Thanatos The death instinct: the basic source of all drives concerned with destructive behaviour, either towards the self or towards others.
totem An animal, plant, or other natural object held in symbolic reverence.
transference Emotional attitudes developed by the patient towards the analyst.
unconscious Parts of the mind and personality of which a person is not aware.
vitalism Philosophical idea that assumes non-material forces are at work in biology.
Taking it further
Timeline of important events in Freud’s life
1856
Born on 6 May in Freiberg, Moravia.
1860
Family moves to Vienna.
1865
Starts Leopoldstadter Gymnasium (secondary school).
1873
Enters University of Vienna to study medicine.
1876–82
Works on anatomy and physiology under Brücke at the Institute of Physiology in Vienna.
1877
First publications of scientific papers.
1881
Graduates as doctor of medicine.
1882
Engaged to Martha Bernays.
1882–5
Works at Vienna General Hospital. Publishes many scientific papers.
1884–7
Research in clinical use of cocaine.
1885
Appointed as university lecturer in neuropathology.
1885–6
Studies under Charcot.
1886
Sets up private practice in Vienna and marries Martha Bernays.
1887
First uses hypnotic suggestion. Birth of daughter Mathilde.
1887–1902
Friendship and correspondence with Fliess.
1889
Birth of son Jean-Martin.
1890
First uses cathartic method.
1891
Writes On Aphasia. Birth of son Olivier.
1892
Birth of son Ernst.
1893
Birth of daughter Sophie.
1893–6
Works with Josef Breuer.
1895
Publishes Studies in Hysteria jointly with Breuer. Birth of daughter Anna.
1896
First coins term ‘psychoanalysis’. Death of father.
1897
Beginning of self-analysis, leading to ideas about infant sexuality and the Oedipus complex.
1900
Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams.
1901
Publishes The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
1902
Starts Wednesday Psychological Society.
Appointed professor at Vienna University.
1905
Publishes Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.
1906
Beginning of friendship with Jung.
1908
First International Psychoanalytical Congress in Salzburg. Case history of Little Hans.
1909
Travels to America with Jung.
1912
Publishes Totem and Taboo.
1914
Publishes On Narcissism. Jung leaves psychoanalytical movement.
1915
Delivers Introductory Lectures at University of Vienna.
1917
Publishes Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis and Mourning and Melancholia.
1919
Works with soldiers traumatized by war.
1920
Publishes Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Death of daughter Sophie.
1921
Publishes Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.
1923
Publishes The Ego and the Id. First diagnosis of cancer. Death of grandson Heinerle.
1926
Publishes Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety.
1927
Publishes The Future of an Illusion.
1930
Publishes Civilization and its Discontents. Awarded Goethe prize by the City of Frankfurt. Death of mother.
1932
Exchange of letters with Albert Einstein.
1933
Public burning of Freud’s books by the Nazis in Berlin.
1936
80th birthday. Made a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society in Britain.
1938
Hitler invades Austria. Freud moves to London with his wife and daughter Anna. Publishes Moses and Monotheism and An Outline of Psychoanalysis (unfinished).
1939
Dies in London on 23 September.
Places to visit
PRIBOR, CZECH REPUBLIC
Freud’s birthplace. He was born in Zamecnicka Ulice (Locksmith Lane) – very appropriate for a man who was to unlock the secrets of the unconscious. The house where he was born has a plaque commemorating his birth and a sign with a decorative key hanging from it. It is still occupied as a residence and as a business, so you cannot look round. In a nearby plaza there is a monument consisting of three stones, one with a bust of Freud.
SITE OF THE SCHLOSS BELLEVUE, NEAR VIENNA
Here there is a monument bearing a plaque that commemorates Freud’s revelation about the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis.
THE SIGMUND FREUD MUSEUM, BERGGASSE 19, VIENNA
www.freud-museum.at
This was Freud’s family home until 4 June 1938. He also had his consulting rooms here. The museum contains photographs, memorabilia, documents and personal items belonging to Freud. There is an exhibition of his life and work, plus archive video and audio tapes of him, his family and colleagues.
