28. Suleyman Nyang and Abed-Rabbo, ‘Bernard Lewis and Islamic Studies: An Assessment’, in Hussain, et. al. (eds), Orientalism, Islam and Islamists, pp. 259–84.
29. Ahmad Ghorab, Subverting Islam: The Role of Orientalist Centres (London, 1995).
30. For Sardar’s life and writings, see Ziauddin Sardar: A Reader (London, 2004) and Sardar, Desperately Seeking Paradise: Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim (London, 2004).
31. Sardar, Orientalism.
32. Ibid., pp. 17–26.
33. Ibid., p. 23; cf. the corresponding page in R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Harvard, Mass., 1962), p. 89.
34. Sardar, Orientalism, pp. 23–4.
35. Ibid., pp. 65–76.
36. Some of Fazlur Rahman’s criticisms of Orientalism can be found in Rahman, ‘Islamic Studies and the Future of Islam’, in Malcolm H. Kerr (ed.), Islamic Studies: A Tradition and Its Problems (Malibu, Calif., 1980), pp. 125–33and in Rahman, ‘Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies: Review Essay’, in Richard C. Martin (ed.), Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies (Tucson, Arizona, 1985), pp. 189–202.
37. Muhsin Mahdi, ‘Orientalism and the Study of Islamic Philosophy’, Journal of Islamic Studies, 1 (1990), pp. 73–98.
Index
Abbas, Ihsan, 292
Abbasid caliphate, 186, 188, 202, 208, 246, 286
as golden age, 242, 259
Abbott, Nabia, 245, 292
‘Abd al-Malek, Umayyad Caliph, 23
Abdel-Malek, Anouar, 5, 292, 324, 325
‘Abduh, Muhammad, 321
Abed-Rabbo, Samir, 325
Abominable Heresy or Sect of the Saracens (Peter the Venerable), 27
Aboukir Bay, Battle (1798), 138
Abraham, Massignon on, 226
abrogation, Muslim doctrine, 24
Abu al-Faraj, see Bar Hebraeus
Abu al-Fida, 71, 92–3, 99, 118, 128
Abudacnus (Joseph Barbatus), 90–91
Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, 292
Abu Muslim, 208
Abu Tammam, 37
Action Francaise, 228
Adams, Thomas, 97–8
Adelard of Bath, 36, 53
Aeschylus, 11–12, 16
anti-Oriental attitude, 285
Said on, 11, 282
Aesop, fables, 84
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 169, 193, 311, 321
After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives (Said), 294, 305
Ahmad, Aziz, 299–300
Al-i Ahmad, Jalal, 312
Aja’ib al-Maqdur, 103
Ajami, Fuad, 245, 292–3, 308
Ajurrumiyya, 80
Alcorani seu legis Mahometi et Evangelistum concordiae liber (Postel), 70
Alcorani textus universus (Marracci), 105–6
Aleppo, 112, 215
Alexander I, Tsar, 157
Algar, Hamid, 318–19
algebra, Arabictreatises, 28
Algeria, French policy, 228
Algiers, Orientalist conference (1905), 221
Alhazen, see al-Haytham, Ibn (Alhazen)
‘Ali, Kurd, see Kurd ‘Ali
‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, 84, 128
Almagest (Ptolemy), 34, 92
Almoravids, 25, 175
Alvarus, Paul, 25
America, discovery, 61–2
American Oriental Society, 146, 214
Amis du Gandhi, Les, 227
Among Arabic Manuscripts (Kratchkovsky), 231
Anabasis (Xenophon), 16
Analecta Orientalia ad Poeticam Aristoteleam (Margoliouth), 210
al-Andalus, 25
Andrewes, Lancelot, 76, 85, 87, 88–9
Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti (Ussher), 77
Annali dell’Islam (Caetani), 203
Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, 113, 125–6
Antwerp, decline in status, 81
Antwerp Polyglot Bible, 61, 73–4, 80–81, 95, 101
Apollonius of Perga, 56
Apology (al-Kindi), 163
‘Apology for Orientalism’ (Gabrieli), 324–5
Arab caliphate, early history, 186–7
Arab Christians, and PLO, 305
Arabia Felix, 123
Danish expedition (1761), 131–2, 153
