In a sense, I can say the same thing. Beyond Peace is my tenth book, and my ninth since resigning the Presidency twenty years ago this year. After completing my first, Six Crises, in 1962, I vowed that I would never write another. Since then, I have learned to make less Sherman-like promises. This volume completes a six-volume series with an emphasis on East-West relations that I began in 1979 with The Real War, which warned that the United States was risking losing the Cold War. Real Peace suggested that we were missing opportunities in the early 1980s to establish a rational framework for managing our differences with Moscow. No More Vietnams described the lessons to be learned from one of the Cold War’s most decisive battles. 1999: Victory Without War cautioned against euphoria about Gorbachev and his promises to reform the failed communist system rather than abandon it. Seize the Moment, completed as Soviet communism finally collapsed in 1991, called on the West to do everything it could, by supporting Yeltsin’s reforms, to ensure that democracy and free-market policies would take communism’s place.
The primary audience for the first five volumes in the series was those who were chiefly preoccupied with foreign policy. Beyond Peace is aimed at a broader readership. The longest section has to do not with foreign battles but with domestic ones—over health care, education, urban decay, and other issues. For forty-five years we fought the Cold War because we believed that our system deserved to prevail since it offered people more than communism. The defeat of communism requires us to keep the promises we have made to three generations in this century and to those who will live in the century to come. America must prove that it really is, as Abraham Lincoln described it, the last best hope of man on earth.
So whenever people ask me if all the travails of public life were worth it, my answer, very briefly, is this: Politics is never going to be heaven, and sometimes it’s hell, but yes, it was worth the trip. When I came to Washington forty-seven years ago, the predominant issue was ensuring that the United States would step up to the communist threat, both abroad and at home. The ultimate satisfaction is to have lived long enough to see the West defeat communism and begin a new, equally arduous, equally noble campaign to ensure the victory of freedom, both abroad and at home.
To complete what is probably my last book, I had help from an extraordinary group of friends, colleagues, and experts. From the outset of the project, Harold Evans at Random House provided incisive counsel. Kathy O’Connor, my chief of staff, ably supervised the entire project, with help from Kim Taylor, who managed the manuscript, and Elizabeth Johnston. Robert Bostock and Joseph Marx, young aides on Capitol Hill with great political promise in their own right, checked the manuscript for accuracy. Key insights were provided by Ambassador Robert F. Ellsworth, Ambassador James Lilley, Dimitri K. Simes, and Marin Strmecki. And for their invaluable editorial assistance, my special thanks to Monica Crowley of my staff; Professor Robert Kaufman of the University of Vermont; Raymond K. Price, Jr., the head of my White House speechwriting office; and John H. Taylor, director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace.
—RN
Park Ridge, New Jersey
March 30, 1994
Also by Richard Nixon
Seize the Moment
In the Arena
1999: Victory Without War
No More Vietnams
Real Peace
