik in Israeli curriculum, 107, 128, 140–43
Kishinev Jewish, 54–55
for Kishinev pogrom orphans, 180
Krushevan, 155
Tarbut (Hebrew school system), 142
Toulouse school massacre (2012), 21
Sebastian, Mihail, 145
secret police, Russian (Okhrana), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
Segel, Benjamin, 170
self-defense:
anti-Jewish, 22, 58, 97
Jewish, 13, 18, 85–90, 132, 179–80
seminarian rioters, Kishinev pogrom, 64–65, 69, 80, 84, 90, 96, 137
separatism:
Je
wish, 162–63, 205
Transdniestria, 21
Serebrenick, Naftoli, 81
Shapira, Anita, 10
Shapiro, Lamed, 4
Shavitt, Ari, 19–21
Shevchenko Transnistria State University, 22
Sholem Aleichem, 153
Shornikov, Igor Petrovich, 22–23
Siberia and the Exile System (Kennan), 186
Sinclair, Upton, 120
Singleton, Joseph (Chew Mon Sing), 101–2
Sirota, Yeshaya, 80
smuggling:
Bessarabia, 33
Kishinev, 45, 180
Sobelman (pogrom victim), 71–72
Social Democratic Party:
Iskra (Spark), 45
Second Party Congress (July 1903), 13
socialism:
“Christian socialism,” 22, 148
Jewish Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 13–14, 18, 83, 104, 131, 199
and male cowardice, 131
New York City Jews, 104
Strunsky, 196, 198, 203
Socialist Revolutionary Party:
Bernstein-Kogan brother, 178
Plehve assassination, 93
Walling, 196n
Social Revolutionary Party, 126
Soiuz Russkogo Naroda (Black Hundreds), 4, 37, 147, 172, 187
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 20–21
“The Song of the Suffering Jews,” 104
Soroka, Bessarabia, 154, 156
South Africa, 121, 122
“southern storms,” 5
Spencer, Herbert, 91
Springfield, Illinois, race riot (1908), xix, 200–202
Stansell, Christine, 187, 192
Steinberg, Yisroel Hayyim, 73
Steinfels, Peter, 10
Stilles, W. C., 188
St. Louis, race riot (1917), 187
Story of Kishineff, The (Horowitz), 105
St. Petersburg:
assassination attempt on Krushevan (June 1903), 147
Bernstein-Kogan, 180–81
Ha-Zeman (Hebrew daily), 117
Herzl meeting Plehve, 175, 177, 180–81
Kishinev pogrom report, 123
Krushevan apartment, 147
Orlenev’s St. Petersburg Dramatic Company, 190
Znamia, 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
Strunsky, Anna, 194–203, 197
The Kempton-Wace Letters, 196
NAACP, xix, 14, 194, 198, 200–203
“Pogrom” book, 14–15
Revolutionary Lives, 197–98, 199, 203
Violette of Pere Lachaise, 198
Supreme Court:
Israeli, 3
U.S., 1
synagogues:
American, 5–6, 83, 103
liturgies highlighting Kishinev pogrom, 5–6, 83, 103
Lower Kishinev (Old Town), 78, 82–83
Talmud i evrei (Talmud and Jews), 171
Tarbut (Hebrew school system), 142
Taylor, A. J. P., 27, 176
Tchernowitz, Chaim, 110
Tel Aviv:
Ahad Ha’am, 113
Bialik home, 76, 140
Mayor Dizengoff, 113, 123
temples:
destruction, 112, 114, 175
second, 112, 175
Ten Days that Shook the World (Reed), xix, 27, 194–95