Arabian Medicine (Browne), 206
Arabian Nights, The, 156, 161, 165, 177, see also Thousand and One Nights
Arabic-English Dictionary (Cowan), 287
Arabic-English Lexicon (Lane), 165
Arabic Grammar (Wright), 287
Arabic language
colloquial, 134, 135–6, 238, 239
dictionaries, 84
grammars, 84
Hebrew transliterations, 84
Latin as prerequisite for study, 83–4
learnt from Qur’an, 78
paucity of manuscripts, 75, 78
study of, 74–5, 76, 118–19
Arabic literature, 45, 113, 128, 197–8, 212
Arabic numerals, 28
Arabic poetry, 143, 194, 197–8, 212–13, 246–7
Arabic script, use in Soviet Russia, 232
Arabic studies, 47–8, 85, 125
patronage in, 85, 119–20
Royalism and, 92, 94
theology and, 85–6, 94, 109
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (Hourani), 252
Arabi Pasha, 182, 195
Arabische Reich und sein Surz, Das (Wellhausen), 187
Arabisches Wörterbuch (Wehr), 239, 265, 274
‘Arabism,’ 55–6
Arab Predicament, The (Ajami), 293
Arab scholars
access to Western publications, 240
in American Orientalism, 245, 292
works, 239–40
Arab scholarship, Said on, 292–3
Arabs in History, The (Lewis), 246, 259–60, 262, 321, 323
Arab society
Becker on, 199
early, 172
evolution, 242
matriarchal and matrilocal, 184
Arab universities, hierarchical structure, 240
Arafat, Yasser, 278, 306
Arberry, Arthur John, 6, 209, 238, 243–4, 291, 318
obituary, 244
Arculf, Bishop of Périgueux, 21
Arianism, 20, 23, 291
Arias Montano, Benito, 61, 74
Aristotle, 16–17
Arabic commentaries, 29, 31–2, 35, 54–6
Latin translations, 55
Arius, 20
Arkoun, Mohammed, 292
Arnold, Matthew, 294
Arnold, Thomas, 218, 296
Ars Magna (Lull), 47
Artin, Yaqub Pasha, 165
Aryan race
Asian origins, 234
contamination by Semitic peoples, 171
superiority, 170
‘asabiyya, 149
Asad, Muhammad, 314–15, 317
Ascalon, Fatimid garrison, 37
al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk Sultan, 38
Ashtor, Eliahu, 271–2
Asia
romance of, 50–51
Russian expansion in, 191
Asia and Western Dominance (Panikkar), 293
Asiatick Researches (journal), 146
Asiatick Society of Bengal, 124, 139, 146, 160
Assassins, The (Lewis), 260
astrology, 59
Astronomica (Manilius), 77
astronomy
Arab transmission, 34
tables, 28
Atiya, Aziz Suriyal, 10, 245
Atjeh region, Sumatra, 200
Atlantic Monthly, 262
Auerbach, Eric, 279, 285, 289
Augustine, St, 55
Avempace, 59
Averroes, 36, 42, 55, 59, 167
and Aristotle, 35, 55
Averroism, 35–6, 42, 46, 55, 56, 57, 58
Avicenna, 29–30, 32, 33, 42, 55, 59, 75, 128
Avignon university, and teach
ing of Arabic, 47–8
Ayalon, David, 150, 271
al-Azm, Sadik Jalal, 285, 296, 298, 299
al-Azmeh, Aziz, 292
Babis, messianic movement, 172, 205
Bacchae, The (Euripides), 14–15
Bacon, Roger, 37, 47, 54, 55
Badawi, Mustafa, 292
Badr, battle (624), 208, 268, 322
Baer, Gabriel, 272
Baha’ al-Din Zuhayr, 181
Baha’is, 205
Bahira, 20, 38
Bailey, Harold, 219
Baldwin, Stanley, 219
Balfour, Arthur, 282
Balkans, Ottoman advances in, 70, 72, 109
‘barbarian’, use of term, 10
Barbatus, Joseph, see Abudacnus
Barenboim, Daniel, 308
Bar Hebraeus, 95, 96
Barthélémy, Abbé, 134
Bartlett, Robert, 50
Bartold, Vasili Vladimirovich, 229–30
Basel
Council of (1341), 48
Herbst imprisoned, 71–2
Basra, Iraq, grammar, 144
Batavia, 200
Baudrillard, Jean, 291
al-Baydawi, 153, 211
Becker, Carl Heinrich, 190, 198–9, 201, 234, 247, 287
influences on, 150
Islam heir to Hellenism, 198, 203, 235
Beckford, William, 8
Beckingham, Charles, 237
Bede, Venerable, 21
Bedouin, perceived natural conservatism, 184
