31 Aaron Thomas Papers
32 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 272
33 NMM manuscript SPB/15
34 Hay 1953, pp. 43–4
35 Hay 1953, p. 44
36 Millard 1895, p. 84
37 NMM manuscript LBK/38
38 TNA ADM 1/5346
39 Hay 1953, pp. 44–5
40 Thursfield 1951, p. 243
41 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 169
42 Thursfield 1951, p. 244
43 Thursfield 1951, p. 245
44 Fraser 1896, p. 272
45 Thursfield 1951, pp. 245–6
46 Thursfield 1951, p. 246
47 Goodall 1860, pp. 20–1
48 Thursfield 1951, p. 247
49 Leech 1844, pp. 36–7
50 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 137
51 Smyth 1867, p. 478
52 Goodall 1860, p. 21
53 Robinson 1836, p. 12
54 Forester 1954, p. 28
55 Hay 1953, p. 51
56 Thursfield 1951, p. 31
57 Brewer 1805, p. 433
58 Hay 1953, pp. 70–1
59 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 36
60 Bonner-Smith 1942, p. 51
61 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 35
62 Morrice 1801, pp. 5–6
63 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 37
64 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, pp. 34–5
65 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 37
66 Scott 1834, vol. 1, p. 8
67 Scott 1834, vol. 1, p. 13
68 Robinson 1911, p. 114, from ‘The Jolly Sailor’s True Description of a Man-of-War’ of the late eighteenth century
69 Watson 1827, pp. 115–16
70 Robinson 1836, p. 27
71 Robinson 1836, p. 28
72 Goodall 1860, pp. 18–19
73 Goodall 1860, p. 65
74 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 74
75 Gardner 1906, p. 241
76 Aaron Thomas Papers
77 The Naval Chronicle 3, 1800, p. 159
78 Nicolas 1846, p. ccxiv
79 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 82
80 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 164
81 Dillon 1953, vol. 2, p. 124
82 Scott 1834, vol. 1, p. 41
83 Aaron Thomas Papers
84 Goodall 1860, pp. 59–60
85 Rees 1822, pp. 3–4
86 Goodall 1860, pp. 63–4
87 Goodall 1860, p. 64
88 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 82
89 Bates 1868, p. 42
90 Gardner 1906, p. 178
91 Bates 1868, pp. 42–3
92 Watson 1827, p. 89
93 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 101
94 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 104
95 Thursfield 1951, p. 14
96 Goodall 1860, pp. 50–1
97 Hoffman 1901, pp. 72–3
98 Glascock 1826, pp. 138–9
99 Robinson 1836, pp. 54–5
100 Robinson 1836, p. 55
101 Susan Lucas collection
102 Marryat 1872, pp. 36–7
103 Glascock 1826, pp. 141–2
104 Gardner 1906, p. 199
105 Glascock 1826, p. 143
106 Hay 1953, p. 164
107 Hoffman 1901, p. 24
108 Scott 1834, vol. 1, pp. 72–3
109 O’Meara 1822, vol. 1, p. 177
TWO: PRESSED
1 The Times 16 August 1790
2 Bates 1868, p. 85
3 Bates 1868, p. 85
4 Boteler 1942, p. 44
5 Lincoln and McEwen 1960, p. 14
6 Middlesex Journal: or, Chronicle of Liberty 3–5 Jan 1771
7 The Times 23 October 1787
8 Hampshire Chronicle 21 March 1803
9 Pasley 1931, p. 61
10 Letter of 10 December 1815 from ‘An Englishman’, in The European Magazine February 1816, p. 122
11 O’Meara 1822, vol. 2, p. 381
12 Lovett 1876, pp. 2–3
13 National Maritime Museum manuscript JOD/156
14 Fyfe 1942, p. 51
15 Jackson 1927, pp. 26–8
16 Wyndham-Quin 1912, pp. 121–2
17 Rattenbury 1837, p. 15. German Phillips was identified by Eileen Hathaway (1994, p. 37)
18 Naval Chronicle 9 1803, pp. 243–4
19 Naval Chronicle 9 1803, p. 247
20 Naval Chronicle 9 1803, p. 329
21 Leyland 1899, pp. 1–2
22 The National Archives ADM 1/5128
23 NMM manuscript LBK/38
24 Kelly 1925, p. 251
25 Waterhouse 1911, pp. 187–8
27 Price 1984, p. 18
28 Lovett 1876, p. 3
29 The Hampshire Courier, or, Portsmouth, Portsea, Gosport, and Chichester Advertiser 2 March 1812
30 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 10, 1821, p. 444. This was published by Thomas Doubleday, an early folk song collector in Northumberland, using his alias Josiah Shufflebotham
31 Goodall 1860, pp. 2–3
32 Goodall 1860, pp. 3–4
33 Goodall 1860, p. 3
34 Robinson 1836, pp. 2–3
35 The Times 8 October 1790
36 Naval Chronicle 9 1803, pp. 331–2
37 Royal Naval Museum manuscript 1996/31/1 – these are the final words of a journal written in 1820. Mackay also wrote a near-identical journal five years earlier (1996/31/2), which ended with his arrival at Yarmouth