Leaders
The Real War
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
Six Crises
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Index
abortion, 127
affirmative action, 187–89
Afghanistan, 8, 34, 144, 148
Africa, 87, 93, 157, 159–60
Algeria, 144
American Civil War, 228
Anderson, Martin, 217–18
Andreas, Dwayne, 78
Andrews, Bert, 194
Angola, 34, 93
Arab-Israeli conflict, 141, 142, 161
peace process, 113, 143, 146, 151–53
Arafat, Yasir, 143, 152
Asia, 157
economic growth in, 89, 102, 105, 106, 158
Japan’s role in, 105, 106, 107, 109–10, 111, 112, 125, 139
U.S. military role in, 106, 111
U.S. political relations in, 102, 104–5, 138–40
U.S. trade with, 105–6, 138
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 119
Atlantic Monthly, 241
Babbitt, Irving, 174
balanced-budget amendment, 179
Bangkok, Thailand, 203
Ben-Gurion, David, 151
Berlin, Isaiah, 42
Billington, James H., 67, 77
Bismarck, Otto von, 206–7
blacks, 187, 221, 224, 225–26
Borchgrave, Arnaud de, 100
Bork, Robert H., 182
Bosnia-Herzegovina
ethnic warfare in, 141, 153–54, 167
U.N.-NATO peacekeeping operation, 31, 32, 90, 154
U.S. policy and, 153–55
Brandeis, Louis D., 234–35
Brazil, 164, 165
Brezhnev, Leonid I., 35, 50, 121
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 98, 191
budget deficits, 177, 199–200
Burke, Edmund, 236
Burma, 205–6
Bush, George
and domestic politics, 190, 198, 213
in 1992 presidential election, 9, 73, 178
and Persian Gulf War, 31, 36, 186
and Somalia intervention, 36
Califano, Joseph A., Jr., 229–30
California, 188, 216
Cambodia, 34, 125, 154
campaign finance reform, 182–83
Camp David Accords (1979), 147, 151
Canada, 160
capitalism, 16–17, 22, 163–64, 196, 205
Carrier Corporation, 105
Castro, Fidel, 136, 137, 138
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 59
Chad, 142
Chamberlain, Neville, 185–86
Chambers, Whittaker, 155
Chernomyrdin, Viktor S., 51, 70
children, 177, 221, 240
Chile, 124
China, 139
capitalist development in, 16, 29, 82, 122, 123–24, 129, 158, 163
economic growth in, 77, 121–22, 127, 166
and Hong Kong, 134–35
internal politics, 128–30
military power of, 30, 124–25
NATO and, 100
political repression in, 25, 124, 125–26, 130, 131–32
and Taiwan, 133–34
U.S. relations with, 59, 106, 122–23, 125, 126–27, 130–33, 135–36, 186
U.S. trade with, 105, 122, 124, 125–26, 127–28, 130
and weapons proliferation, 128, 144, 161
Churchill, Sir Winston L. S., 43, 53, 201, 250
and appeasement policy, 185–86
on democracy, 16
on Russia, 126
on world leadership, 13, 31–32, 168
Ciller, Tansu, 166
Clinton, Bill, 5–6, 89, 181, 188
health insurance plan, 206, 209–13
in 1992 presidential election, 9, 33, 73, 178, 245
and Somalia intervention, 36
and U.S.-China relations, 132–33
and U.S.-Russia relations, 74, 77, 79
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 178
Cochrane, Bourke, 250
Cold War, 4–5
China in, 131
communications revolution and, 24
defeat of communism, 4, 7–8, 14, 55, 82, 249
effects from ending of, 5, 6, 7, 8–9, 35, 58, 105, 1
67, 169, 243
Europe in, 83, 85, 86, 88, 95, 100, 101
ideological component of, 9, 33, 37, 56, 64
Japan in, 108
lessons of, 14–15, 16, 17, 20
military competition in, 8, 13, 91, 199
nuclear war threats in, 4, 6, 13–14, 35–36
Turkey in, 148
and U.S. foreign aid, 162
U.S. role in, 7, 8–9, 17, 30, 39, 86, 98, 104–5
Vietnam War component of, 5, 10, 13, 38
Western victory in, 7, 8, 186, 249
communism, 15, 20, 195–96
Communist Party (China), 124, 129
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 87, 88