Bedwell, William, 86, 87–8, 93, 94, 102
Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (‘Freddie’), 237, 266, 325
Beginnings, intention and method (Said), 280
Belgrade, capture (1521), 60
Bell, Gertrude, 210
Bellow, Saul, 251
Belon, Pierre, 63
Belyaev, E. A., 230, 232–3
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, 163
Bentley, Richard, 77
Berchem, Max van, 215
Bernal, Martin, 5, 10, 59, 108
Bernanos, Georges, 225
Bernard of Clairvaux, 27
Berque, Jacques, 228, 257, 298, 309
Berthereau, Dom, 141–2
Besant, Walter, 181
‘Between Orientalism and Historicism’ (Ahmad), 299–300
Bevan, Anthony, 296
Bhaba, Homi, 300
Bible
19th-century interest in, 180
Arabic studies and, 85
Authorized Version, 89, 92
Book of Daniel, 211
cabalistic meanings, 58
chronology of, 73, 78, 184
as corrupted revelation, 40, 326
Exodus, veracity, 181
Genesis, literal truth, 154
Latin Vulgate, 73–4, 96
New Testament, 40, 120, 181
Old Testament, 90, 194
polyglot, 73–4, 95–6
as source, 171
studies, 153, 154, 159
vernacular languages, 49
Bibliander, Theodor, 71, 72
Biblia Sacra Arabica, 105
Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum (de Goeje), 287
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 157
Bibliothèque orientale (D’Herbelot), 84, 113–16, 119, 284, 295
al-Bitar, Nadim, 299
Blachère, Régis, 228
Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation (Bernal), 5, 10, 108
Blanquerna (Lull), 45–6
Blind Owl, The (Hedayat), 312
Bloy, Léon, 225
Boccaccio, Giovanni, and Islam, 42–3
Bodleian Library, Oxford, 90, 119
Bodley, Sir Thomas, 85, 90
Bologna university, and teaching of Arabic, 47–8
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 142
Egyptian expedition (1798), 9, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 283, 284
Bonn, Middle East Studies Centre, 274
Bonsignori, Bonsignore, 56
Book of Contemplation, The (Lull), 44
Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men, The (Lull), 44–5
Bopp, Franz, 153, 156–7, 167, 214
Bosworth, Edmund, 306
Boulainvilliers, Henri, comte de, 116–17, 118
Boullan, Abbé, 220
Bowen, Harold, 122
Brahmans, Aryan/non-Aryan division, 148
Braudel, Fernand, 258
Bricmont, Jean, 288, 289
Britain
17th-century intellectual interests, 80
classical knowledge in, 207–8, 209
imperialism, 112–13, 286
Middle East, position in, 266
Orientalism, 294, 324
17th century, 80, 94, 101
19th century, 159, 176–7, 180
20th century, 237–9, 240–41, 253, 258, 265–6
British East India Company, 112–13, 125, 179
British Museum, 133
British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 275
Brockelmann, Carl, 190, 234–5, 273, 283
Brown, Peter, 22
Browne, Edward Granville, 162, 172, 204–7, 209, 217, 324
campaign for Persian freedom, 204, 206–7, 296
personal appearance, 205–6
Said on, 296
Bryson, Bill, 83
Buchan, John, 200
Buddhism, importance in Indian culture, 315
al-Bukhari, 319
Bulaq Press, 165
Bullard, Reader, 206
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 321
Burckhardt, Jacob, 283
Burlington House, Persian Exhibition (1931), 218
Burnett, Charles, 302
Burnouf, Eugène, 125, 150
Burton, Sir Richard, 161, 165, 177, 181, 182
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 61, 63, 109–10
Byron, Lord, 124
Cabala, 58, 66, 68
cabalism, Christian, 58, 66
cabinets of curiosity, 64, 108, 129–30
Cachia, Pierre, 292
Caesarius of Heisterbach, 52
Caetani, Leone, Prince of Teano and Duke of Sermoneta, 203, 204, 324
Cahen, Claude, 216, 228, 254–5, 298
Calamities of Authors (Disraeli), 120
