(AIIB), 233
Burlingame Treaty of 1868, 21
Asia-Pacific region power shift, 270–271,
Burma. See Myanmar
282; and China’s insecure position in
Bush, George H. W., 91; policy toward
the region, 273–276; Chinese influence
China, 91–102, 111; Taiwan policy of,
in, 270, 271; Chinese limitations and
102, 216
constraints in, 272–277; US leadership
Bush, George W., 279; foreign policy
in, 270, 271, 278–281
weaknesses, 142, 279; policy on human
323
324
Index
rights, 122, 242, 243, 261; policy
recent trends and prospects, 175–183
toward China, 107, 119–136, 141–144,
China’s national security strategy and
149, 173; policy toward Taiwan, 121,
military modernization, 140, 154,
121–122, 133–134, 217, 218, 220
172–183; Asian dynamics influence on,
154, 181–183; US influence on,
Cairo Conference of 1943, 41
181–183
Cambodia, 68, 73, 88, 230
China’s Peaceful Development Road, 169
Canton, 18–19
China’s “peaceful rise,” 171
Carter, Ashton, 158, 310n36
China “White Paper” of 1949, 48
Carter, Jimmy, 80; policy toward China,
Chinchow-Aigun railway, 28
74–75, 108–109, 216, 239; policy
Chinese assertiveness and truculence over
toward Taiwan, 74–75, 108–109, 216
differences with neighbors and the
Chang Chih-tung, 23, 26
United States, 2009–2017, 146, 148,
Chen Boda, 65, 68
151–152, 154–155, 165, 170–171, 174,
Chennault, Claire, 33, 42
226–236, 270; debates over the
Chen Shui-bian, 142; relations with China
importance of, 149, 150; domestic
and the United States, 122, 176, 217,
determinants of, 146, 181–183, 193;
218–219, 220
round one—South China Sea 2012,
Chernenko, Konstantin, 88
229–231; round two—East China Sea
Chiang Ching-kuo, 60
2012, 231–233
Chiang Kai-shek, 30, 31; and Franklin
Chinese Christians—human rights issues,
Roosevelt administration, 34, 37,
255–256
40–42, 45–48; leads Northern
Chinese Civil War, 38, 39, 47–48
Expedition, consolidates power, 31;
Chinese image building in foreign affairs,
maneuvering during 1940s–1960s,
140, 274
37–42, 50, 60; maneuvering during US
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs
opening to China, 69–71
Administration, 20, 24
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame. See Soong
Chinese interdependence with the US, 273
Mayling
Chinese investments and loans—
“China Dream,” 146, 155, 170, 182, 275
shortcomings, 277
China lobby, 53
Chinese leaders’ domestic preoccupations,
China’s adjustment to US regional and
272
global leadership, 2001-2009, 137–141
Chinese maritime disputes, 226–236. See
China’s advances and limitations in Asia,
also East China Sea; South China Sea
274–276
Chinese policy priorities toward the United
China’s differences with the US, 5, 7–8,
States in the twenty-first century, 121,
8–9, 143, 266
122, 122–123, 137–144, 146, 169–174;
China’s economic development, 92,
debate over Chinese priorities, 146,
138–139, 140–141, 185–210; and US
172; domestic factors influencing
issues, 185–208
policy, 146, 172; role of US-Chinese
China’s international influence—outlook,
relations in Chinese priorities, 172–173
133, 139–141, 146, 177–178, 193, 267
Chinese policy toward the United States in
China’s international rise, 1, 124, 133, 165,
the late twentieth century, 49–50,
180–182, 270
111–118; and Chinese priorities,
China’s military expansion, 124, 131, 154,
111–118
165, 172–183; and major weapons
Chinese public opinion regarding the
systems, 176–180; and US-China
United States, 93, 146, 165, 192, 232
relations, 154, 168, 175–183; Asian
dynamics influence on, 154, 172, 177;
securities, 132, 152, 192, 206
Index
325
Chinese suspicion of the US and other
cyber espionage, theft and warfare, 155,
powers, 7–8, 93, 111, 113, 165
157, 197, 200
Chinese tourists, 274
Czechoslovakia, 65
Ch’i-ying, 19
Christopher, Warren, 114, 115
Dalai Lama, 93, 134, 151, 240, 243,
Chungking peace talks of 1945, 45
256–257
climate change, 1, 148, 210; Barack
Declaration on the Conduct of the Parties
Obama policy toward, 148, 156, 209,
in the South China Sea (DOC), 230
209–210, 212; George W. Bush policy
Democracy Wall, 239–240
toward, 208–209; US-Chinese issues
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) of
regarding, 148, 156, 208–212
Taiwan, 122, 157, 161, 182–183, 215,
Clinton, Hillary, 2, 147, 150, 156; and
217, 218–219, 220, 222
China policy, 160, 161; and Taiwan,
Denby, Charles, 24
224, 225
Deng Xiaoping, 146; and calculus and
Clinton, William, 94; and policy toward
maneuvering in US-Soviet-Chinese
China, 94–96, 102–106, 114–118, 119;
relations, 73, 75–90; and China’s low
and policy toward Taiwan, 94, 103,
profile in foreign affairs, 153; and
104, 105, 119–120, 217
domestic reforms and foreign policies,
Cohn, Gary, 269
72–90; and greater moderation toward
Cold War, 5; end of impacts US-Chinese
the United States, 72, 85–87; and
relations, 91, 95; and US-Chinese
human rights, 240; and Reagan’s pan
relations, 5, 48–49
Asia policy, 77–90; and the Tiananmen
“color revolutions,” 243
crackdown and its aftermath, 91–92;
Comintern, 30
and use of force against Vietnam, 75,
Committee of One Million, 53
88, 89
Communist Party of China (CCP), 30;
dialogues between China and the United
eighteenth party congress 2012, 142;
States, 1, 127, 148, 186
maneuvering during 1940s–1960s,
Diaoyu Islands/Senkaku Islands, 85, 152,
37–39, 43–48, 49–60; maneuvering
213–214, 227, 231–233
during 1969–1989, 61–90; policies and
differences in US-China relations, 5–9
practices during 1989–2000, 91–104,
dissidents, Chinese suppression of, 130
96, 104; seventeenth party congress
“dollar diplomacy” of the Taft
2007, 142
administration, 28
Confucius Institutes, 274
Dulles, John Foster, 53–54, 56
constructivist theory and US-China
relations, 10, 96, 147, 149, 165, 237,
East Asian maritime disputes, 226–236.
