rational human response to earthquakes, 55–56. See also human response
Rat Portage, Canada, 82
Raven hotel and restaurant, 376
Rayleigh Waves, 175
rebuilding plan, 229–30, 356–59. See also buildings; disaster recovery
reclaimed land, 361, 417
Reconstruction Era, 127
recordings, seismograph, 266–68. See also seismographs
records, loss of, 317, 344
recovery. See disaster recovery
recumbent folds, 416
refugees, 302, 313, 315–16, 330
Reid, Harry Fielding, 182
relief efforts. See human response
religion. See Pentecostal Movement
report, San Francisco municipal, 317
Report of the California State Earthquake Commission, 164
Report on the Effects on Structures and Structural Materials, 291
Repsold-Zöllner Horizontal Pendulum, 263
Republican California governors, 128–31
restaurants, San Francisco, 313
Resurrection Plate, 59
Revenue Cutter Service, 312
Rezanov, Count Nikolai, 116
Rialto Building, 286
Richardson, William, 204
Richter, Charles, 24, 391, 396–401
Richter Magnitude Scale, 391, 396–401. See also magnitude, earthquake
right-lateral strike-slip faults, 174, 180
Río Colorado, Río de Buena Guía, and Río del Tizón, 147
riots, anti-Chinese, 222
risk, shared, 325
Rivera Plate, 169
Rivera Triple Junction, 169, 198–99
riverine tsunamis, 412
rivers, right-lateral displacement of, 187–91
road cutting, Palmdale, California, 191–92
rocks. See also geology
aging of, 69–73
basalt, 67, 69–73, 77, 150, 154, 413
cordilleran geoscientists and, 148–49
craton, 413
earthquake waves and, 390
gneiss, 414
granites, 77, 81, 85, 414
Eldridge Moores and ophiolite sequences, 149–56
serpentine, 150–51, 154
Rocky Mountains, 111
Rodinia, 83
Rogers, John, 79
Rogers, Will, 206
roller skating, 238
Roman numerals, intensity scale, 389
Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 374
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 53–54, 142, 224, 304–5
Ross Alley, 221
Rossi, M. S. de, 389–90
Rossi-Forel Scale, 389–90
Route 66, 124
routes to California, 123–25
Royal (company), 329
Ruef, Abraham, 223–24, 309, 358
rural communities, disaster recovery and, 303
Ruscha, Ed, 133–34
Russian Hill, San Francisco, 228, 294
Russ’s Gardens, 216
Sacramento, California, 128
Sacramento River, 46
safes, iron, 285–86
SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) project, 182–87
Saint Andrew, 164
Saint Francis of Assisi, 46, 203
St. Lucia earthquake, 25, 391
Saint Philip’s Episcopal Church, 96
Salton Sea, 197–200
saltwater firefighting system, 228–29
San Andreas Fault, 157–200. See also plate tectonics
Alaska earthquakes and, 369
Big Bend section of, 187–96, 199–200
creation of, 165–71
damage area of Great San Francisco Earthquake and, 259
earthquake forecasts for, 362–67
elastic rebound theory and, 179–82, 272–73
as line between North American Plate and Pacific Plate, 163–65 (see also North American Plate; Pacific Plate)
Loma Prieta Earthquake of 1989 and, 362
Los Angeles vs. San Francisco and proximity to, 333
Eldridge Moores, ophiolite sequences, and, 156
Mount Diablo and, 37–42
Olema and maximum ground displacement of Great San Francisco Earthquake, 171–74
Portola Valley and, 366–67
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) project and, 182–87
San Miguel and Parkfield, California, on, 157–63
southern spreading zone of, 196–200
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) project, 182–87
San Diego, California, 203
San Francisco (film), 292, 351