Calasso, Roberto, 10
California University, Near Eastern Centre, 246
Caliphate, its rise, decline and fall, The (Muir), 162
Calvino, Italo, 16
Cambridge, Orientalist Congress (1954), 254
Cambridge History of Islam, The, 286, 321
Cambridge university, 204, 205
18th-century decline, 117–18
ArabicChair, 97, 119, 178–9, 179, 181, 183, 193, 206, 209, 243, 266, 275
Chinese Chair, 157
Oriental studies, 178, 206
Campbell, Mary B., 53
Canon (Avicenna), see al-Qanun fi al-Tibb
Capitulations, 111
Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 110
Carmathians, schism, 195
Carmen Tograi (Pococke ed.), 96–7
Cartesian Linguistics (Chomsky), 144
Casaubon, Isaac, 59, 76, 79, 89, 107
Caspari, Karl Paul, 103, 153, 179
Castell, Edmund, 96, 98–9
Caxton, William, 71
Chamberlain, Houston, 170
Champollion, Jean François, 142, 150
Chanson de Roland, 41, 327
Chardin, Jean (jeweller), 70
Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de, 118
Chatham House institute, 263
Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Essays, The (Kedourie), 263, 321
Chechnya, holy war (1820s), 158
China
attitude to foreigners, 173
deograms, 107
Jesuit missions, 108
studies, 129, 157
China Monumentis (Kircher), 129
Chinoiserie, 129
chivalry, origin, 213
Chrestomathie arabe (Silvestre de Sacy), 143, 149
chrestomathy, 142
Christendom, beseiged by Turks, 60, 61
Christians
and Islam, 20–21, 37, 38, 57
knowledge of Islam, 38–9
Muslim attacks on, 39–41
Christian VI, king of Denmark, 131
Christian VII, king of Denmark, 122, 131
Christ (Morozov), 233
chronology, 73, 77–8, 84
al-Cid, 175
Civilisation des Arabes, La (Le Bon), 311–12
classics
knowledge of, 207–8, 209
studies, 159
texts, Arabictranslation, 29, 31–2, 35, 54–6
Claudel, Paul, 224, 225
Cleland, John, 100
CluniacOrientalists, 282, 284
coffee-drinking, 97
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 111, 114, 119–20
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 62, 154
Collège de France, 114, 148, 222, 228, 257
Arabic Chair, 67
Hebrew Chair, 168
teaching of Arabic, 134
Columbia University, New York, 249, 250, 279, 297, 306
Columbus, Christopher, 61
Commentary, journal, 306, 307
Commonwealth (1649–60), 94
Communism, French Orientalists, 254–7
Compendium of the Logic of al-Ghazali, The (Lull), 44
Complutensian Polyglot Bible, 73
Comte, Auguste, 203
Concordantiae Corani Arabicae (Flügel), 287
Condo, José Antonio, 175
Conermann, Stephan, 239–40
Conics (Apollonius), 56
Coningsby (Disraeli), 154
Connection (Prideaux), 100
Conrad, Joseph, Said on, 279, 280
Conrad, Lawrence, 196
Considérations sur la guerre actuelle des Turcs, 136
Constantine I, Emperor, 57
Constantinople, fall (1453), 60
constitutional government, 192
Contents of the Koran, The (Klimovich), 233
Cook, Michael, 245, 270
Cook, Walter, 249
Copenhagen university, 132
Copts, 75
Cordova, caliphate, 25
Corpus Hermeticum, 59
Cosmography (al-Qazwini), 40
Covering Islam (Said), 294, 298–9, 306–7
Cowan, Milton, 265
Cowell, Edward Byles, 161–2, 180
Craig, James, 239
Cresswell, Keppel Archibald Cameron, 216, 302
Crete, Turks invade (1669), 60
Cribratio Alcoran (Nicholas of Cusa), 57, 72
Crisis of the Arab Intellectual, The (Laroui), 323
Croesus, king of Lydia, 13
Cromer, Lord, 209, 217, 288
Crone, Patricia, 202, 245, 249–50, 267, 270, 322
Crusade, Commerce and Culture (Atiya), 9–10
Crusades, 10, 27, 242, 324
barbarism, 213
and Islamic cultural decline, 37
principalities, 36–7
Voltaire on, 117