38 The Times 19 November 1793
39 Kelly 1925, pp. 270–1
40 Thomas 1968, p. 178
41 TNA ADM 51/1146
42 Thomas 1968, p. 179
43 The Times 25 July 1798
44 Gentleman’s Magazine 50, 1780, p. 72
45 Gentleman’s Magazine 50, 1780, p. 73
46 The Times 2 October 1787
47 TNA ADM 1/2676: letter of 23 July 1781
48 Stirling 1919, vol. 1, pp. 94–5
49 Moody 1959, p. 229
50 Moody 1959, p. 230
51 TNA ADM 51/1146
52 Rattenbury 1837, p. 15
53 Price 1984, p. 7, written on 18 December 1803
54 Naval Chronicle 12, 1805, pp. 453–4
55 Pettigrew 1849, vol. 1, p. 410
56 Naval Chronicle 9, 1803, p. 247
57 Royal Marines Museum manuscript P/9/14
58 RMM manuscript P/9/14
59 RMM manuscript 591/76(B)
60 RMM manuscript 591/76(B)
61 Rees 1822, p. 1
62 RMM manuscript 11/19/93
63 RMM manuscript 11/19/93
64 Aaron Thomas Papers, Special Collections, University of Miami Libraries
65 Aaron Thomas Papers
66 Nicolas 1845, vol. 5, p. 45
67 Nicolas 1845, vol. 5, p. 45
68 TNA ADM 1/2507
69 Leech 1844, p. 71
70 Thursfield 1951, p. 159
71 TNA ADM 52/3804
THREE: SALT JUNK AND GROG
1 Aaron Thomas Papers, Special Collections, University of Miami Libraries
2 Gardner 1906, pp. 244–5
3 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 386 fn
4 Leech 1844, p. 46
5 Nicolas 1844, p. 297
6 Upton collection, Wilkinson 060228wdww, letter of 28 February 1806
7 Goodall 1860, p. 67
8 Goodall 1860, p. 67
9 Aaron Thomas Papers. This was 25 July 1798, at Basseterre, St Kitts
10 Watson 1827, pp. 126–7 – this was in 1811
11 Blane 1785, p. 292
12 Thursfield 1951, p. 246
13 Thursfield 1951, pp. 246–7
14 Goodall 1860, pp. 132–3
15 Robinson 1836, p. 7
16 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 137
17 Royal Naval Museum manuscript 1986/537/50
18 RNM manuscript 1986/537/50
19 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 137
20 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 138
21 Thursfield 1951, p. 247
22 Thomas 1968, p. 190
23 Aaron Thomas Papers
24 Pemberton 1843, p. 161
25 Pemberton 1843, p. 145
26 Raigersfeld 1929, pp. 11–12
27 RNM manuscript 1986/537/23 – this was December 1811 on board HMS Queen
28 Barrett 1841a, p. 15
29 Sinclair 1857, pp. 37–9
30 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 137
31 Watson 1827, pp. 125–6. This was in 1811
32 Griffiths 1824, p. 158
33 Aaron Thomas Papers. This was 8 July 1798
34 Fremantle 1940, p. 94
35 Pasley 1931, p. 69
36 Pasley 1931, p. 69
37 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 397
38 Fremantle 1940, p. 176
39 Fremantle 1940, p. 212. He was still in the Neptune
40 National Maritime Museum manuscript JOD/156
41 Barrett 1841a, p. 15
42 Gardner 1906, p. 139
43 Aaron Thomas Papers
44 Trotter 1804, vol. 3, p. 279
45 Thomas 1968, p. 93
46 Thomas 1968, p. 190
47 Thomas 1968, p. 190
48 Price 1984, pp. 17–18: letter of 25 May 1804
49 Trotter 1804, vol. 3, p. 280
50 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 18
51 Trotter 1804, vol. 3, p. 279
52 Aaron Thomas Papers. This was 17 April 1799
53 Hay 1953, p. 170
54 Hay 1953, pp. 170–1
55 NMM manuscript JOD/156
56 Hay 1953, p. 171
57 Trotter 1804, vol. 3, p. 129
58 Royal Marines Museum manuscript 11/19/93
59 Hall 1846, series 1, p. 31
60 Barrett 1841a, p. 15
61 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 24
62 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 25
63 Watson 1827, p. 148
64 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 39
