control of Canaan, 77–78, 252n114
gods of, 182–183
and Israelite culture, 27, 53–57, 200
and Israelite literature, 17, 57–59
and Levite names, 32–34, 64, 81, 200, 243n13, 259n57
and monotheism, 133–141, 146, 155, 215, 216
and Moses, 48, 123–129, 133–141
and treatment of aliens, 62–63, 65, 82, 200–203
See also Akhenaten; Aten; Pharaoh
’eḥād, 158
Ehrensvärd, M., 251n97
Eissfeldt, Otto, 265n11
El, 46, 47, 144, 155, 246n42
merger with Yahweh, 49–53, 82–83, 121–122, 144–145, 149, 152, 155, 168, 183, 203, 215
in names, 92, 152, 170, 264n47
El Shadday, 48
’eleph, 21, 241n21
Elephantine, 96
Elijah, 159–160, 190, 206, 266n17
Elohim, 46, 47, 49, 155, 170, 171, 183, 246n41–43
epigraphy, 35, 100–101, 103. See also Hebrew (language)
Esarhaddon, 263n43
Esau, 117
Eshel, H., 254n5
ethical monotheism, 214
Eve, 47, 118, 187
exile (Babylonian), 96, 101, 156, 161, 163, 165, 168, 188, 193, 265n12
and monotheism, 151–153
and Second Isaiah, 153–155
Ezekiel, 55, 126–127, 184, 262n19
Ezion Geber (Eilat), 89
Fagan, Brian, 262n31
Faigenbaum-Golovina, Shira, 255n22
Faust, Avraham, 28–29, 239n3, 242n3, 250n85, 256n32
Finkelstein, Israel, 15, 29, 67, 69–70, 99, 240n3, 240nn7–9, 242nn4–5, 250n88, 250n91, 250n94–95, 255n22, 256n37
Five Books of Moses. See Pentateuch; Torah
Fohrer, Georg, 249n81
fragmentary hypothesis, 44
Frahm, Eckart, 263n43
Frankfort, Henri, 260n59, 263n44
Freedman, David Noel, 35–37, 39, 40, 41, 65, 143, 155–156, 191, 240n2, 243nn15–17, 243n20, 244n23, 244n26, 246n45, 256n30, 258n45, 265n10, 265n12, 266n15, 267n30, 269n59, 272n1
Freud, Sigmund, 134–141, 262nn30–34
Fritz, Volkmar, 242n2, 253n116, 253n118, 255n19
Garfinkel, Yosef, 255n18
Garr, Randall, 246n47
genetics, 106–112, 259n58
Geoghegan, Jeffrey, 256n30
Gershom, 57, 125, 261n11
Gezer, 98, 100
goddesses, 113, 142, 168, 175, 177, 182, 183, 186, 191, 192, 194, 205, 215, 269n57, 270n61. See also Asherah; Queen of the Heavens
gods, 38, 113–114, 139, 142, 150–151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160–161, 162, 192, 194, 195, 205, 215, 216, 267n33, 267n35
death, 168–177, 181–188, 191
Goldstein, David, 110, 111, 258n48, 258n51, 259n55
Gottwald, Norman, 246n47, 252n109
Greenberg, Moshe, 247n58, 268n47
Habiru. See ‘Apiru
Hadley, Judith, 270n61
Hagar, 124, 261n6
Hall, J., 241n23
Hall, R. G., 248n62
Halpern, Baruch, 11, 30–31, 58–59, 81, 99, 239n4, 241n21, 241n1 (chap. 2), 242n2, 243n11, 243n16, 243n18, 244n23, 244n25, 248n65, 248n69, 248n71, 249n81, 250n86, 253n117, 253n119, 254n5, 256n30, 257n38, 258n44, 260n60, 260n65, 262n21, 262n27, 263n41, 264n5, 265n12, 265n15, 269n57, 270n8
Hamilton, Victor, 268n35
Hammurapi, 215
Hanson, Paul, 264n6, 264n8
Harford-Battersby, G., 245n35, 249n81, 261n12, 272n1
Harris, Mark, 22, 241n22, 241n24
Hartung, John, 212–213, 271n22
Hazor, 40, 80, 98, 100, 252n116