Connally, John B., 115
crime, 177, 223–26, 230, 231–33
Crimea, 64
criminal justice system, 223, 230, 233
Cuba, 136, 137–38
Cuban missile crisis, 13, 84
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 128
Czechoslovakia, 68, 101
Czech Republic, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101
Declaration of Independence, 187
democracy, 249
direct and representative, 179, 184–85
promotion of, 37–38, 72
in Russia, 34, 43, 45, 49, 50–51, 70, 72, 73–74
Democratic Party, 79, 182–83, 190
Deng Xiaoping, 128, 129, 131–32
Dewey, Thomas E., 18
Dole, Robert, 32
domestic spending, 177, 196–97, 199, 200, 204, 206
Douglas, Stephen A., 185
drug abuse, 229–31
Dulles, John Foster, 7
Eastern Europe, 14
collapse of communist regimes, 4, 5, 7, 19, 29, 86
environmental destruction in, 203
Japanese aid to, 112
NATO and, 94–95, 98, 99
political boundaries in, 88
refugees from, 87
Russian troop withdrawal from, 68, 70
U.S. policy and, 34, 90, 101
Western European trade with, 100–101
economic growth, 197–99, 204, 205
Economist, 106, 162
education, 213–18
Egypt, 142, 144–45, 147, 151, 155, 166
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 3, 81
Elders, Joycelyn, 229
employment, 187, 210
Endangered Species Act (1973), 201–2
Engels, Friedrich, 173–74
environmental protection, 201–4
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 201, 202
equal opportunity, 187, 190
Estonia, 64
Europe
economic refugees in, 161
Persian Gulf oil dependency, 92–93, 142
role of Britain in, 93–94
role of France in, 88–89
role of Germany in, 89–90
role of NATO in, 29, 86, 87–88, 90–91, 95–100
trade relations in, 100–101
U.S. military forces in, 90–91
U.S. relations with, 83–84, 85, 91–92, 102–3, 104–5
See also Eastern Europe; Western Europe
European Community, 35, 87, 100, 154
European Reconstruction and Development Bank, 100
Eyshen, Mark, 87
Fahd (king of Saudi Arabia), 147
families, 240–42
Fang Lizhu, 132
federalism, 184
Federalist, 180
Foreign Affairs, 127, 135
France, 10, 87, 88–89, 93, 94, 163
Franco, Itamar, 165
Friedman, Milton, 135
Fuller, Lon, 12
Fyodorov, Boris, 69
Gaidar, Yegor T., 62–63, 69
Gaulle, Charles de, 10, 32, 43, 59, 84
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 117, 118, 162
Germany, 197
economic strength of, 30, 89–90
investment in United States, 114
Nazi era, 41, 83, 191
recovery from World War II, 33, 56, 61, 74, 82, 99
reunification of, 100
role in NATO, 89, 99
welfare state, 206–7
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 245
Gorbachev, Mikhail S., 7, 45, 47, 65, 76
attempted coup against, 34–35, 52, 253
economic and political reforms, 15, 41–42, 44, 46, 71
Gorbunous, Anatoly, 62
Gore, Al, 184
government, 22–23, 178–86, 196–97, 204, 207, 234–35
Grace, Peter, 184
Grachev, Pavel, 62
Graham, Rev. Billy, 239
Grant, Ulysses S., 46
Great Britain, 84–85, 87, 93–94, 114, 135
Great Society, 11, 22, 177, 189, 191–92, 198, 219, 235
Greece, 12
Greenberg, Hank, 79
Group of Seven (G-7), 5–6
Grunwald, Henry, 22, 239
Guinier, Lani, 188
gun control, 233
Haig, Alexander M., Jr., 55
Haiti, 36, 37
Hamilton, Alexander, 191
Hassan II (king of Morocco), 147
Havel, Václav, 45, 95
Haynsworth, Clement F., Jr., 193
health care, 207–13
Hitler, Adolf, 53, 81, 96
Hobbes, Thomas, 185
Hoffer, Eric, 224
Holmes, Kim, 37
Holocaust, 143, 154
Hong Kong, 126, 127, 128, 134–35, 158
Hoover, Herbert C., 206, 247
Hosokawa, Morihiro, 120
House, Karen Elliot, 176
Hull, Cordell, 167
Hungary, 95, 97, 98, 99
Huntington, Samuel, 153
Hussein, Saddam, 93, 144, 146, 186
