Church, Benjamin, [>]
Clark (English captive), [>]–[>]
Clark, Thaddeus, [>]
“clearing the woods” ceremonies, [>], [>], [>]
Clinton, George, [>]–[>]
Clovis people, “Clovis First” hypothesis, [>]–[>], [>] (n), [>]–[>], [>]
Cochecho trading post (Dover, NH), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Columbus, Christopher, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Commissioners of the Indian Trade, SC, [>]–[>]
Conestoga
inclusion in the Five Nations, [>]–[>]
massacres of, [>]
origins, [>] (n)
relocation to Susquehanna Valley, [>]
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, [>]
Congaree, [>]
Connecticut
land grabs during Albany Congress, [>]
Susquehanna Company, [>]
threat to invade Pennsylvania, [>]–[>]
treaty between Pequot and English, [>]
settlement of, [>], [>]
Connecticut River valley
Dutch settlers, [>]
English settlers, [>], [>]
Pequot War, [>]
re-emergence of Pequot along, [>]
Connecticut Susquehanna Company, [>]
Conococheague Valley settlers, [>]–[>], [>] f
Conodoquinet Creek, PA, [>]
Conoy, [>], [>]
Contrecoeur, Sieur de (Claude-Pierre Pécaudy), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Cook, James, [>]
Cooper, James Fenimore, [>] (n)
Coosa, [>]–[>]
Coree Tom, [>]
corn, maize, cornmeal (nokake)
dependence on, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
domestication/cultivation of, [>], [>]
for Jamestown settlers, [>]
role in the Pequot wars, [>], [>]–[>]
as tribute, [>], [>]
Côrte-Real, Gaspar, [>]
Cortés, Hernán, [>]
Coulon de Villiers, Louis, [>]
Covenant Chain (Five Nations), [>], [>]–[>]
Cowasuck, [>], [>]–[>]
Craven, Charles, [>]–[>]
Cree, [>]
Creek
alliance with Carolinians, [>]
relationship with Cherokee, [>]
Seminole descendents, [>]
slave trading by, [>]
territory controlled by, [>]–[>]
Cresap, Thomas (“Maryland Monster”), [>], [>] (n), [>]–[>], [>] (n)
Croatan, [>]
Croghan, George
background and education, [>]
as backwoods trader, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
capture, [>]
debts, [>], [>]
as guide during military operations, [>]
importation of alcohol into Logstown, [>]
land speculation/business ventures, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
relationship with French, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
relationship with Natives, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
relationship with Pennsylvania assembly, [>], [>], [>], [>]
unmarked grave, [>]
Croghan’s Forest, NY, [>]
Crow Creek, SD, massacre, [>]
Cuba, [>]–[>], [>]
Currin, [>]
Cuttyhunk Island, RI, [>]–[>]
d’Abbadie, Bernard-Anselme (Baron de Saint-Castin), [>]
Da Costa, Mathieu, [>], [>] (n)
d’Amours, Louis (Sieur des Chaffours), [>]–[>]
d’Amours, Marguerite, [>]
d’Amours, Marie-Charlotte, [>]
Davenport, John, [>]
Davis Point, ME, [>] (n)
de Acosta, José, [>] (n)
de Ayllón, Lucas Vázquez, [>]
de Bry, Theodor, [>] f
Deerfield, MA
captives from, [>], [>]–[>] (n)
Indian attack on, [>]–[>], [>]
deerskin trade, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Defoe, Daniel, [>]
Delaware (Dillaway) George, [>]
Delaware Bay settlers, [>], [>]
Delaware River settlers, [>]
Deming, Edwin Willard, [>] f
Denny, William, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Denton, Daniel, [>]–[>]
de Rasieres, Isaak, [>]–[>]
Dermer, Thomas, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Description of the Countrey of Mawooshen, Discovered by the English, in the Yeere 1602, The (Gorges), [>]
de Soto, Hernando, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
de Villiers, Louis Coulon, [>]–[>]
Dillaway (Delaware) George, [>]
Dillehay, Tom, [>]
Dinwiddie, Robert
claim of extension of Virginia to the Pacific, [>]
following loss at Great Meadows, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
fort authorization, [>], [>]
message to French from, [>]–[>]
orders from king, [>]
relationship with Virginia Assembly, [>]
response to Stobo’s letter, [>]
treaty with Six Nations, [>]
Discoverer (ship), [>], [>]
disease, epidemics
biological warfare using, [>], [>] (n)
“Black Death,” [>] (n)
“crowd” diseases, [>]
earliest onset of, debates about, [>]
endemic diseases, [>]–[>]
following arrival of Europeans, [>], [>], [>]