Hebrew (language), 21, 101–102, 115, 127, 156, 166–168, 189, 260n61, 271n12
inscriptions, 88–95, 97, 100–101
See also epigraphy
Hebrews, 13, 29, 33, 210
Hendel, Ronald, 77–78, 134, 167, 243n16, 251n97, 252n108, 252n114, 258n43, 266n25, 267n34
henotheism, 139, 151, 160, 162
Herodotus, 114, 240n11
Hesse, Brian, 257n40
Hestrin, Ruth, 253n4, 257n42
Hezekiah, 42, 89, 95, 97, 166, 192, 199
Hiebert, Theodore, 180, 268n41
Hillel, 44
Hirah the Adullamite, 210
Hitchens, Christopher, 194
Hobab, 262n27
Hoffmeier, James, 17, 29, 59, 71, 240n14, 242n1, 242n8, 248n65, 248n71, 251n99, 263n38, 263n40, 263n42
Holladay, John S., 99–100, 257n39
Holladay, William, 265n13
Homan, Michael, 54, 65, 93, 247n53, 255n21
Hophni, 32, 243n12
Horeb, 131, 247n48. See also Sinai
Horvat ‘Uza, 92
Hosea, 156, 160–161
Huddlestun, John, 241n18
Hur, 32, 243nn12–13
Hurvitz, Avi, 251n97, 257n43
Hyksos, 28, 65, 251n100
Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 247n58
idols, 137, 187, 192, 193, 211
Iron II, 100
Isaac, 46, 48, 117, 118, 124, 126, 145, 207
Isaiah, 153, 179, 264n6
Ishmael, Ishmaelites, 124, 261n8
Islam. See Muslims
Israel, Israelites, 2, 16, 17, 32, 36, 44, 46, 54, 70, 71, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98–100, 103, 115, 137–141, 142–146, 149, 162, 163, 166–168, 185–186, 189, 191–192, 200, 205–206, 214
and the Blessing of Moses, 41
Canaanite origins of, 15, 50
and the exodus, 10, 13–15, 21, 27, 29–30, 53, 57, 58–59, 66–68, 76, 77–78, 79–81, 123
in inscriptions, 66, 95–96
and love of neighbor, 206–210
merger with Levites, 51, 104–105, 113, 116–117, 121, 150, 168, 188, 199
separate from Judah, 70, 87, 111
and the Song of Deborah, 40
and the Song of Moses, 169–172, 181
and the Song of the Sea, 39–40, 243–244n20
and treatment of aliens, 62–64, 200–203
See also Samaria; Samaria ostraca
‘Izbet Sartah inscription, 92
J source, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 58, 63, 70, 74, 79, 105, 116, 200, 245n38, 246n42, 248n61, 248n64, 248n70, 249n72, 249–250n81, 250n83, 261nn11–12, 263n43, 268n38, 268n42, 268n45, 271–272n1
circumcision in J, 55–57
gods in J, 183–185
Midian in J, 127–128
plagues, 59–60
slavery, 61–62
Jacob, 46, 48, 56, 72, 74, 107, 115, 117, 118, 126, 145, 169, 171, 181, 207, 210
Jacobs, Louis, 244n30
Jehu, 95
Jenks, Alan, 272n1
Jeremiah, 55, 156, 160–161, 189–190, 192, 193
Jericho, 80, 203
Jeroboam I, 111, 112
Jeroboam II, 89, 99
Jerusalem, 3, 43, 90–91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 130, 153, 190, 239n3. See also City of David
Jesus, 158, 165, 199
Jethro, 125, 128, 133, 272n1
Jews, 19, 78, 80, 87, 96, 108, 112, 113, 165, 177, 188, 189, 193, 200, 205, 206, 208, 213, 215, 253n1
and exile, 96, 101, 151, 153, 167
See also Judah, Judean
Jezebel, 206
Job, 151, 173–174, 175, 184, 267n35