San Francisco, California, 201–30. See also California; Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
author’s first view of, from Mount Diablo, 29–32, 43–48 (see also Mount Diablo)
Enrico Caruso and opera in, 233–38
Chinatown and Chinese immigrants, 217–23 (see also Chinatown; Chinese immigrants)
City Hall (see City Hall)
corrupt pre-earthquake government of, 223–25 (see also government, San Francisco)
current preparedness for earthquakes, 360–67
early population of, 127–28
early view of, 205
earthquake of 1868, 231–33
earthquake of 1989, 360–62
earthquake response plans, 363–64
on evening before Great Earthquake, 231–41
fires and fire department of, 212–13, 228–29
Gold Rush and growth of, 206–17
loss of supremacy to Los Angeles after Great Earthquake and Fire, 331–33
official seal with phoenix, 212
pre-earthquake status of buildings in, 225–29
post-earthquake loss of creative culture, 351–56
post-earthquake rebuilding plan, 229–30, 356–59
settling and naming of, 46, 201–6
supremacy of, and President Teddy Roosevelt, 54
Vesuvius eruption, Los Angeles, and, 229–30
San Francisco Bay Bridge, 361
San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire (book), 419–21
San Francisco Gas and Electric Fire, 292
San Francisco Imperishable (book), 323
San Francisco Real Estate Board, 322
San Gabriel Fault, 167, 195
San Jacinto Fault, 196
San Joaquin River, 45–46
San José, California, 33, 203, 255, 270
San Juan Capistrano, California, 203
Sankara, Adi, 85
San Leandro, California
San Luis Obispo, California, 203
San Miguel, California, earthquakes, 158–63
Santa Barbara, California, 194
Santa Clara, California, 256
Santa Cruz, California, 254–55, 360–61
Santa Rosa, California, 257
scales, 387–403
geological time, 401–3
intensity, 388–96 (see also intensity, earthquake)
magnitude, 396–401 (see also magnitude, earthquake)
schists (term), 414
Schmitz, Eugene
response of, to earthquake and fire, 305–13
selection of, as mayor of San Francisco, 223–25
schools report, 317
science. See also geology; New Geology; plate tectonics
Gaia theory, 4
paleoseismology, 104
reaction to earthquakes and, 56
seismic, 160–63
space exploration, 1–5
of United States in 1906, 49–50
Scientific American (magazine), 233
scrip certificates, 315–16
sea. See ocean
seal, flying (term), 318
seal, San Francisco official, 212
See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson, 269
seismic events. See also earthquakes; volcanoes
animals and, 240–41
in Cali
fornia, 160–61
in New England, 87–88
of 1906, 23–28
of 2004, 28
seismic science, 160–63. See also geology
seismograms, 263, 268
seismographs, 261–73
early Chinese weathercock, 261–62
earthquake magnitude and, 391, 396–401
geologists, Robert Wallace, and, 189
invention of, 262–63, 388
Jesuits and, 264–67
at Meers (Oklahoma) Fault, 106–8
modern analysis of recordings of Great San Francisco Earthquake, 267–73
recordings of, for Great San Francisco Earthquake, 176, 177, 257, 264
seismometers, 161, 263
seismoscope, 265
serpentine rocks, 150–51, 154
Seuss, Eduard, 74
Seward, William, 114
Seymour, William, 338–39
shanghai men (term), 214
shared risk, 325
shear waves (S-waves), 175–76, 398
Shemakha earthquake of 1906, 26
Sheriff’s report, 317
shield rocks, 81
ships
buildings made from, 211
eyewitness accounts from, 251–53
Sieberg, August, 390
Sierra Club, 129, 148
Sierra Nevada range, 44–45
sills (term), 414–15
silver, 137, 214
Simpson, George, 116
