Gorczynski, R. M., 165, 167
Gould, J. L., 31–32
Gould, S. J., 2, 10, 14, 19, 30, 36, 39, 45, 50, 82, 101–108, 115, 116–117, 172–173
Grafen, A., 49, 75, 76–78, 80, 115, 118, 121–131, 145, 148–149, 185, 187
Grant, V., 194
Grassé, P. P., 204
Greenberg, L., 150
Greene, P. J., 110
Gregory, R. L., 25
Grey Walter, W., 62
Grun, P., 177
Guinness, F. E., 129, 183
Gunn, D. L., 36
Gurdon, J. B., 252
Hailman, J. P., 32, 251
Haldane, J. B. S., 33, 50, 154–155, 185
Hallam, A., 100, 102, 105
Hamilton, W. D., 5, 6, 15, 35, 55, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 134–135, 137, 139–140, 143–147, 153, 155, 182, 185–188, 190–193, 194
Hamilton, W. J., 68
Hanby, J. P., 185
Hansell, M. H., 197–198, 204, 207
Hardin, G., 237
Hardy, A. C., 40
Hare, H., 74, 76–78, 135, 152
Harley, C. B., 131
Harpending, H. C., 57
Harper, J. L., 253–254, 256
Hartung, J., 138
Harvey, P. H., 33, 151, 158
Heath Robinson, W., 39
Heinrich, B., 60
Hess, C. von, 31
Hickey, W. A., 138, 139
Hinde, R. A., 58–59, 63, 195
Hines, W. G. S., 187
Hodgkin, A. L., 22
Hofstadter, D., 16, 17
Hölldobler, B., 150
Holliday, R., 137
Holmes, J. C., 213, 216–218
Holmes, W. G., 149–150
Houston, A. I., 47
Howard, J. C., 165–166
Hoyle, F., 17–18
Hull, D. L., 81, 83, 84–85, 100
Huxley, A. F., 22
Huxley, A. L., 141–142
Huxley, J. S., 33, 250, 253
Huxley, T. H., 254
Jacob, F., 39
James, W., 66
Janzen, D. H., 254–257, 260
Jensen, D., 195
Jeon, K. W., 159–160
Judson, H. F., 91
Kalmus, H., 146
Keats, J., 63
Keeton, W. T., 86
Kempthorne, O., 13
Kennedy, J. S., 47
Kerr, A., 218–219
Kettlewell, H. B. D., 92–93, 147–148
Kipling, R., 16
Kirk, D. L., 85
Kirkwood, T. B. L., 137
Knowlton, N., 72
Koenig, O., 242–243
Koestler, A., 101, 168–169
Krebs, J. R., 57, 58–59, 61–62, 65, 85, 118
Kuhn, T. S., 178
Kurland, J. A., 138
Lack, D., 35, 68–69, 94
Lacy, R. C., 144
Lamarck, J. B., 19, 164–177
Lande, R., 40
Lawlor, L. R., 241
Lawrence, P. O., 214
Lehrman, D. S., 197
Leigh, E., 81, 100, 134, 138–139
Leuthold, R. H., 203
Levinton, J. S., 101, 105
Levitt, P. R., 115
Levy, D., 16
Lewontin, R. C., 19–21, 30, 33–38, 40–43, 50, 81, 86, 89, 99, 102, 136
Lindauer, M., 31, 205–206
Linsenmair, K. E., 150
Lloyd, J. E., 22, 28, 55, 56, 60
Lloyd, M., 64–65
Lorenz, K., 2, 173
Love, M., 213, 218
Lovelock, J. E., 234–236
Lucas, J., 20
Lumsden, C. J., 109
Luyckx, P., 144
Lyttle, T. W., 139
McCleery, R. H., 45, 48
Macdonald, D. W., 220
Mace, G. M., 151
McFarland, D. J., 45, 47, 48
McLaren, A., 165
Macnair, M. R., 57
Manning, A., 199
Manton, S. M., 31
Margulis, L., 159, 223, 235, 251, 252
May, R. M., 220
Mayer, G. C., 102