FREUD MUSEUM, 20 MARESFIELD GARDENS, LONDON
www.freud.org.uk
This was the home of Freud and his family after they escaped from the Nazis in Vienna in 1938. It remained the family home until his daughter Anna died in 1982. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud’s library and study, preserved just as they were in his lifetime, including the original psychoanalytic couch. There is a huge collection of antique furniture and artefacts from ancient Egypt, Rome, Greece and the Far East.
A list of Freud’s most important works
Freud was a prolific writer and wrote many essays, papers, lectures and letters as well as full-length books. This is a list of his most important works, in chronological order:
1891
On Aphasia
1895
(with Breuer) Studies On Hysteria
1900
The Interpretation of Dreams
1901
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1905
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1912
Totem and Taboo
1914
On Narcissism
1917
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
1917
Mourning and Melancholia
1920
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1921
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1923
The Ego and the Id
1926
Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety
1927
The Future of an Illusion
1930
Civilization and its Discontents
1938
Moses and Monotheism
An Outline of Psychoanalysis
Further reading
There are a huge number of books available both by and about Freud. The following brief list gives a few suggestions about where to begin further reading.
BOOKS WRITTEN BY FREUD
Freud, S. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (24 Vol.), London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis (1953–74).
Pre-Psychoanalytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts (1886–99)
Studies On Hysteria (1893–5)
Early Psychoanalytic Publications (1893–9)
The Interpretation of Dreams I (1900)
The Interpretation of Dreams II (1900–01)
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)
A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–5)
Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905)
Jensen’s Gradiva and Other Works (1906–8)
The Cases of Little Hans and the Rat Man (1909)
Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Leonardo and Other Works (1910)
Case History of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (1911–13)
Totem and Taboo and Other Works (1913–14)
A History of the Psychoanalytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works (1914–16)
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis Parts I and II (1915–16)
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis Part III (1917)
An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–19)
Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–22)
The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1923–5)
An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–6)
The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–31)
New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis and Other Works (1932–6)
Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psychoanalysis and Other Works (1937–9)
Index
Separate books by Freud include the following:
Freud, S. The Interpretation of Dreams, Random House Publishing Inc. (1994)
Freud, S. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Penguin (1991)
Freud, S. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Penguin (1973)
Freud, S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Penguin (1973)
Freud, S. Moses and Monotheism, Random House (1987)
Freud, S. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, WW Norton & Co (1963)
Freud, S. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Basic Books (1988)
Freud, S. Totem and Taboo, WW Norton & Co (1989)
Freud, S. Future of an Illusion, WW Norton & Co (1989)
Freud, S. The Penguin Freud Library (15 Vol.), Penguin (1991) (has many of Freud’s more important works in paperback)
Freud, S., Freud, A. (Ed.) Essentials of Psychoanalysis, Penguin (1991)
BOOKS ABOUT FREUD AND HIS WORK
Jones, E. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Penguin (1974)
Gay, P. Freud: A Life for Our Times, Dent (1998)
Ferris, P. Dr Freud: A Life, Sinclair-Stevenson Ltd (1997)
Gay, P. The Freud Reader, Norton (1995)
Storr, A. Freud, Oxford (1989)
Wilson, S. Sigmund Freud, Sutton (1997)
Wollheim, R. Freud, Fontana (1991)
Clark, R. W. Freud: The Man and the Cause, Granada (1982)
A psychoanalytical case history:
The Wolf Man. The Wolf Man, Hill and Wang (1991)
BOOKS ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS
Rycroft, C. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalyis, Penguin (1972)
Malcom, J. Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession, Picador (1980)
Fine, R. A History of Psychoanalyis, Columbia University Press (1979)
Bateman, A. and Holmes, J. Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice, Routledge (1995)
Laplanche, J. and Pontalis, J. B. The Language of Psychoanalysis, Hogarth (1985)
ANTI-FREUD BOOKS
Eysenck, H. J. The Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire, Scott-Townsend (1990)
Webster, R. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalyis, Basic Books (1995)
Useful websites
www.freudfile.org
Freud’s life and work
www.psywww.com
Psychology-related information, including entire text of The Interpretation of Dreams
www.answers.com
Handy website with a lot of links
www.nyfreudiansociety.org
Homepage of New York Freudian Society. Site includes a digital version of abstracts from Freud’s work
www.psychoanalysis.org.uk
The Institute of Psychoanalysis and British Psychoanalytical Society
www.psychoanalysis.org
New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute
There are many other psychoanalytical societies worldwide that have websites. You can also find various complete texts by Freud, and many of his letters, including correspondence with Fliess, Martha Bernays, Abraham, Jung and Einstein.
