Marguerite of Anjou with Henry VI and John Talbot in the “Shrewsbury Talbot Book of Romances,” c. 1445. British Library, Royal 15 E. VI, f.2v (© The British Library Board).
The stained glass Royal Window in Canterbury Cathedral (© Crown Copyright, English Heritage).
Margaret Beaufort by Rowland Lockey, late sixteenth century (by permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge).
Margaret Beaufort’s emblems (© Neil Holmes/The Bridgeman Art Library).
Cecily Neville’s father, the Earl of Westmorland, with the children of his second marriage (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Flammarion/The Bridgeman Art Library).
Portrait of Elizabeth Woodville from 1463 (© The Print Collector/Corbis).
Anne Neville depicted in the Rous Roll, 1483–1485. British Library, Add. 48976 (© The British Library Board).
King Richard III by unknown artist, oil on panel, late sixteenth century; after unknown artist late fifteenth century (© National Portrait Gallery, London).
The risen Christ appearing to Margaret of Burgundy by the Master of Girard de Rousillon, from Le dyalogue de la ducesse de bourgogne a Ihesu Crist by Nicolas Finet, c. 1470. British Library, Add. 7970, f.1v (© The British Library Board).
Elizabeth of York by unknown artist, oil on panel, late sixteenth century; after unknown artist c. 1500 (© National Portrait Gallery, London).
The birth of Julius Caesar from Le fait des Romains, Bruges, 1479. British Library, Royal 17 F.ii, f.9 (© The British Library Board).
The Devonshire Hunting Tapestry, southern Netherlands (possibly Arras), 1430–1440 (© Victoria and Albert Museum, London).
Procession at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth, 1502 (© The Trustees of the British Museum).
The preparations for a tournament. Illustration for René of Anjou’s Livre des Tournois, 1488–1489? Bibliothèque nationale de France, Francais 2692, f.62v–f.63 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Margaret of Burgundy’s crown, Aachen Cathedral Treasury (© Domkapitel Aachen [photo: Pit Siebigs]).
Song “Zentil madona”: from Chansonnier de Jean de Montchenu, 1475?, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Rothschild 2973, f.3v–f.4 (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
The Tower of London from the poems of Charles of Orléans, c. 1500. British Library, Royal 16 F.II, f.73 (© The British Library Board).
Elizabeth of York’s signature on a page of “The Hours of Elizabeth the Queen,” c. 1415–1420. British Library, Add. 50001, f.22 (© The British Library Board).
Wheel of Fortune illumination from the Troy Book, c. 1455–1462. British Library, Royal 18 D.II, f.30v (© The British Library Board).
INDEX
Aachen, 95
Aesop’s Fables, 158
Agincourt, battle of, 4
Alnwick, 300
Amboise, 104, 107
André, Bernard, 50, 114, 163, 243, 265, 278
Angus, Earl of, 313n
Anjou, 4–5, 14, 26
Anne of Brittany, 162, 262
Anne of Cleves, 6
Anne of York, 155, 157, 162, 206, 244–245, 267, 273, 299
Argentine, John, 193
Arthur, Prince of Wales, 259, 263
birth and naming, 245–246
Cecily’s will, 274
death, 297
estate, 247
French campaign, 268
his marriage, 254, 280–281, 285, 290–292
mistress, 256–257
Perkin Warbeck affair, 272
Tudor dynasty, 287
wedding and death, 291–293
Arthurian legends, xxiv, 11, 38–39, 50, 93–94, 158, 160–161, 217n, 245
Attainders, 54, 143, 203, 209, 239
Bacon, Francis, 225, 247, 249
Elizabeth Woodville, 255–256, 259
Henry VIII, 312
Lambert Simnel, 249
Princes in the Tower, 246, 295
Tudor dynasty, 285
