Chocolate

  Alexander Badenoch

  Photo Acknowledgements

  The author and publishers wish to express their thanks to the below sources of illustrative material and/or permission to reproduce it. Locations of some artworks are also given below.

  Alvimann/MorgueFile: p. 88; A. Badenoch: pp. 82, 84, 91, 100, 104, 109; Alain Beguerie: p. 98; David Bernstein, New York/Werner Forman Archive: p. 10; Borthwick Institute: pp. 75, 112, 113; Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz: pp. 38, 42, 83, 84; The image of the Black in Western Art Research Project and Photo Archive, W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, Harvard University: p. 43; Godiva Chocolates: p. 70; Mary Evans Picture Library: p. 20; Michael Leaman/Reaktion Books: p. 66; Library of Congress: pp. 67, 79; National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City/Werner Forman Archive: p. 19; Margaret F. MacDonald collection (Die Praktische Konditoreikunst, 1927): p. 97; Maceofoto/Istockphoto: p. 6; Edward H. Merrin Gallery, New York/Werner Forman Archive: p. 18; Montezuma’s Chocolates: p. 71; Roger-Viollet/Rex Features: pp. 32, 49, 64; Sheila Terry/Science Photo Library: p. 16.

  Index

  italic numbers refer to illustrations; bold to recipes

  Acosta, Jose de 20

  adulteration 77, 78

  Amedei 103–4, 104, 105, 106, 119–20

  Archer Daniels Midland 88, 101–2

  Austen, Jane 45, 48–9

  Australia 99

  Aztecs 13–14, 16–19, 21, 25–8, 33

  Baker, Walter and family 52, 88

  ballotins 70

  Banania 82, 85

  BarryCallebaut 88

  Belgium 76, 77

  Benzoni, Girolamo 20

  Bloomsberry 96–7, 112–13, 116

  Boucher, Frangois 49

  Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme 59–60, 108

  Burney, Frances 48

  cacao press 56

  Cadbury Brothers 59, 65, 68, 73, 75, 78, 85–6, 89, 110

  Cailler, Francois-Louis 61

  Cargill 88, 101–2

  Casas, Bartholomé de las 15–16

  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (book and film) 94, 94

  Charpentier, Jean-Baptiste 44

  Chick Chocolates 112–13

  Chocolat (book and film) 115, 115–16

  Chocolate and Lavender Cream 120–21

  varieties 106, recipe 125

  chocolate and annatto 19, 32

  chocolate bars 53, 58, 61–3, 111–18

  manufacturingprocess 60–63

  chocolate in Belgium 63, 69, 70, 76–7, 80, 81, 96, 99

  Chocolate Biscuit Cake 123–4

  chocolate as blood 17–18

  chocolate boxes and packaging 68–72

  chocolate cake 40–41 , 46–7

  chocolate and childhood 49, 65, 66, 66, 67, 73–4, 92

  chocolate and chilli 12 , 32, 33

  chocolate and colonialism 79–86

  chocolate in England 35–41,36

  chocolate in France 34, 58–9, 76

  chocolate and health 26–8, 34–6, 59, 60, 63, 67, 72, 77–8, 108, 109–10

  chocolate ice-cream 41

  chocolate in Italy 34

  chocolate and milk 34, 40, 72, 77, 89

  chocolate in North America 50–51, 92

  chocolate and Roman Catholicism 20, 21–2, 24–5, 31–2, 33, 35, 53, 72, 103, 115–16

  chocolate and Spain 13, 20–21, 31–3, 34, 53, 54, 55

  chocolate and sugar 30, 33

  chocolate in Switzerland 59–60, 76, 77, 99

  Chocolate Truffles, Experimental 124–5

  chocolate and vanilla 12, 32, 34, 47, 63

  chocolate and war 54, 56, 64, 64, 88

  chocolate and women

  as consumers 20–24, 26, 28, 42, 43, 64, 66, 109, 109–20, 112, 113

  as cooks 12, 33, 3, 45

  as witchcraft 23–4

  chocolatieres 43

  cocoa (drink) 25, 57–8, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72–4, 117

  cocoa beans

  fake 13

  and gold 12–13, 15, 25

  growth and production 7–10, 8, 9, 50–51, 51, 56, 59, 79, 87–8

  percentage in chocolate 105

  ritual uses 12, 18, 19

  and slave labour 29–31, 46, 82–6, 101–2

  Coe, Sophie and Michael Coe 9, 26

  Columbus, Christopher 13–14

  Columbus, Ferdinand 15–16

  ‘conching’ 61, 62

  Cote d’Or 81–2, 96, 108, 114

  Cowboy Cookies 121–2

  cows 77, 90

  Doutre-Roussel, Chloé, The Chocolate Conoisseur 103, 107–8, 109

  Dufour, Philippe Sylvestre 25

  ‘dutching’ 56, 57–8

  Engelbrecht, Martin 38

  fair trade 100, 102

  Few, Martha 23

  Franciscans 13

  Fry, J. S. & Sons 50, 59, 60, 64, 66, 75, 82, 84

  Fuentes, Juan de 24

  Gage, Thomas 21–3

  German’s Sweet Chocolate, ‘German’ chocolate 92–4

  Godiva 69, 70

  Hannan, John 52

  Harkin-Engel protocol 101 , 102

  Helm 67

  Hershey, Milton Snavely 59, 76, 89, 105

  Hobsbawm, Eric 54

  Hogarth, William 36

  Hot Chocolate, Historic 122

  Houten, Coenraad van, 57–8, 61, 68

  Jesuits 20, 29–30

  Johnson, Samuel 43–4

  Keuken, Teun van de, Tony Chocolonely 101–2

  Kraft Foods 52, 82, 88

  Lehman, J. M. of Dresden 59

  Leonidas 69

  Lindt, Rodolphe 61, 62, 63

  Lindt & Sprüngli 103

  Liotard, Jean-Etienne 45

  Longhi, Pietro 42

  Mars 89

  Matthieu, Georg David 43

  Maya 10–12 , 33

  mills 50–51

  Montezuma’s 71, 71

  Nestlé 61, 88, 89, 94, 101–2, 117–118, 122

  Neuhaus, Jean 69, 70, 81

  Nietzsche, Friedrich 110

  Ogilvy, John, America 20

  Olmec 8, 9

  Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de 17

  Patrick’s Guanaja Chocolate and Armagnac Mousse 125–6

  People’s Own Enterprise Factory Halloren 90

  Pepys, Samuel 37–9

  praline, pralines 69

  Rabutin-Chantal, Marie de, marquise de Sévigné 34

  Red October chocolate 90, 91

  Roger, Patrick 98

  Rowntree 75, 75 see also Nestlé Black Magic 111, 112

  Sade, Donatien Alphonse François de, Marquis 45–8

  Sahagún, Bernardino de 17–18

  Salazar, Bernardino de, Bishop of Chiapas 21–3

  Sarotti 80–81

  sex 114–17

  TheSimpsons 92–3, 102

  slavery 29–30, 55, 83–6, 101–2

  Squier, E. G. 33

  Suchard 61 , 88, 115–16, 118

  Switzerland, Swiss chocolate 60, 76–7, 99

  Tenochtitlan 13–14, 17, 33, 39

  Theobroma cacao 7, 8, 8, 16, 53

  Valrhona 16–17, 102, 103, 106

  Venezuela 54–5, 83, 103

  Venison Casserole 122–3

  Waterhouse, Debra, Why Women Need Chocolate, 108