Sir Francis Drake Highway, 173–74
Sixpence House (book), 419
size, earthquake. See intensity, earthquake; magnitude, earthquake; scales
size, earth’s, 58
Skaergaard Layered Igneous Intrusion, 71–73
sketches, Caruso’s, 251
Skinner, W. D., 174
skyscrapers, steel-framed, 51, 225
Slot, San Francisco, 228, 245
smallpox insurance, 324–25, 326
smells, earthquakes and, 100–101
Smith, Jedediah, 118–19, 147
Smithsonian Institution, 145
Socialist Voice (newspaper), 308
social reform, insurance companies and, 324–25
Society of Jesus, seismographs and, 265–67
soldiers. See military
Sonoma Valley, 256–57
sounds, earthquakes and, 88, 91, 102
South America, 84
South Carolina Earthquake of 1886, 17, 86–96, 108
Southern Pacific Company, 223, 321, 323
south of the slot (term), 228
space
exploration of, and New Geology, 1–5
view of Great San Francisco earthquake from, 11–13
Spain
naming of Mount Diablo and California by soldiers of, 32–35
rule over California by, 115, 201–6
spreading zones, 60–61, 165–66, 169, 199–200
Spreckels, Claus, 224, 225, 420
Spreckels, Rudolf, 224–25
stamps, post-earthquake mail delivery without, 316
Standard Oil, 43, 94
Stanford, Leland, 128–29, 215, 225
Stanford University, 130, 185–86, 264, 275, 278
state government. See California; government, California
steel-framed skyscrapers, 51, 225
Stegner, Wallace, 144
Steinmann, Gustav, 151
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 351
Stewart, Nellie, 238
Stiattesi Vertical Pendulum, 263
Stillwater Intrusion, 72
stock market, 321–22. See also financial issues
Stockton, Robert, 46
Stone Mountains, 111
Strait of Magellan route to California, 123–24
Strange Genius (book), 138–39
stratigraphy, geological time scale, 401–3
Strauss, Levi, 218
Street of Gamblers, San Francisco, 221
strike (term), 416
strike-slip faults, 167–71, 174, 180, 372
Students Astronomical Observatory, 270
subduction zones, 60–61, 166
subjective earthquake measurements. See intensity, earthquake
Suess, Eduard, 151
sugar daddy (term), 225
suicides, 323–24
Sullivan, Dennis, 228–29, 239–40, 283–84
Sullivan, Margaret, 284
Sumatran earthquake and tsunami of 2004, 28, 85, 90, 240, 303, 370, 397–400
Summerville, South Carolina, 88–90, 93, 95, 108
Sun Yat-sen, 223
Sunset (magazine), 353–54
supercontinents, 73–86
surface waves, 175
Surtsey Island, 65–69
Suter, Johan. See Sutter, John ( Johan Suter)
Sutro, Adolf, 225–26
Sutter, John (Johan Suter), 35, 119–21
S-waves (shear waves), 175–76, 398
Sweet Nell of Old Drury (play), 238
Système International d’Unités, 78
Taft, William Howard, 310–11
Taiping Rebellion, 219
Taiwan earthquake of 1906, 26
Tangrenbu. See Chinatown
technology of United States in 1906, 50–52
tectonic plates, 57–62, 416. See also faults; North American Plate; Pacific Plate; plate tectonics
Tecumseh, 99
Tejon Pass (California) earthquake, 191–94
Telegraph Creek, California, 169
Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, 228, 294
telegraph lines, 124, 128, 287, 315
telephone exchanges, 287, 297
tents, 210, 313
terrane (term), 155, 416–17
Tertiary Period, 415
Tethys, 74
Texas, 111, 133–34
theaters, 238
Thingvellir, Iceland, 67–68
thixotropic (term), 417
Thomas, Lewis, 3–4
Three Years in California (book), 116
Tibet, 39
Tiffany, Charles, 141–42
time scale, geological, 401–3
timing of Great San Francisco Earthquake, 12–18, 253, 267–71
Todd, James, 142. See also King, Clarence
Tok, Yukon, 377
tongs, Chinese, 222.