Woodville marriage, 242
Ballad of Lady Bessy, 224, 256
Ballads, 70
Bamburgh, 86
Barante (chronicler), 6
Barnet, battle of, 110, 113, 125
Barnwood, 91
Basin, Thomas, 195
Baugé, battle of, 42
Baynard’s Castle, 60–61, 63, 101, 110, 148, 156, 177, 185–187, 237, 290
Beaufort, Cardinal, 23–24
Beaufort, Margaret, xxiii
Buckingham rebellion, 197–200, 203–204
Cambridge University, 309–310
character and education, 31, 73, 303–306
Clarence’s execution, 145
Duke of York’s reburial, 135
early life, 14, 18–19, 42, 47–51
Henry VII’s accession, 186, 236–238, 243–244, 247
Henry VII’s birth, 48–51
Henry VII’s illness death, 312, 314–317
Henry VII’s marriage, 163
Henry VII’s reign, 254–260, 268, 273, 276, 280–285
Henry VIII’s coronation, 316–317
her death, 317–318
her household, 280, 304
her tomb, 321–323
increased independence, 284–285, 288–289
Lancastrian opposition, 96
love of money, 312, 319–320
marriage (de la Pole), 27, 31–32, 72
marriage (Stafford), 50–51, 125–126, 321
marriage (Stanley), 126–128, 320–321
marriage (Tudor), 35–36, 48
Prince Arthur, 244–245
Prince Henry, 310–312
Princes in the Tower, 195–197, 200
relations with Elizabeth of York, 256–260, 299–300
religiosity, 32–33, 154, 257, 274, 304–306, 319
Richard III’s accession, 190–191
status as feme sole, 238–239, 283
Tudor claim, 198–199, 204, 211–212, 219–220, 222–223, 226–227, 231
vows of chastity, 284, 308–309
Warwick rebellion, 99–100, 106
Yorkist opposition, 70–71
Beaujeu, Anne of, 211, 223
Beaulieu Abbey, 124
Beaumont, Viscount, 92n
Becket, Thomas, 25, 99n, 157
Bedford, George, Duke of, 158
Bedford, Jacquetta, Duchess of. See Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedford
Beja, Duke of, 220
Beltane, 78
Berkhamsted, 99, 99n, 137, 148, 186, 225, 273
Bermondsey Abbey, 240, 247, 262
Berwick, 69, 86
Bible stories, 161
Black Jack, 86
Blackheath, 7, 30, 276
Blanche of Lancaster, 18
Blaybourne (archer), 21
Bletsoe, 18, 31
Blore Heath, battle of, 53
Bluemantle Pursuivant, 118
Bocking, John, 43
Boethius, 158, 216–217
Bohemia, 81, 89
Boleyn, Anne, 75
Bolton Hall, 119
Bona of Savoy, 80
Book of Hours, 236, 244, 257, 290
Bordeaux, 36–37
Bosworth, battle of, xxiii, 227–231, 235–236, 243–244, 249, 273
Bourbon, Duchess of, 88
Bourchier, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 181, 190
Bourne Castle, 71
Brackenbury, Robert, 193
Brampton, Sir Edward, 219, 277
Bray, Reginald, 196, 212, 223, 231, 239, 258, 276, 308
Brecon Castle, 196
Brézé, Pierre de, 6, 86
Bridget of York, 158–159, 206, 267, 267n, 274, 296, 3299
Bristol, 110, 261
Brittany, 87–88, 126–127, 163, 178, 191, 196–197, 203, 210, 249, 268
Bruges, 84, 93–94, 158
Buck, George, 123, 195, 197, 199, 215–217, 220, 256
Buckingham, Anne Neville, Duchess of, 51, 54–55, 62, 83
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 1st Duke of, 50–51, 5
8, 70
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of, 236, 239
marriage, 92
Princes in the Tower, 198–199
Richard III’s accession, 173, 175, 177–179, 182–183, 186–191
Buckingham, Katherine Woodville, Duchess of, 92, 189, 204–205, 239, 252
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of, 307
Burgundy, 63, 87–88, 127–129, 138–140, 142, 156–157, 163, 249, 312
Burneby, Thomas, 25
Bury St. Edmunds, 24
Butler, Eleanor, 145–146, 178, 205
Cade, Jack, 28
Caen, 29
Caerleon, Lewis, 195–196
Caister Castle, 120
Calais, 36–37, 52, 54, 58, 86, 88, 99, 101, 109, 287–288
Caltrops, 62
Cambrai, Bishop of, 282
Cambridge University, 309–310. See also Queens’ College, Cambridge