Ibsen, Henrik, 23
immigration, 247–48
India, 124, 158, 161, 163, 164–65
Indonesia, 110, 155, 158, 159, 164, 165
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 69, 75
Iran, 93, 141, 142, 144–47, 148–49, 239
Iran-Iraq War, 142, 146
Iraq, 93, 142, 148–49
military strength of, 144, 145
nuclear weapons development, 36, 144
in Persian Gulf War, 5, 34, 94, 149
U.S. policy and, 141, 146
Islam, 141, 153
Muslim fundamentalism, 141, 144, 145, 155, 166
Ismay, Hastings L., Lord, 89
Israel, 36, 59
Arab conflict, 141, 142, 161
Arab peace process, 113, 143, 146, 151–53
U.S. support for, 34, 141, 142, 143
Japan, 100, 197
Chinese relations with, 109, 110, 111, 125
economic strength of, 29, 30, 89, 108, 109, 120–21, 125
education in, 213
foreign aid, 77, 111–13
internal politics, 108, 119–20, 204, 207
military defense, 107, 110–11, 113
Persian Gulf oil dependency, 113, 142–43
recovery from World War II, 33, 56, 61, 82, 99, 108
role in Asia, 105, 106, 107, 109–10, 111, 112, 125, 139
Russian relations with, 77, 109, 111, 112
U.S. relations with, 34, 106, 107, 108–9, 116, 118–19, 121
U.S. trade with, 107–8, 113–15, 117–18
in World War II, 107, 110, 125
Japanese Diet, 120
John Paul II, 20
Johnson, Lyndon B., 193
Johnson, Paul, 14, 152, 239
Jordan, 142, 146
judicial system, 181–82, 231
Kant, Immanuel, 35, 167, 180
Kennedy, John F., 12, 38, 102–3, 193
Kennedy, Paul, 197
Kerensky, Alexander F., 43–44
Kerr, Sophie, 25
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 15, 16, 37, 195–96
Kirkpatrick, Jeane J., 31
Kissinger, Henry A., 98, 133, 147
Kohl, Helmut, 58–59
Korean War, 5, 13, 31, 105, 124
Kozyrev, Andrei V., 62
Krauthammer, Charles, 232, 241–42
Kravchuk, Leonid M., 54, 62, 65–66
Kristof, Nicholas, 124, 127
Kristol, Irving, 222
Kuwait, 34, 38, 142, 186
Latin America, 34, 118, 157, 158–59
Latvia, 64
League of Nations, 42, 167
Lebanon, 142, 153
Lee Kwan Yew, 29, 109, 123, 140, 217
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), 108, 120
Liberal Democratic Party (Russia), 50
Libya, 93, 142
Limbaugh, Rush, 175
Lincoln, Abraham, 46, 173, 185, 228
Lincoln, Bruce, 70–71
Lippmann, Walter, 193
Lithuania, 64
lobbyists, 182
Lobov, Oleg, 62–63
Losing Ground (Murray), 220
Lugar, Richard G., 92
Macao, 126
MacArthur, Douglas, 80, 92, 104, 108
McDougall, Walter, 116
Macmillan, Harold, 119
Madison, James, 180, 191
Magnet, Myron, 175
Major, John, 100
Malaysia, 110, 158
Malraux, André, 9, 32
Mao Tse-tung, 3–4, 25, 123, 125
Marshall Plan, 75, 86, 186
media, 192–95
Medicaid, 211
Mexico, 118, 160, 161, 162–63, 166–67
Middle East, 87, 113, 141–44, 151, 155–56
military spending, 33, 150, 197, 198, 199
Mitterrand, François, 94–95
Morality of Law (Fuller), 12
Morocco, 144
Moscow, Russia, 67–68
Motorola Corporation, 105
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 218–20
Mubarak, Hosni, 147, 166
Murray, Charles, 220–21, 222
Napoleon I (emperor of France), 81, 122
National Council of Churches, 239
National Endowment for the Arts, 200
National Endowment for the Humanities, 200
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 44
Netherlands, 114
New Jersey, 214
Newsweek, 232
New York City, 214, 219, 222, 223
New York Times, 71
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 242
Nixon, Patricia, 215
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 117, 118, 162
North Atlantic Cooperation Council, 87
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 94, 186
and Bosnian civil war, 32, 90, 154
Eastern European membership in, 95, 96–99