Maynard Smith, J., 2, 10, 22, 27, 32, 35–36, 41, 42–44, 46, 48–49, 67, 74, 100, 102, 115, 118, 119–121, 135, 143, 152, 160, 169, 181–182, 187, 238, 241, 247, 263
Mayr, E., 81, 102, 116, 137, 219, 238–239, 242, 244–246
Medawar, P. B., 35, 137, 165, 167, 183–184, 238–239, 250
Medina, S. R., 149–150
Mellanby, K., 235
Mendel, G., 135
Metcalf, R. A., 57
Michener, C. D., 150
Midgley, M., 180
Murphy, J. J., 171
Murray, J., 228
‘Nabi, I.’, 15
Nelson, J. B., 35
Nelson, K., 62
Norris, D. M., 222
Nunney, L., 152
Old, R. W., 160
Orgel, L. E., 83, 156–157, 160–164
Orlove, M. J., 187
Oster, G. F., 35, 47, 76
Owen, R., 31
Packard, V., 62
Park, O., 184
Park, T., 184
Parker, G. A., 41, 57, 60, 72, 118, 121, 143
Partridge, L., 152
Peakall, D. B., 198–199
Peleg, B., 222
Pittendrigh, C. S., 39, 47, 81
Pribram, K. H., 109
Price, G. R., 121
Primrose, S. B., 160
Pringle, J. W. S., 168
Pugh, G. E., 199
Pulliam, H. R., 111, 118
Pyke, G. H., 118
Raup, D. M., 107
Rayfield, L. S., 165, 167
Reed, C. F., 198–199
Reinhard, E. G., 213
Richmond, M. H., 158, 222–223
Ridley, M., 37, 57, 90, 145, 148–149, 167, 169, 171, 172
Ridpath, M. G., 27
Rose, S., 10, 14
Rothenbuhler, W. C., 25
Rothstein, S. I., 70, 155
Roux, W., 169
Sackett, G. P., 149–150
Sahlins, M., 155
Sapienza, C., 156–157, 160–164
Sargent, T. D., 147–148, 241
Schell, J., 218
Schaller, G. B., 64
Schleidt, W. M., 63
Schmidt, K. P., 184
Schmidt, R. S., 207
Schopf, T. J. M., 107
Schuster, P., 10
Schwagmeyer, P. L., 229
Seger, J., 102, 150–152
Shakespeare, W., 176
Shaw, G. B., 101, 168–169
Shelley, P. B., 63
Sheppard, P. M., 31
Sherman, P. W., 57, 74, 151–153
Sigmund, K., 10
Simberloff, D. S., 107
Simon, C., 64–65
Simon, C. M., 101, 105
Simon, H. A., 45, 251
Simpson, E., 165, 167
Simpson, G. G., 104
Sing, C. F., 89
Sivinski, J., 143
Skinner, S. K., 140–141
Slatkin, M., 65, 67, 89, 247
Slobodchikoff, C. N., 260, 261
Smith, D. C., 222–223
Sonneborn, T. M., 176–177
Southwood, T. R. E., 254
Spencer, H., 179–181
Staddon, J. E. R., 66, 110
Stamps, J., 57
Stanley, S. M., 101, 105
Stebbins, G. L., 181
Steel, E., 63
Steele, E. J., 164–177
Stent, G., 85–86
Stubblefield, J. W., 102
Symons, D., 15, 17
Syren, R. M., 144
Taylor, A. J. P., 9
Taylor, P. D., 77
Temin, H. M., 166
Templeton, A. R., 89
Thoday, J. M., 193
Thomas, L., 235
Thompson, D’Arcy, 2, 4, 107
Tinbergen, N., 2, 23–24, 36, 43, 47, 58–59
Toob
y, J., 140, 177–178, 224
Trevor-Roper, H., 9
Trivers, R. L., 37, 55, 64, 74, 76–78, 135, 152, 155
Turing, A. M., 17
Turnbull, C., 7
Turner, J. R. G., 40–41
Vermeij, G., 45
Vidal, G., 46
Waddington, C. H., 44, 99, 184
Wade, M. J., 115
Waldman, B., 150–151
Wallace, A. R., 179–181
Watson, J. D., 90