Joosten, Jan, 251n97, 258n43
Joseph, 68, 115, 117, 124, 145, 261n8, 263n43
Joshua, 80, 117
Josiah, 166, 192, 265n14, 270n66
Jotham, 89
Judah, Judean, 16, 41, 42, 72, 100, 101, 107, 112, 115, 152, 153, 161, 165, 166–168, 190, 192, 202, 243n13, 244n24, 253n1, 265n14
in inscriptions, 95–96
inscriptions found in, 88–95
merger with Levites, 104–105, 113, 116–117, 121, 150, 168, 188, 199
separate from Israel, 70, 87, 111
Kaufmann, Yehezkel, 142, 260n59, 264n44, 264n46
Kershner, Isabel, 256n22
Keturah, 124, 261n6
King, Philip,
254n5, 254n9, 254n16, 257n40
Kirsch, Jonathan, 239n4
Kitchen, K. A., 17, 240n14
Knauf, Ernst Axel, 243n12
Knohl, Israel, 266n28, 270n2
Kochavi, Moshe, 255n18
Kohanim. See Cohen gene;
kohen kohen, 74, 108, 109, 111–112. See also Cohen gene
Korah, 92, 254n13
Kugel, James, 244n30
Kuntillet ‘Ajrud, 190–192
Kurkh Monolith, 95
Kutsko, John, 265n9
Lachish, 91, 98, 100
Lambdin, Thomas O., 271n12
Lamech, 246n41
Leah, 56, 117
Lemaire, André, 239n2, 256n29, 261n2, 262n29, 269n57
Leningrad Codex, 170
Levant, 16, 28, 29, 65
Levi, 40–41, 56, 64, 69, 72–73, 105, 107, 109–111, 117, 203, 250n83. See also Levite gene; Levites
levi, 63, 65, 67, 107, 202, 250n83, 259n57
Levin, David, 255n22
Levine, Lee, 14, 29, 240n6, 242n6
Levite gene, 109–112, 259n58. See also Cohen gene; Levi; levi; Levites
Levites, 87–88, 92, 145–146, 155, 165, 199, 247n48, 247n52, 250n83, 251nn100–101, 251n103, 259n52, 259nn57–58
and circumcision, 54–57, 80, 82
and the documentary hypothesis, 46–53, 116, 123–127, 128–130, 149, 182, 245n32, 249n72, 249n74
and Egyptian names, 32–34, 243n13
and the exodus, 30–71, 79, 121, 123, 149
genetics, 106–112, 259n58
merger with Israel and Judah, 51, 104–105, 113, 116–117, 121, 150, 168, 188, 199
and Moses, 140–145
as priests and teachers, 74–78, 168, 251n103
and treatment of aliens, 200–203
and violence, 72–74
See also Levi; levi; Levite gene
Levy, Thomas, 240n2, 240n15, 241n23, 242n2
Lewis, Theodore, 267n34
Liberia, 67
Lichtheim, Miriam, 263n38
Lipschitz, Oded, 254n11
literacy, 35, 94–95, 255n18, 256n22
lmlk stamp, 89–90, 254n5
Long, V. P., 242n1
Longman, T., 242n1
Lundberg, Marilyn J., 255n20
Lundbom, Jack, 270n6
Machinist, Peter, 177, 184, 185, 268n48, 268n50
Maeir, Aren, 262n31
Magness, Jodi, 242n3
Malamat, Abraham, 17, 66, 250nn86–87, 256n24
Manasseh, 192
Manning, Sturt, 241n24
Mansfield, Clarimond, 272n1
Masoretic Text, 49, 260n62, 266n29
Matthews, Victor H., 244n29, 256n23, 263n39
Mazar, Amihai, 252n116, 253n117, 253n3 (chap. 3), 256n24, 256n33
Mazar, Eilat, 98, 239n3, 256n24
McCarter, P. Kyle, 255n20, 267n34
McCoy, F., 241n23
McKenzie, John L., 264n6
McKenzie, Steven, 239n4
Megiddo, 89, 95, 98–99, 100
Mendenhall, George, 131, 241n20, 262n24
Merari, 32, 243n12
Merneptah stele, 66, 80, 95, 104, 140
Merneptah, 66, 69, 80, 95, 204