impact on Natives, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
malaria, [>]
measles, [>], [>]
Native-to-Native transmission, [>] (n)
serial pandemics, [>]–[>]
slave ships as sources of, [>]
smallpox, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
swine influenza, [>]
syphilis (“great pox”), [>]
trade and, [>]–[>]
tuberculosis, [>]
yellow fever, [>]
divine intervention, European perception of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Doeg, [>]
Domagaia, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Dominion of New England, [>], [>] (n)
Don Luis (Algonquian captive), [>]
Donnacona, [>]–[>]
Dorset, [>]
Drake, Francis, [>]–[>]
Dublett, Tom (Tom Nepanet), [>], [>]
Dugilu´yı̆(Tugaloo), [>]
Dunbar, Thomas, [>]–[>]
Duquesne, Marquis (Ange Duquesne de Menneville), [>]
Durantaye, Louis-Joseph Morel de La, [>]
Duston, Hannah Emerson
bounty paid to, [>]
capture and treatment, [>]–[>], [>] (n)
celebrity, [>], [>]–[>]
escape, [>]–[>]
family background, [>]
Duston, Martha, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Duston, Thomas
background, [>]
bounty claim, [>]
defense against Abenaki attack, [>], [>] (n)
respect for, in Haverhill, [>]
Easton, John, [>]
Easton, PA, treaty councils at, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Eiriksson, Thorvald, [>]
Eirik the Red, [>]
Eliot, John, [>]
Emerson, Elizabeth, [>]–[>]
Emerson, Michael, [>]
encomienda system, [>] (n)
Endecott, John, [>]–[>]
Endless Mountains (keekachtanemin), [>]
England/English, [>] (n). See also King Philip’s War; Seven Years’ War
attitudes towards Natives, [>], [>], [>]
British army in North America, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
colonizing intent, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
divine entitlement, sense of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
as farmers and traders, [>]
George III’s proclamation against settlement by, [>]–[>]
impact of Native depopulation on, [>]
King William’s War/Nine Years’ War, [>], [>]
in Maine, clearing out of, [>]–[>]
negotiations with Iroquois, [>]
Pitt administration policies, [>]
relationship with Abenaki, [>]–[>]
relationship with the Algonquian, [>]
relationship with French and Spanish, [>], [>], [>]
relationship with Natives, [>], [>] (n), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
relationship with Pequot, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
relationship with the Susquehannock, [>]
renewal of tensions along northern frontier, [>]
response to Marblehead riot, [>]
settlements in North America, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
stinginess, [>]
territory controlled by, [>]–[>], [>]
trade and use of wampum, [>]–[>]
war with Opechancanough, [>]
wars against France, [>], [>], [>]
wars against the Wampanoag, [>]
Epenow, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Ephrata, PA, der Kloster at, [>]–[>]
epidemics. See disease, epidemics
Erie (tribe), [>]
Essomericq, [>]
Europe/Europeans. See also Seven Years’ War; trade; specific European nations
as Christian vs. pagan, [>]
diseases brought by, [>]
and diversity of place names, [>]
impact of Native depopulation on, [>]
initial welcome of, [>]
land ownership, [>]
national identity vs. racial identity, [>]–[>]
Natives’ changing views of, [>]
Nine Years’ War, [>]
population growth, impacts, [>]–[>]
pre-colonial Native visits to, [>] (n)–97 (n)
rape of Indian women, [>]
writing/literacy among, [>]
Evans, John, [>]
Exeter, RI, Queen’s Fort, [>] (n)
extinctions, mass, explanations for, [>]–[>]
Eyak-Athabaskan language, [>]
Faeroe Islands, North Sea, [>]
Fairfield, CT, [>]
Falls of the Delaware, [>]
Falmouth, ME, [>]
famine, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
fauna, pre-contact, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Fauquier, Francis, [>]
Fernandes, Simão, [>] (n)
Filles du Roi, [>]
Findlay, John, [>]
Finger Lakes, NY, [>]–[>]
Finnish settlers, [>]–[>]
fire, Native use of, [>]–[>]
First Virginia Regiment, [>]–[>]
Five Nations. See Iroquois League (Five or Six Nations)
flora
history of, reconstructing, [>] (n)
pre-contact, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Florida