265
See also East China Sea; South China
containment policy, 49, 50, 51, 52–60, 61,
Sea
64
East China Sea, 152, 213–214, 227,
Cox committee report, 106, 132
231–233
Cruz, Ted, 160, 224
East Turkistan Islamic Movement, 258
Cuba, 5, 66
Economic Cooperation Framework
Cultural Revolution, 57–59, 65; and impact
Agreement (ECFA), 219
on China’s foreign relations, 58–59,
educational exchanges, 35, 274
66–69
Eisenhower, Dwight, policy toward China,
currency value, US criticism of Chinese
52–56
policy on, 132, 203–204
Emergency Committee for American
Currie, Lauchlin, 41
Trade, 99
Cushing, Caleb, 15, 19
326
Index
engagement policy, 91; developments
Haig, Alexander, 76, 82
1989–2000, 91–118, 237;
Hankow-Canton railway, 26
developments 2000–2017, 119–120,
Harding, Harry, 35
123, 125, 141–144, 153, 237
Harding, Warren, 24
environmental issues, 208–211
Harris, Harry, 158, 235, 310n36
EP-3 incident, 120, 121
Hay, John, 25
espionage, 131; economic espionage and
“hedging” policies, 141–144
cyber theft, 7. See also cyber espionage,
“hegemony” opposed by China, 71, 95,
theft and warfare
167, 171
ethnic group freedom in China, 254
Hong Kong, 59, 275; and human rights
exclusion movement, 16, 17, 21–22
issues, 93, 242, 259–260; and US-China
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 151
trade, 189
extraterritorial disappearances involving
Hoover, Herbert, 24, 32
China, 250
Hoover-Stimson doctrine, 32
extraterritoriality, 13, 19, 42
Hormbeck, Stanley, 33
Hu Jintao, 124; and human rights, 245,
Falun Gong, 130, 259
246; policy toward the United States,
Far Eastern Agreement of 1945, 46
137–144, 146, 149
Flying Tigers. See American Volunteer
Hull, Cordell, 33
Group
human rights, 1, 237–264; and the Trump
Ford, Gerald, 80
administration, 268, 269; and US-
foreign aid, 191; China gives foreign aid,
Chinese relations 1969–1989, 239–241;
191; China receives foreign aid, 192
and US-Chinese relations 1989–2000,
foreign investment, 191; Chinese
91–118; and US-Chinese relations
investment abroad, 191; in China, 191;
2000–2017, 122, 129–131, 242,
US-China issues about, 205–207,
245–264; issues in contemporary US-
207–208
Chinese relations, 153, 157, 158, 164;
France, 13, 20, 53, 60
recommended US policy options,
freedom of navigation operations, 4, 163,
263–264; US-Chinese differences, 238
236
human rights dialogue, 238
Friedberg, Aaron, 10
Human Rights Watch, 100
“Gang of Four,” 65, 67, 72
Hung Hsiu-ch’uan, 20
Hurley, Patrick, 38, 39, 45
Geneva Conference of 1954, 53
gentry class in China, 17, 22
immigration, 16; and American
Gingrich, Newt, 98
discrimination against Chinese, 14, 16,
global economic crisis and recession
21, 22, 23; and American support for
beginning 2008, 127, 142, 146, 186,
Chinese, 16, 21, 42; and US influence
192
in Asia, 278, 280
globalization, 1, 192–193
“independent foreign policy,” 81, 81–90
Grant, Ulysses, 23
India, 119, 127, 157, 275
Great Britain, 13, 19, 20, 29, 59
Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons tests
Great Depression, 14, 32, 33
of 1998, 127
Great Leap Forward, 56
“indigenous innovation” in China, 195,
G-20, 148
196, 197
“G-2” US-China partnership, 2
Indochina, 53
“Gulliver strategies” in US-Chinese
Indonesia, 268
relations, 141, 273
insurgent movements in Southeast Asia, 59
Index
327
intellectual property rights (IPR), 6, 132,
Lien-Chou massacre, 27
197–199
Lighthizer, Robert, 269
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 192
Li Hung-chang, 23
Internet control, 131, 253–254
Lin Biao, 43, 58, 65, 67, 68, 69
Iran, 5, 6, 131, 157
linkage, 155
Iraq, 5; US war against 1990–1991, 110;
linkage policy of 1993–1994, 94, 115