Mesha stele, 80, 96, 204, 244n28. See also Moab, Moabite
Meshel, Ze’ev, 190, 269n56
Mettinger, Tryggve, 264n7
Meyers, Carol, 127, 242n1, 244n31, 250n92, 261n17
Midian, Midianite, 73, 118, 149, 155, 204, 262n21, 262n27, 272n1
and Edom, 131–133, 140, 144
and monotheism, 141–142, 145–146
and Moses, 55–56, 68, 81, 122–133, 141, 146
Milgrom, Jacob, 209, 251n97, 258n43, 270n2, 271n14
Millar, William, 264n6
Millard, Alan, 255n18, 256n22
Miller, Patrick, 259n57
Miller-Naudé, Cynthia, 251n97
Miriam, 36, 69, 243n12
Mishna, 101
Moab, Moabite, 38, 81, 95, 96. See also Mesha stele
monotheism, 1, 5, 113, 142, 150–151, 168, 177–178, 193–195, 199, 206, 214–215, 263n36, 263nn40–41, 264n8, 265n9, 265n14, 268n45, 268n52
and Akhenaten, 137–141, 145–146
and centralization, 163–166
and the death of the gods, 168, 183–188
and the exile, 151–153, 167–168
and the goddess, 191–193
merger of El and Yahweh, 82, 121–122, 149–150, 203
in pre-exilic texts, 155–161
in Second Isaiah, 153–155
and the Ten Commandments, 151, 161–163
See also ethical monotheism
de Moor, Johannes, 17, 240n13
Moran, William, 263n36
Moses, 3, 10, 15, 17, 30, 55–57, 68, 69, 75, 81, 92, 107, 145, 174, 175, 181, 209, 210, 243n12, 249n73, 250n97, 272n1
as Egyptian, 133–141, 146
as innovator, 141–143, 146
meaning of, 32–34
and Midian, 68, 81, 122–133, 146, 204
revelation of God’s name, 9, 46, 47–51, 64, 82, 144, 149, 200
See also Blessing of Moses; Song of Moses
Muniz, A., 242n2
Mushi, 32, 243n12
Mushite priests, 130, 262n21
Muslims, 187, 193, 203, 215
Na’aman, Nadav, 77, 252n109, 255n22
Najjar, Mohammad, 242n2
Nathan, 210
Naveh, Joseph, 239n2, 256n30
Necho II, 68, 250n90
neighbor, 199, 200, 206, 208–214, 215 216
Nelson, Richard, 259n57, 266n15
Nephilim, 174
New Testament, 158, 199
Niditch, Susan, 260n62
Noah, 45, 118, 184
Noegel, Scott, 51, 54, 65, 149, 247n49, 247n55
Nof, Doron, 241n23
Noth, Martin, 247n58, 249n81, 261n12, 265n15, 272n1
Nurmela, Risto, 111, 259n55
O’Brien, Mark, 245n35
Omri, 96
oral history, 114–116, 260n62
Oren, Moshe, 106
Orlinsky, Harry, 211, 271n19
Ostrer, Harry, 110, 259n54
P source, 46, 47–48, 51, 53, 55, 61, 70, 79, 105, 116, 200–201, 245n38, 246n42, 248n64, 248n70, 248n72, 262n19, 262n21, 268n38, 268n45, 270n2, 271n1
gods in P, 183–184
Midian in P, 128–130, 204
parallels with Egyptian tradition, 57–59
plagues, 59–60
paganism, 113–114, 142, 159, 185–186, 192, 193, 195, 205, 214
Paldor, Nathan, 241n23
Palestine, 16, 240n11
Parfitt, Tudor, 258n48
Passover, 14, 19, 20, 78, 113
Paul, Shalom, 264nn5–6
Pentateuch, 33, 45, 54, 201, 244n31, 260n62. See also Torah
Persia, Persians, 95, 96, 167
Petrie, Flinders, 66
Pharaoh, 21, 28, 33, 60, 62, 68–69, 79, 117, 125. See also Merneptah; Rameses II; Rameses III
Philistines, 71, 240n11
Phinehas, 32, 73, 129, 243n12