domination by Spanish, [>], [>]
during last glacial maximum, [>]
Native inhabitants, [>]–[>], [>]
Folsom, NM, [>]
Forbes, John, [>]–[>], [>]
forests, maintenance of, [>]–[>]
Fork Indians, [>]. See also Lenape (Delaware)
Forks of the Delaware, PA, [>], [>]–[>]
Forks of the Ohio, PA
attacks on white settlers, [>]
Croghan warehouse at, [>]
forts at, [>], [>]–[>]
strategic importance, [>]
Forks of the Susquehanna, PA, [>]
Fort Allen, PA, [>]
Fort Augusta, Sunbury, PA, [>]
Fort Caroline, FL, [>], [>]–[>]
Fort Cumberland, Will’s Creek, MD, [>]–[>]
Fort Dietrich Snyder, PA, [>]
Fort Duquesne, PA
abandonment and destruction of, [>]
assault on, Croghan’s dismay with, [>]
battle at, [>]–[>]
building and arming of, [>]–[>]
defeat of Braddock’s army near, [>]
second British assault on, [>]–[>], [>]
Stobos’ captivity at, [>]
Stobos’ description and map of, [>]–[>], [>] f
Washington’s march on, [>] f
Fort Granville, PA, [>]
Fort King George, Darien, GA, [>]
Fort LeBoeuf, PA, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Fort Ligonier, PA, [>]
Fort Loudoun, PA, [>]
Fort Loyall, Falmouth, ME, [>]
Fort Machault, PA, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Fort McCord, PA, [>]
Fort Necessity, Great Meadows, PA, [>], [>]–[>]. See also Great Meadows, PA
Fort Niagara, NY, [>]
Fort Northkill, PA, [>], [>]
Fort Oswego, NY, [>]
Fort Pitt, PA, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Fort Presque Isle, PA, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Fort Prince George, PA, [>]–[>]
Fort Saybrook, CT, [>], [>]–[>]
Fort Shirley, Aughwick, PA, [>]
Fort Stanwix, NY, [>]
Fort Venango (formerly Fort Machault), [>]
Fort William Henry, NY, [>]
France/French. See also Fort Duquesne; Seven Years’ War
Carignan-Salieres military regiment, [>]–[>]
colonies, [>], [>]
early explorations by, [>]
entitlement, sense of, [>], [>]
Huguenots, [>], [>]
and the Iroquois Covenant Chain, [>]
King William’s War/Nine Years’ War, [>], [>]
military build-up/strategy, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
participation in attack on Pemaquid, [>]
proces-verbaux, [>]
Récollets, [>]
relationship with England, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
relationship with Natives, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
relationship with Spanish, [>]–[>]
rescue of Ingram, [>]
scalping by, [>] (n)
slave ownership, [>]–[>]
stinginess, [>], [>]
territory controlled by, [>]
whaling and fishing expeditions, [>]–[>]
during Yamasee War, [>]
Franciscans, Récollets, [>]
Franklin, Benjamin
at Albany Congress, [>]
fort construction overseen by, [>], [>]–[>]
references to skin color, [>]
role in Pennsylvania politics, [>], [>]
on the Six Nations, [>] (n)
“free” Indians, [>]
French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War
French Margaret, [>]
Freydis, [>]
Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Measures, [>]
Frobisher, Martin, [>], [>]
Frontenac, Comte de, [>], [>]
frontier, American
first frontier, [>]
remnants of, [>]
shifting definitions of, [>]–[>]
fur trade, [>]–[>], [>]
Galissonière, Roland-Michel de La, [>]
Gallop, John, [>]
Galvano, Antonio, [>]–[>]
Gardener, David, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Gardener, Elizabeth, [>]
Gardener, Lion, [>]–[>], [>]
Gardiner’s Island, [>]
Gargarine (ship), [>]
gauntlet, running the, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
George II, [>]
George III, [>]–[>]
Georges Islands, [>], [>] (n)
Georgia
domination of Spanish, [>]
founding of, as buffer, [>]
Natives in, [>], [>]
San Miguel de Gualdape colony, [>]
Germany/Germans. See also Palatines
possible precolonial Indian visits to, [>]–[>], [>] (n)
settlements by, [>], [>]
Gifte of God (ship), [>]
gift-giving, in Native diplomacy, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] (n), [>], [>]
Gilbert, Bartholomew, [>]–[>]
Gilbert, Humphrey, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Gilbert, Raleigh, [>]–[>]
Gist, Christopher, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Glacial Lake Iroquois, [>]
glaciers, [>]–[>]
Gloucester Harbor, MA, [>]
Gnadenhütten, PA, [>], [>]–[>]
Godspeed (ship), [>]
Gomes, Estevão, [>