65 RMM archive ‘John Whick Musician – Royal Marines, Letters from HMS Victory 1808–1812’, ACQ 2004/0075
66 Blane 1785, p. 211
67 Thursfield 1951, p. 26
68 Thursfield 1951, p. 31
69 Thursfield 1951, p. 32
70 Crawford 1851, vol. 1, p. 134
71 Prior 1820, p. 76.
72 Fremantle 1940, p. 245. This was 1806
73 Pasley 1931, p. 217
74 Pasley 1931, p. 217
75 Blane 1785, p. 283
76 Nicolas 1845, vol. 5, p. 438
77 NMM manuscript JOD/148
78 Prior 1820, p. 49
79 Aaron Thomas Papers
80 Sinclair 1857, p. 6
81 The National Archives ADM 1/5346
82 TNA ADM 1/5346
83 TNA ADM 1/5362
84 Jackson 1927, pp. 37–8
85 Fremantle 1940, p. 128. He was on board the Ganges in Aris Bay in July 1804
86 Fremantle 1940, p. 245. He was in the Neptune
87 William Ffarington logbook in Brixham Museum
88 NMM manuscript GRE/15
89 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 73. This was 1 April 1805
90 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 23
91 NMM manuscript JOD/156. He was on board HMS Minerva in 1793
92 Bates 1868, pp. 20–1
93 Bates 1868, p. 21
94 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 66
95 Scott 1834, vol. 1, p. 21. This was in 1803 under Captain Cockburn
96 Thursfield 1951, p. 29
97 Sinclair 1857, p. 59
98 Spilsbury 1807, p. 6
99 Thomas 1968, pp. 35–6
100 Blane 1785, p. 300
101 Thursfield 1951, p. 173
102 Jackson 1927, p. 5
103 Blane 1785, p. 301
104 Thomas 1968, p. 77
105 Fremantle 1940, p. 209
106 Watson 1827, p. 61
107 Hall 1846, series 2, p. 98
108 Sinclair 1857, pp. 57–8
109 Watson 1827, p. 106
110 Leech 1844, p. 65. This was in 1810 off Lisbon
111 Thursfield 1951, p. 141
112 Thursfield 1951, p. 153
113 Thursfield 1951, p. 154
114 Goodall 1860, p. 23
115 NMM manuscript MSS/73/075
116 Price 1984, p. 31: letter of 8 May 1805
117 William Ffarington logbook
118 NMM manuscript JOD/156
119 Trotter 1804, vol. 3, p. 129. He was writing in 1801
120 Leech 1844, pp. 65–6
121 Letter in Yule-Booth collection
122 Aaron Thomas Papers
123 Raigersfeld 1929, p. 32
124 Aaron Thomas Papers
125 Aaron Thomas Papers
126 Aaron Thomas Papers
127 Aaron Thomas Papers
128 Aaron Thomas Papers
129 Aaron Thomas Papers
130 Aaron Thomas Papers
131 Aaron Thomas Papers
132 Rees 1822, p. 10
133 Leech 1844, p. 66
134 Watson 1827, pp. 108–9
135 NMM manuscript MSS/73/075
FOUR: FACING THE ELEMENTS
1 Watson 1827, p. 134
2 Bourchier 1873, p. 73. His brother was William Bethell, not Codrington
3 Prior 1820, p. 55
4 Prior 1820, pp. 54–5
5 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 117
6 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 117
7 Petrides and Downs 2000, pp. 117–18
8 Thomas 1968, p. 35
9 Thomas 1968, p. 189
10 Thomas 1968, p. 45
11 Thomas 1968, pp. 45–6
12 Royal Marines Museum manuscript 11/19/93
13 Plaque inside St Mary’s church at Bridport. Charlotte Carpenter had already lost her second son in 1787, aged eight years, and three other sons died in infancy. She herself was buried in the churchyard in 1815, and the plaque was erected by her youngest and only surviving son
14 Gardner 1906, p. 220
15 Fremantle 1940, p. 31
16 Millard 1895, p. 82
17 Moody 1961–2, p. 108
18 Watson 1827, p. 133. He was on board HMS Eagle
19 Scott 1842, pp. 85–6
20 Moody 1961–2, p. 246. This was April 1815
21 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 49
22 Hay 1953, pp. 184–5
23 Rees 1822, p. 23. This was December 1809
24 RMM manuscript 11/19/93
25 RMM manuscript 11/19/93
26 TNA ADM 52/2359
27 TNA ADM 52/2359
28 TNA ADM 52/2359