Piasetzky, Eli, 255n22
Pithom, 58, 248n70
plagues, 12, 20, 59–60, 79, 262n20
polytheism, 5, 151, 161, 165, 191, 193–194, 195
Polzin, Robert, 250n97, 258n43
Pope, Marvin, 173, 268n43
pork, 100
Porten, Bezalel, 256n28
Poulter, Andrew, 255n16
Priestly Blessing, 91, 254n8
priests, 30, 40, 46, 54, 55, 74, 105, 113, 121, 130, 165, 168
and genetics, 106–112
See also Aaronid priests; Levites; Mushite priests
Prince of Egypt (film), 1
Pritchard, James B., 244n29, 256n23
Propp, William, 2, 18, 56, 63, 65, 123, 134, 161, 202, 239n1, 240nn15–16, 241n18, 241n1 (chap. 2), 243n12, 247n58, 248n70, 248n72, 249n81, 250n83, 261nn2–3, 261n12, 262n32, 263n36, 266n18, 268n44, 270n5, 271–272n1
Provan, Iain, 242n1, 266
n15
Psalm 82, 175–177, 180, 182, 184, 191
Puah, 69
Puech, Emile, 239n2
puns, 115–116, 260nn61–62
Queen of the Heavens, 188–193. See also Asherah; goddesses
Qumran. See Dead Sea Scrolls
Rachel, 117
Rainey, Anson, 255n16
Rameses (city), 58, 248n70
Rameses II, 53–54, 64, 66, 69, 82, 247n54
Rameses III, 69
Rank, Otto, 262n34
Rashi, 247n58, 261n6, 266n27
rē‘a, 209–210, 211–213, 216
Rebekah, 117, 258n44
Red Sea, 1, 19–20, 21, 37, 39, 241n18, 241n23
redactor, 33, 44, 45, 237
Redford, Donald, 13, 69–70, 123, 240n4, 243n12, 248n65, 250n93, 250n97, 261nn4–5, 263n36, 263n38, 268n52
Rehoboam, 111
Reichmann, Sirje, 263n38
Rendsburg, Gary, 57–59, 65, 71, 248n63, 250n97, 258n43
Reuel. See Jethro
Rezetko, Robert, 251n97
Rollston, Christopher, 255n18
Romans, 16, 165, 193, 194
Römer, Thomas, 132, 242n1, 246n44, 261n2, 262n19, 262n26
Rootsi, Siiri, 259n52
Royal Song of Thanksgiving, 155–156
Russell, Brian D., 243n16
Sabbath, 62, 249n81
Salomon, A., 241n23
Samaria, 91, 100, 190, 191, 192
Samaria ostraca, 91, 254n9
Sanders, Paul, 265n12
Sarah, 68, 117, 124
Sargon of Akkade, 135
Sarna, Nahum, 67
Sass, Benjamin, 255n22
Sasson, Jack, 248n62
satan, 267–268n35
Schmid, Konrad, 243n16, 244n31
Schmidt, Brian, 256n22
Schneider, Thomas, 240n15
Schniedewind, William, 256n30
Schulte, Hannelis, 271n1
Schwartz, Daniel R., 253n1
Second Isaiah, 153–155, 157, 159, 160–161, 264n6, 265n9
Seir, 131–133, 140, 144. See also Edom, Edomites
Sennacherib, 42, 95, 244n29, 256n27
Seow, C. L., 268n36
Sephardi, 108, 109, 110
Septuagint, 49, 171, 173, 266n29
Sforno, 247n58
Shalmaneser III, 95
Shanks, Hershel, 253n117
Shasu, 28, 65, 132, 242n2 of yhwh, 122–123, 144
Shausa, Arie, 255n22
Shechem, 56, 72
shechinah, 191
Shiloh, 40
Shiloh, Yigal, 3, 97, 239n3
Shilonite priests. See Mushite priests
Shiphrah, 69
Shishak (Shoshenk), 68, 95, 250n90
Silberman, Neil, 15, 29, 67, 240n3, 240nn7–9, 242nn4–5, 250n88, 250n91, 250nn94–95, 256n37
Siloam Tunnel, 96–97
Simeon, 72, 243n13, 244n24
Sinai, 15, 17, 27, 40, 66, 82, 104, 131, 132, 133, 247n48. See also Horeb
Skorecki, Karl, 106, 108–109, 111, 258nn48–49, 259n54