], [>]
Skicowáros, [>], [>], [>]
skrælings (natives), [>], [>] (n)
Slany, John, [>]
“slave cords,” [>]–[>]
slaves, runaway, sanctuary given, [>]
smallpox dance (itohvnv), [>]
Smith, James, [>]
Smith, John
capture and release of, [>]
and conditions at Jamestown, [>], [>], [>]
departure from Virginia, [>] (n)
explorations along New England coast, [>]
on Indian interest in beads, [>]
Ktə̀hαnəto’s assistance to, [>]
relationship with Opechancanough, [>], [>] f, [>]
and the story of Pocahontas, [>]
on woodlands of Virginia, [>]–[>]
Smith, William, [>]
Snow Hill, NC, [>]–[>]
Sokokis, [>]–[>]
Solutrean culture (southwestern Europe), [>]–[>]
Sonte, John, [>] (n)
South Carolina. See also Indian slave trade/slaves
African slaves in, [>]–[>]
Chicora colony, [>]
separation from North Carolina, [>]–[>]
soldiers from, at Will’s Creek, [>]
Yamasee War, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Southeast America, [>], [>]
Southeast Tribal Territories (map), [>] f
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, [>], [>]
Southern Cult, [>]
South Mountain, PA, [>]–[>]
soveraignty & goodness of God. . ., The (Rowlandson), [>]
Spain/Spanish
alliance with England during the Nine Years’ War, [>]
brutality of, [>]
colonization efforts, [>], [>], [>] (n)
destruction of Native tribes by, [>], [>]
dominance in North America, [>]
explorations along Southeast coast, [>]
mission network, [>]
northern expansion of empire, [>]
outlawing of Indian slavery, [>]
participation in King William’s War/Nine Years’ War, [>]
repartimiento system, [>], [>], [>]
Spanish Florida, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
during Yamasee War, [>]
War of the Spanish Succession, [>]–[>]
whaling and fishing expeditions to North America, [>]–[>]
spear points, Clovis, [>]–[>]
Speedwell (ship), [>]
Spotswood, Alexander, [>]–[>], [>]
Squando, [>]
Squanto (Tisquantum), [>], [>]–[>]
squaw, origins of term, [>] (n)
squaw sachem, [>], [>] (n)
Squirrel (ship), [>]
Stadacona Iroquis, [>]–[>], [>]
Stallings Island people, GA, [>]
Stamp Act of 1765, [>]
Stanford, Dennis, [>]–[>]
Stanton, Thomas, [>]
St. Augustine, FL, [>]
Stephen, Adam, [>]
Stevens, Simon, [>]–[>]
Stobo, Robert
delays in reaching Fort Prince George, [>]
description and map of Fort Duquesne, [>] f, [>], [>]
efforts to swap French prisoners for, [>]
escape attempts, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
at Fort Necessity, [>]
as hostage, [>], [>]–[>]
imprisonment, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
life after return to Virginia, [>]–[>]
mission to Amherst at Crown Point, [>]
preparation for war, [>]
service with Wolfe, [>]–[>]
suicide, [>]
trial of, for treason, [>]–[>]
unmarked grave, [>]
Stone, John, [>]–[>]
Stoneman, John, [>]
Stonewall John (John Wallmaker), [>] (n), [>]
Strachey, William, [>]
Stuart, Charles, 3510352
Stuart’s Town, Port Royal Sound, [>]
Stucley, Thomas, [>]–[>], [>] (n)
Stump, Stoffel, [>], [>]
Stuyvesant, Peter, [>]–[>]
Susquehanna Indians, [>]
Susquehanna Valley, PA
depopulation of following Beaver Wars, [>]
European settlement, [>]
inclusion east of the Proclamation Line, [>]–[>]
Lenape relocation to, [>]
Penn’s desire to expand in to, [>]
relocation of Natives to, [>]–[>], [>]
sanctuary provided runaway slaves, [>]
Susquehanna backcountry, [>]–[>]
Susquehannock
homeland, [>]
military support from the English, [>]
Piscataway settlement with, [>]
resettlement in Susquehanna Valley, [>]
wars with Virginia settlers, [>]
Sweden/Swedes
basic misunderstanding of Native culture, [>]–[>]
settlement along Delaware Bay, [>], [>]
territory controlled by, [>]
Swedish Florida Company, [>]
Switzerland/Swiss
immigration to Carolina, [>]
Tuscarora attacks on, [>]
Syll, Joseph, [>]
Tagashata, [>]
Taignoagny, [>]–[>]
Taino, [>]
Tamanend, [>]–[>]
Tamaqua (“the Beaver”), [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tampa Bay, FL, [>]
Tampico, Mexico, [>]–[>]
Tanaghrisson
allegiance to the Mingo, [>]
as diplomat/negotiator, [>], [>]
efforts to find asylum, [>]
first records of, [>] (n)
illness and death, [>], [>] (n)