US war against 2003–2011, 123, 146
lobby and interest groups, 96, 97, 100–101
Islamic State, 170
Luce, Henry, 34
Japan, 14, 23, 25, 27, 28, 93, 157, 232;
Manchukuo, 32
aligns with Nazi Germany, 34; and
Manchuria, 14, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28, 46, 65
Reagan pan Asia policy, 83; Chinese
Mao Zedong, 1, 72; maneuvering during
demonstrations against in 2005 and
1940s-1960s, 37–39, 43–48, 49;
2012, 154, 231; contemporary disputes
opening to the United States, 3, 61–72
with China, 152, 231–233, 275;
Marshall, George, 39, 47
expansion in China and US reactions
Mattis, James, 267
leading to World War II, 14, 18, 29–30,
May Fourth Movement, 29
32–34; US-Japan security cooperation,
Ma Ying-jeou, 142; and Taiwan relations
121, 162; US relations and US opening
with China and the United States, 142,
to China, 76, 83, 167
214, 215, 217, 219–221
Jiang Zemin, 104; and Falun Gong, 259;
May Thirtieth movement, 31
policy to the US, 104, 105, 116–118,
McCain, John, 224, 225
123, 137–138
McCarthy, Joseph, 52
Johnson, Lyndon, 57, 63–64
media freedom in China, 131, 252–253
missionaries, 13, 15, 20; Chinese riots
Kang Sheng, 58, 65
against, 17, 22, 27; developments prior
Kasich, John, 160
to World War II, 13, 17, 22, 34
Kennedy, John, 56–57
Mongolia, 46, 65, 88
Kennedy, Robert, 64
Morganthau, Henry, 32, 32–33
Kerry, John, 124
most-favored-nation (MFN) trade status,
Khmer Rouge, 73
94, 95, 102, 103, 114, 186, 242
; King, Martin Luther, 64
“multipolar” world, 112
Kissinger, Henry, 69, 80, 97, 215
Myanmar, 5
Knox, Philander, 28
Korean peninsula, 23, 167
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 83, 89
Korean War, 50, 51–52
Nanjing, Treaty of 1842, 19
Kuomintang (KMT). See Nationalist Party
Nanking Incident of 1927, 31
Kushner, Jared, 163, 269
National Endowment for Democracy, 263
Kyoto Protocol, 208, 210
nationalism in China, 29, 31, 34, 140, 275
Nationalist Party of China (Kuomintang—
Lansing, Robert, 29
KMT), 30, 31, 45–48; maneuvering
Latin America, Chinese trade and
during 1940s-1960s, 37–42, 50, 60;
investment, 276
maneuvering during US opening to
League of Nations, 32
China, 69–71; recent developments,
Lee Teng-hui, 103, 106, 109, 115, 216, 218
217, 218, 220
Lend-Lease aid, 33
National Origins Act of 1924, 16, 21
Liaison Offices, 41, 102
NATO expansion, 121
liberalism theory and US-China relations,
Nine Power Treaty, 18, 24, 30
10, 95, 98, 147, 165, 187, 237, 265
328
Index
Nixon, Richard, 5, 239; opening to China,
Putin, Vladimir and Xi Jinping, 148, 154,
61, 64–71, 215
162
Nixon Doctrine, 64
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and
Qing dynasty, 13, 17
human rights in China, 247
Quemoy, 56
Northern Expedition, 31
North Korea, 1, 5, 6, 275; and crisis in
Reagan, Ronald, 76; policy toward China,
Trump administration, 4, 138, 142, 152,
76, 77–90, 108–109; policy toward
162, 182–183; nuclear weapons’
Taiwan, 76, 108–109, 216
program, 4, 122, 123, 127, 157, 162,
realist theory and US-China relations, 10,
176
62, 76, 77–90, 95, 97, 98, 147, 149,
nuclear security and Barack Obama–Xi
165, 187
Jinping meeting 2016, 156
rebalance policy of Barack Obama, 5, 146,
152, 170, 173–174, 227–229, 279, 280
Obama, Barack, 279; and human rights
Red Guards, 58
issues with China, 243, 262; and policy
religious freedom in China, 131, 254
toward China, 2–3, 3–4, 145–153, 173,
restrictions in China on US information
221, 227–229; and policy toward
and communication technology, 197
Taiwan, 156, 157, 221, 221–222. See
Roosevelt, Franklin, 32–33, 37–38, 40–42,
also rebalance policy
44–47
Obama Doctrine, 270
Roosevelt, Theodore, 26, 27
Olympic Games 2008, 243