Camulio, Prospero di, 61, 64–65
Canterbury Cathedral, 25, 118, 157, 160
Carmarthen, 48
Catatonic schizophrenia, 37
Catherine of Aragon
education, 160
Elizabeth and Margaret with, 259
her marriage (Prince Arthur), 280–281
Isabella of Castile, 42
marriage (Prince Arthur), 254–255, 280–281, 285, 290–292
marriage (Prince Henry), 307, 310–311, 317
Maundy Thursday, 260
political isolation, 311
potential marriage to Henry VII, 306–307 376
Caxton, William, 73, 151, 158, 161, 245, 257
Cecily of York, 100, 127, 160–162, 206, 244, 252–253, 267, 279n, 291, 299
Cerne Abbey, 110
Chamberlayne, Margaret, 5
Channel Islands, 85
Chapel Royal choir, 133
Charles, Duke of Burgundy
Cecily Neville’s morality, 21
his death, 139, 142, 153
his marriage, 93–94, 138–139
Marguerite’s flight to France, 87
Warwick rebellion, 106
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 314, 315n
Charles VII, King of France, 4, 13, 24, 69–70
Charles VIII, King of France, 128–129, 134, 139, 157, 162, 191, 211, 223, 225
Chastellain, Georges, 13, 87–88, 193
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 13, 158
Cherbourg, 29
Cheyneygate, 244, 247
Child mortality, 293–294
Childbirth and lying-in, 48–49
Chivalric traditions, 6, 11–12, 83n, 93, 119, 291, 310
Christine de Pizan, 8, 10–11, 15, 39, 48–49, 53n, 161, 172
Christ’s College, Cambridge, 309–310
Churching, 37, 48–49, 89, 245
Clarence, George, Duke of
Anne Neville marriage, 122–124
appearance, 98
attainder, 143, 209
disregard for law, 142–143
early life, 26, 63, 71
Edward IV’s paternity, 98, 147, 183
Elizabeth Woodville marriage, 81–83, 91, 146–147, 183–184
his death, xxiii, 144–147, 153, 156, 200
his rebellion, 98, 100–103, 107–109
marriage of, 98
Mary of Burgundy, 98
Clarence, Isabel Neville, Duchess of, 98, 102, 108, 123, 141–142
Clarence, Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of, xxiii
Claver, Alice, 188
Clere, Elizabeth, 25
Cloth of gold, 134
Cock, river, 64
Cock John, 3
Coldharbour, 239, 276, 290, 315
College of St. Martin-le-Grand, 123
Collyweston, 283, 288, 300, 308
Comets, 120
Commynes, Philippe de, 109, 111, 128, 145–146, 165, 183, 218
Cook, Sir Thomas, 95, 109
Corfe Castle, 276
Cornazzano, Antonio, 76
Cornelius (shoemaker), 95
Courtenay, Lady Katherine, xix, 297
Courtenay, William, 289
Courtly love, 13, 38
Coventry, 44, 54, 121
Cromwell, Oliver, 160
Crowland chronicle
Anne Neville marriage, 123
battle of Towton, 65
Clarence death, 147
Clarence marriage, 141–143
Princes in the Tower, 194, 197–198, 200
Richard III’s reign, 174, 176–177, 182–183, 213–215, 220–221, 231
Somerset family, 19
Titulus Regius, 205
Tudor accession, 226, 230–231, 240
Warwick rebellion, 107–108, 112
Woodville family, 92–93
York children, 159
Croydon, 294, 311
Crusades, 162
Daisies, 11, 73, 120, 286
Dampierre, Château de, 166
Darcy, Elizabeth, 256–257
Dartford, 299
Dauphin, the. See Charles VIII, King of France
de Ayala (Spanish envoy), 281
De Infantia Salvatoris, 150
De Puebla (Spanish ambassador), 254
Deal, 275
Dean, Agnes, 297
Deepden Woods, 86
Derby, Thomas Stanley, Earl of, xx–xxi
Henry VII’s accession, 224–231, 239, 242
his death, 308
marriage, 126–128, 320–321
neutrality, 212
Princes in the Tower, 197, 199
reign of Richard III, 203–204
Richard III’s accession, 191
wife’s independence, 288–289
Yorkist claim, 53
Devotio moderna, 149
Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophers, 161
Ditton, Mistress, 253
Dominic, Master, 89
Dorset, Cecily, Marchioness of, 244, 267