trails to California, 124–25
transcontinental railroads, 124, 128. See also railroads and railroad companies
transform faults, 60–61
Transverse Ranges, 191, 194–95
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 114–15
Temblor Range, 188–89, 194
triple junctions, San Andreas Fault, 167–69
tsunamis
Alaskan, of 1964, 371
measuring, 387
riverine, 412
Sumatran, of 2004, 28, 365 (see also Sumatran earthquake and tsunami of 2004)
Tumaco, Colombia, 24
Turner, Thomas, 89
Twain, Mark, 34
2004 (year), seismic events of, 28. See also Sumatran earthquake and tsunami of 2004
Two Years Before the Mast (book), 116, 204
Ukiah, California, 270
umbo (term), 417
Union Square, San Francisco, 216
United States
acquisition of California by, 113–15
Army Corp of Engineers and Alaska Highway, 374
Congress, President James Polk, and Great Western Surveys, 137–38 (see also Great Western Surveys)
Congressional response to Great San Francisco Earthquake, 310–11
Congressional response to insurance company behavior, 328–29
earthquakes in, 95, 109 (see also earthquakes)
Geological Survey (see U. S. Geological Survey)
government (see government, federal)
insurance companies in, 329
military response, 304–13 (see also military)
Mint, 207, 286–87, 311, 315, 3
16
Navy, 312
Post Office, 314–16
EarthScope, SAFOD project, and, 185–87
San Francisco’s supremacy and President Teddy Roosevelt, 53–54
science, technology, politics, and culture of, in 1906, 49–56
Weather Bureau, 253
U. S. Geological Survey
earthquake forecasts, 362–63
Clarence King and, 140, 142
John Wesley Powell and, 148
reports on Great San Francisco Earthquake, 280–81, 284–85, 286, 291
SAFOD project and, 185–87
University of California, 14, 18, 149
uplift, San Andreas Fault, 194–95
Ur, 79, 82
urban planning efforts, 229–30, 356–59
Valle de San Andreas, 164
Vallejo, California, 128
Valparaiso earthquake of 1906, 27–28
Vancouver, George, 116
Van Dyke, W. S., 292
velocity, earthquake wave, 398
Vesuvius eruption of 1906, 26–27, 229–30, 234
vibration detectors, 263.l See also seismographs
vigilantism, 129, 213
Vigne, Jean-Louis, 116
Vincent Fault, 196
Vincenti-Konkoly Vertical Pendulum, 263–64
volcanic earthquakes, 25
volcanic layered rock, 71–73
volcanoes. See also seismic events
animals and, 240
Iceland’s, 66
measuring, 387–88
Mount Diablo mistaken for, 38–39
Mount Shasta, 45, 372
Pacific Plate and, 372
plate tectonics and, 59, 60–61, 85–86
predicting, 365
subduction, and, 165–66, 169
Vesuvius eruption of 1906, 26–27, 229–30, 234
Yellowstone National Park and, 380–85
Von Rebeur-Paschwitz Horizontal Pendulum, 264
vulnerability
building construction, 390, 391–96
San Francisco’s, 47–48
Wadati, Kiyoo, 396
wagons
Conestoga, 118, 413
latrine-emptying, 313
Walker’s Continental Divide Road-house, 375
Wallace, Robert, 189–91
Wall Street crash of 1929, 321
Wal-Mart (company), 375–76
Walsh, Harry, 248–49
Walsh, William, 323
Wapakoneta, Ohio, 1–3
Wappingers Falls Sequence of 1974, 87–88, 95
Washington Street, San Francisco, 243–45
water supply
damage to, 289–90, 361
establishment of, 210, 214
firefighting and poor condition of, 229, 239, 320
restoring, 313
Watson Lake, British Columbia, 375
waves, earthquake, 175–76, 390, 398–99
weather, pre-earthquake, 231. See also wind
Weather Bureau
San Francisco, 14, 16–17
United States, 253
weathercock, earthquake, 261–62
Wegener, Alfred, 69–70, 73–74
Wellington (ship), 252