Index
Abraham, Karl, 170, 171
abreaction, 30, 31, 32
abuse, 89–90
Adler, Alfred, 8, 169, 171
affect, 32
altruistic surrender, 136
amnesia, infantile, 108–11
anal aggressive character, 144
anal expulsiveness, 113–14, 144
anal fixation, 113–14
anal retentiveness, 114, 144
anal sex, 93–4
anal stage, 112–14
analytical psychology, 173, 174
‘Anna O’ (Bertha Pappenheim), 29–31
anxiety, 131–2
anxiety dreams, 58
aphasia, 6
art, 157–61
autoerotic stimulation, 93, 100, 107, 111
Bauer, Ida (Dora), 47–50
beliefs, 13–14
Bernays, Martha, 10
‘Beyond the Pleasure Principle’, 78
Binswanger, Ludwig, 170
Bleuler, Eugen, 8
Bosch, Hieronymus, 160
Breuer, Josef, 6, 7, 12, 23, 29–31, 33
Brill, Abraham, 170
Brücke, Ernst Wilhelm von, 17
Brunswick, Ruth Mack, 167, 169
cancer, 11, 14
career, 5–10
cases
‘Anna O’ (Bertha Pappenheim), 29–31
Dora (Ida Bauer), 47–50
Little Hans (Herbert Graf), 165–6
Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer), 166–7
Wolf Man (Sergius Pankejeff), 167–9
castration complex, 98, 115–16, 165
cathartic method, 30, 31
censorship, 55–6
character (of SF), 11
character formation, 144–5
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 6, 20, 21, 22
childhood dreams repression of, 45–6
childhood sexuality, see infantile sexuality
children (of SF), 10
civilization, 147–9
Civilization and its Discontents, 148
cocaine, 19
cognitive behavioural therapy, 181
Collective Unconscious, 74
complexes, 98
condensation, 61, 68, 85
Congress of Freudian Psychology, 8
conscious mind, xxiv, 71, 72
conservation of energy, 28
conversion hysteria, 24
counter transference, 44, 163
creativity, 179
‘culturalist view’, 179–80
Darwin, Charles, 25, 27
death (of father of SF), 44–5
death instinct, 73, 78, 143, 156
decoding method, 64
defence mechanisms, 127–8, 132–9, 175
Delusions and Dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva, 159
denial, 133–4
descendants (of SF), 15
determinism, 18
displacement, 61, 68, 134–5
double meaning, 85
dramatization, 62
dream analysis, 47, 53–4, 163
dream interpretation, 63–5
dream mechanisms, 58–63
‘The Dream of Irma’s Injection’, 7, 46, 53
dreams
Freud on, 3
9
Freudian symbols, 65–7
importance of in psychoanalysis, 52–4
The Interpretation of Dreams, 8, 36, 44, 46, 47, 52
origins, 67–8
and psychotherapy, xxiv–xxv
as wish-fulfilment, 55–8, 59–60
dynamic model of the mind, 124–5
dynamic physiology, 28
dynamic psychology, xxiii
ego, 72, 125, 127–8
The Ego and the Id, 124
ego instincts, 142
Einstein, Albert, 156
Eitingon, Max, 170, 171
Electra complex, 173
electrotherapy, 22–3
Eros, 73, 143
erotogenic zones, 93
evolution, 27
exhibitionism, 95
family (of SF), 1–3, 10
fantasies, 33, 39, 137, 159–60
feminism, 4
Ferenczi, Sàndor, 170, 171, 174–5
fetishism, 94
fixation, 102–3, 108, 112, 113–14, 116, 144–5
Fliess, Wilhelm, 12–13
Fonagy, Peter, 183
Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, 50
free-association technique, 41–2, 46, 54, 59, 163
Freud, Amalie, 1, 2
Freud, Anna, 29, 171, 175–6
Freud, Jakob, 1, 3, 8
Freud, Martha (née Bernays), 10
Freud Museums, 7, 11, 176, 194–5