Dorset, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of, 111, 176, 197, 220, 225–226, 244, 267
Dorset, Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of, xix, 289
Dover, 28, 157–158, 288
Dublin, 26–27
Dudley, Edmund, 312, 316
Dumfries, 59
Dunstable, 63
Dürer, Albrecht, 55
Durham Cathedral, 136
Edgecote, 99
Edward II, King
his death, 24, 165–166
marriage, 9
Edward III, King, xxii–xxiii, 20, 93, 118–119
Edward IV, King
accession, 64–65
Burgundy negotiations, 127–128, 140, 155–158, 162–163
Clarence’s execution, xxiii, 143–146, 200
disregard for law, 143–144
Edward V’s upbringing, 121
French expedition, 127–129
Henry VII’s accession, 200
his death, 171–173, 200
his reign, 70–74, 97–89, 131, 235, 238
his will, 127, 177
intemperate life, 163–165
Lancastrian opposition, 86, 96
marriage, 75–84, 146–147, 171, 183, 205
minority, 54–55, 61, 63
mistresses, 122, 147
paternity, 21–22, 98–99, 148, 183–184
Richard III’s marriage, 123
royal household, 118
seals of office, 177, 185
Warwick rebellion, 99–104, 106, 108–113
Woodville family, 92–93
Edward of Lancaster, Prince of Wales
arranged marriage, 102
his birth and paternity, 37–39
imprisonment and death, 114, 123–124, 129, 200, 209
Warwick rebellion, 106, 111–112
Yorkist claim, 64
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, 125, 192, 209
Edward the Confessor, 37
Edward V, King
accession, 127
Anthony Woodville, 120
Elizabet
h Darcy, 257
his birth, 117
his marriage, 162–163
imprisonment and death, xxiii, 177, 182–183, 192–195, 198–201
Richard II’s accession, 165–166, 172, 182, 190–193
Richard III’s accession, 174–182
Warwick rebellion, 106–107
Elizabeth I, Queen, 317
Fotheringhay, 134n
Henry VII chapel at Westminster Abbey, 323
linguistic ability, 319
military leadership, 53, 61–62
sexual accusations, 38–39, 271n
Elizabeth of York, xxiii
Anne Neville, 214
appearance, 241, 254–255, 307
as queen, 254–263, 268–269, 271, 280, 293–294
childbirth, 244–245, 262–263, 267, 297–298
cultural influence, 256
early life, 89, 101, 103, 105–106, 119, 124, 144, 159
education and reading, 159–161
estates, 158
finances, 260–261, 268, 296–298
Fotheringhay, 134n her coronation, 251–254
her death, 298–299
her funeral, xvii–xxi, 298–299
her tomb, 322–323
Katherine Gordon, 277–280
marriage, 17, 163, 195–196, 198, 200, 204, 211, 224, 237–238, 240–243, 255–266
marriage of Arthur, 291–292
proposed match with Dauphin, 128, 139, 157, 162, 191
reburial of the Duke of York, 135
relations with Margaret Beaufort, 256–258, 260
religiosity, 151, 257
Richard III, 214–218, 220, 225, 240–241
Tudor claim, 205, 210–211, 237–238
Elphin, Bishop of, 65, 71
Eltham, 82, 118, 158–159, 177–178, 260, 268–269, 282, 313
Empson, Richard, 312, 316
English Chronicle, 52–53
Epiphany celebration, 213–215
Erasmus, 282, 322
Essex, Earl of, 83
Exeter, Anne of York, Duchess of, 72, 90, 107–108, 138
Exeter, Henry Holland, Duke of, 72, 138
Exeter Cathedral, 52
Exhill, 91
Exorcism, 37
Fabian, Robert, 38, 77, 89, 112, 193
Falcon, 155
Falconbridge, Bastard of, 111
Farnham, 247–248, 276
Fastolf, Sir John, 120
Feme sole, 238–239, 283
Ferdinand of Aragon, 44n, 254–255, 281, 310–311, 313
Fifteen Oes, The, 257
Fisher, John, 32, 49, 73, 239–240, 303–306, 309–310, 312, 317–319, 321
Flodden, battle of, 313
Florence, 156
Flour, William, 7
Fotheringhay, 23, 98–99, 131–137, 140, 160, 273, 308, 323
Francis, Duke of Brittany, 126–127, 163, 210
Francisco, Master, 5
French language, 73, 161, 281, 315
Fuensalida (Spanish envoy), 316
Gascoigne, Dr. Thomas, 14