29 Inglefield 1783, pp. 6–7
30 Inglefield 1783, pp. 7–8
31 Inglefield 1783, pp. 14–15
32 Inglefield 1783, pp. 21–3
33 Inglefield 1783, p. 24
34 Inglefield 1783, pp. 24–5
35 Inglefield 1783, p. 27
36 Inglefield 1783, p. 32
37 Annual Register 1782, p. 228
38 Hay 1953, p. 214
39 Pemberton 1843, p. 84
40 Trotter 1804, vol. 1, p. 446
41 Regulations 1808, p. 365
42 The Royal Cornwall Gazette, Falmouth Packet and Plymouth Journal 19 March 1808
43 Hay 1953, pp. 99–100
44 Leech 1844, p. 35. He is two years older in the muster books than in his memoirs
45 National Maritime Museum manuscript JOD/156
46 William Ffarington logbook, Brixham Museum
47 William Ffarington logbook
48 NMM manuscript RUSI/ER/3/11
49 NMM manuscript RUSI/ER/3/11
50 Thursfield 1951, pp. 257–8
51 Hay 1953, p. 190
52 Regulations 1808, p. 425
53 RMM manuscript 11/12/42
54 Regulations 1808, p. 427
55 RMM manuscript 11/19/93
56 RMM manuscript 11/12/42. The letter dates to 14 August 1805
57 Beatty 1807, p. 33
58 Beatty 1807, p. 68
59 Nicolas 1844, p. 89
60 NMM manuscript WQB/40
61 Beatty 1807, pp. 80–1
62 William Ffarington logbook
63 TNA ADM 1/5399
64 Leech 1844, pp. 125–6
65 Gardner 1906, p. 107
66 Tucker 1844, pp. 427–8
67 RMM manuscript 11/12/42:two letters written at Portsmouth dating to 14 and 29 August 1805
68 Hay 1953, p. 71
69 Newnham Collingwood 1829, p. 124
70 Beatty 1807, p. 28
71 Beatty 1807, p. 81
72 Hay 1953, p. 167
73 NMM manuscript JOD/156
74 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 117
75 William Ffarington logbook
76 Trotter 1804, vol. 1, pp. 443–4
77 William Ffarington logbook
78 Moody 1959, p. 230
79 Royal Naval Museum manuscript 2001/57
80 Moody 1959, p. 230
81 Moody 1959, pp. 230–1
82 NMM manuscript GRE/15
83 Trotter 1804, vol. 1, pp. 444–5
84 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 104
85 Blane 1785, p. 145
86 The Times 12 September 1806
87 The Times 12 September 1806
88 William Ffarington logbook. Barlow was captain of the Phoebe from 1795 to 1801
89 William Ffarington logbook
90 Bates 1868, pp. 45–6
91 Bates 1868, p. 46
92 NMM manuscript WQB/39
93 Lovell 1879, p. 31
94 Letter in Upton collection 07119wwsp
95 Letter in Upton collection 071123wwsp 23 November 1807
96 Aaron Thomas Papers, Special Collections, University of Miami Libraries. This was 1798
97 Spilsbury 1807, p. 16
98 Letter of John Yule to his wife 20 March 1802, Yule-Booth collection
99 TNA ADM 1/5126
100 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, pp. 428–9
101 William Ffarington logbook
102 William Ffarington logbook
103 William Ffarington logbook
104 Cockburn 1815, p. 2
105 Cockburn 1815, p. 8. This was July 1810
106 Lowry 2006, p. 93
107 Trotter 1804, vol. 1, p. 444
108 Regulations 1808, p. 139
109 RMM manuscript 11/12/42
110 Cooper 1869, pp. 124–5
111 Dillon 1953, vol. 1, p. 429
112 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 184
113 Gardner 1906, pp. 89–90
114 The Times 7 December 1785
115 The Times 7 December 1785
116 Fremantle 1940, pp. 118–19
117 British Library manuscript Add. 38,886
118 NMM manuscript MSS/73/075
119 TNA ADM 1/181
120 RNM manuscript 2001/57. This was January 1811
121 Crawford 1851, vol. 2, p. 220
122 Davis 1815, p. 12 (first published in 1805)
123 TNA ADM 1/5346
124 Aaron Thomas Papers
125 Aaron Thomas Papers
126 Aaron Thomas Papers
127 Aaron Thomas Papers
128 Robertson 1807, pp. 432–3
129 Blane 1785, p. 53
130 Petrides and Downs 2000, p. 101