murder of Jumonville, [>]
relationship with the French, [>], [>]
relationship with Washington, [>], [>]
relocation to Harris’ Ferry, [>]
requests for military support, [>]
spellings of name, [>]
relationship with Shingas, [>]
support for building fort at Forks of the Ohio, [>]
trip to Aughwick by, [>]
unmarked grave, [>]
Tantamous (Old Jethro), [>], [>]
Tarachiawagon. See Weiser, Conrad
Tatatiquinea (Peter Conway), [>]
Tatobem, [>]–[>]
Teedyuscung
and attacks on frontier settlers, [>]–[>], [>]
at Easton treaty councils, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
efforts to discredit, [>]–[>], [>]
exposure of the Walking Purchase fraud, [>]
murder of, [>]
as peace maker, [>]
personality, [>]
removals experienced by, [>]
unmarked grave, [>]
teethha (Tuscaroran chief), [>]
Tennessee Path, [>]
Thomas, Will, [>]–[>]
Thoreau, Henry David, [>]–[>]
Thule, [>]–[>]
Thury, Louis-Pierre, [>]
Tift (Teffe), Joshua, [>], [>] (n)
Timucua, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tisquantum (Squanto), [>] (n), [>]–[>]
tobacco, [>]–[>]
Tom Blount, [>], [>]
torture, ritual. See also captives; scalping
among Algonquians, [>], [>], [>], [>]
as component of Native warfare, [>]–[>]
Gyles on, [>]
by Mohegan, [>]
by the Ohio Indians, [>]–[>]
by Pequot, [>]
scalping as, [>] (n)
by the Tuscarora, [>]–[>]
by the Yamasee, [>]
Tostee, Peter, [>]
Townshend Acts of 1767, [>]
trade, traders. See also Indian slave trade
among Paleo-Indians, [>] (n)
with the Basque, [>]
desirable vs. undesirable items, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
between explorers
and interdependency between Natives and colonists, [>]–[>]
native commercial interests, [>]–[>]
in Ohio country, [>], [>], [>]
in South Carolina, [>]–[>]
trade pidgin, [>], [>], [>], [>] (n)
trade wars, [>]
trail systems for, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
trail systems
Allegheny Path, [>]
Calusa, [>]
Nipmuc Trail, [>]–[>]
Pennsylvania, map showing, [>] f–87 f
and Pleistocene travelers, [>]–[>]
rivers as, [>]–[>]
Sheshequin Path, [>]
through Spanish Florida, [>], [>]
well-established, within woodlands, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
treaties, treaty councils
between Abenaki and English, [>]
between the Abenaki and Maine colonies, [>]
Easton treaty councils, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Native speeches at, recording of, [>] (n)
between Ohio Indians and Pennsylvania officials, [>]–[>]
second Easton treaty, [>]
1638 treaty between Pequot and English, [>]
1675 between Narragansett and the United Colonies, [>]
1744 at Lancaster, [>]
Treatise of Military Discipline, A, [>], [>], [>]
Trent, William, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Tribal Territories of the Northeast (map), [>] f
“tribe,” as term, [>]
tribute. See also wampum
among Algonquians, [>]
among the Calusa, [>]
imposed on Pequot, [>]
reciprocity implied by payment of, [>]
as recognition of authority, [>], [>]
Smith’s demands for, [>]
Tsenacommacah, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Tulpehocken Valley, PA, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Tundra Nentsi group, Siberia, [>]
Tuscarora
attacks on by Barnwell and Yamasee, [>]–[>]
attacks on settlers by, [>]–[>]
defeat and enslavement, [>], [>]–[>]
defensive works, [>]–[>]
at Easton grand council, [>]
homeland, [>]
integration into the Iroquois, [>]–[>], [>]
life and customs, [>]–[>], [>] (n)
ongoing attacks on, [>]–[>]
origins, [>]
relocation efforts, [>]–[>], [>]
territory controlled by, [>]
Tuscarora and Yamasee Wars (map), [>] f
Tutelo, [>], [>], [>]
Twide, Richard, [>]
Unalachtigo (Jerseys), [>], [>] (n)
Unami (Delaware Lenape), [>], [>] (n). See also Lenape (Delaware)
Uncas
capture and murder of Miantonomi, [>]
during King Philip’s War, [>], [>]
leadership position, [>]–[>]
relationship with the Connecticut River colonies, [>]–[>]
relationship with the English, [>]
relationship with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, [>]
relationship with the Narragansett, [>], [>]
relationship with the Pequot, [>], [>]–[>]
Underhill, John, [>], [>]–[>], [>] f, [>]–[>]
United Colonies of England, [>], [>], [>]
United Provinces of the Netherlands. See Netherlands/the Dutch
Upper Creek, [>]
uprisings, Native, fear of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also King Philip’s War; Pontiac’s War; Yamasee War
van Braam, Jacob
acquittal, [>]
escape attempt, [>]
as hostage, [>], [>]–[>]
imprisonment, [>], [>]–[>]
as interpreter/negotiator, [>], [>]–[>]
retirement, [>]
trial of, for treason, [>]–[>]
Vane, Henry, [>]–[>]
Vaudreil, Pierre de Rigaud de, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Vaughan, Alden, [>]
Velasco, Don Luis de, [>]
Verrazano, Giovanni da, [>], [>]–[>]
vigilantes and lynch mobs, [>]
Vikings, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Vinland (Newfoundland), [>]–[>]
Virginia. See also Jamestown colony
absence from Albany Congress, [>]
Algonquian-speaking peoples, [>]
in fight against Tuscarora, [>]
military actions in Ohio country, [>]
Natives captured from, [>]
non-Algonquian peoples, [>]
the Ohio Company, [>]
response to defeat at Great Meadows in, [>]
soldiers from, at Will’s Creek, [>]
treaties/land deals with Iroquois, [>]–[>]
Virginia Company, [>]–[>]
war between Susquehannock and settlers in, [>]
during Yamasee War, [>]
Virginia Company, [>]
Wabash River, [>]–[>]
Wahunsenacwah (Powhatan), [>]
Waldron, Richard, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
walina’kiak, [>]
Walker, John, [>] (n)
Walking Purchase
exposure of as deceit, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
as land grab, [>]–[>]
Teedyuscung’s dropping of claim of fraud, [>]
Wallace, Alfred, Wallace’s Line, [>] (n)
Wallangundowngen. See Post, Christian Frederick
Walsingham, Francis, [>], [>]
Wampanoag
aid given Pilgrims at Plymouth, [>]
depopulation of, [>]
as English captives, [>]–[>]
groups included in, [>] (n)
during King Philip’s War, [>], [>]–[>]
relations with the Narragansett, [>], [>]
wampum
communications using, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
diplomatic function, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f, [>], [>]
exchange value, [>], [>]–[>]
trade in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Wamsutta, [>], [>], [>] (n)
Wanalancet, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Wapánahki
creation stories, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] (n)
daily life/diet, [>]–[>]
depopulation of, [>]
early encounters with the wenooch, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
efforts to convert to Christianity, [>]
as English captives, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
groups included in, [>], [>] (n)
hunting territory, [>]
language, [>] (n), [>] (n)
names, rendering of, [>] (n)
relationship with English, [>] (n), [>], [>] (n)
relationship with French, [>]
relationship with Mi’kmaq, [>]
territory controlled by, [>]
trail systems, [>]–[>]
western Abenaki branch, [>]
Wapping, [>]
Ward, Edward, [>], [>]
warfare. See also ritual torture; scalping; weapons; specific wars and conflicts
along eastern frontier, changing rationale for, [>]
among Natives, [>], [>]
biological, [>]
early, evidence for, [>]
between Natives and colonists, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Native vs. European, [>]–[>]
sham battles, [>] (n)
War of the Austrian Succession (King George’s War), [>]
War of the Grand Alliance, [>]
War of the League of Augsburg, [>]
War of the Spanish Succession, [>]–[>]
Warresquioake, VA, [>], [>]
Warumbee, [>]
Washington, George
at battles for Fort Duquesne, [>], [>]
campaigns conducted by (map), [>] f
commission to deliver message to French, [>]–[>]
criticism of, following military defeat, [>]
with First Virginia Regiment, [>] f
at Fort Cumberland, [>]–[>]
at Fort Necessity, [>]–[>]
and Jumonville’s death, [>], [>] (n)
provisioning responsibilities, [>]–[>]
rejection of Logstown as site for a fort, [>]
relationship with the French, [>]
road building responsibilities, [>]–[>]
role in start of Seven Year’s War, [>]
travel journal, [>