Weinrich, J. D., 37–38
Weismann, A., 14, 164, 166, 169, 172
Weizenbaum, J., 17
Wenner, A. M., 31–32
Werren, J. H., 140–141
West-Eberhard, M. J., 57, 60, 185
White, M. J. D., 73
Whitham, T. G., 260, 261
Whitney, G., 144
Wickler, W., 69, 144, 213, 218, 242–243, 247
Williams, G. C., 2, 6, 20, 34, 35, 52–53, 55, 59, 81, 85, 89, 100, 105, 135, 137, 160, 183–184, 188, 206, 238, 262, 263, 287
Wilson, D. S., 115
Wilson, E. O., 1, 9, 19, 35, 37, 47, 56, 70–71, 76, 109, 111, 114–115, 193, 204, 283
Wimsatt, W., 81
Winograd, T., 16
Witt, P. N., 198–199
Wolpert, L., 203
Wright, S., 32–33, 34, 39–40, 45–46, 81, 102, 104, 108, 238–239
Wu, H. M. H., 149–150
Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 81, 82, 115
Young, J. Z., 173
Young, R. M., 19, 180
Zahavi, A., 68
Subject Index
abstract painting, 7
acanthocephalan worms, 216–218
Ace of Spades Fallacy, 152, 189–191
acquired characteristics, 13–14, 164–177
action at a distance, 225–248
adaptationism, 30
adaptive landscapes, 39–40, 45, 46
addicts, cuckoo hosts as, 69
adoption, 36
advertisements, 62
advocacy method, 1
Agrobacterium, 218
allele, generalized, 97
allometry, 33
allopreening, 70
alternative stable equilibria, 41, 102–103, 244
altruism, 57, 86
altruism recognition effect, 154
ammonia, 235
ammonite extinction rates, 100
Ammophila campestris, 49–50
Amoeba, 83
angler fish, 55, 60–61, 66
annelid worms, ring-joining, 243
anting, bird, 43, 80
antlers, 33
antlions, pit-digging, 20
ants
brainworm-infected, 218
‘cuckoo’, 70–72
sex-ratio in, 74–78
slave, 72–74
aphids, 47, 254–255, 258
aphrodisiacs, 218, 220
aposematism, 151
architecture of complexity, 251
armpit effect, 146–147, 149–151
arms races, 55–80, 163, 264
asymmetry of, 73, 75
and orthoselection, 104
between outlaws and modifiers, 138
between sperm and father, 143
selfish DNA as product of, 162
‘winning’, 61, 64–67, 69, 71, 75
artefacts, animal, 196, 197–208, 247
genetics of, 207
artificial intelligence, 16
asexual organisms, not replicators, 97
assortative mating, 145–147
atmosphere, origin of, 235
atoms, 112–114
auditory drug, 62–63
backwards view of evolution, 93–95, 254, 257
bacteria
crown gall, 218–219
sex factor in, 160
balance of nature, 236
Baldwin Effect, 44, 169, 172
BBC Theorem, 236–238
beaver dam, 59, 200, 209, 233–234
bees
honey-, 25, 31, 43, 205, 230
sweat, 150
beetle larvae, as hosts, 215
biochemical pathways, 240
biotic adaptation, 262–263
bird of paradise, 199
bird song, as hypnosis, 62
bird’s nest, 98–99
Biston betularia, 92, 147–148
bivalve extinction rates, 100
black-headed gull, 23–24
blackmail, 79
blacksmith’s arms, 170
blind chance, 168–169
blueprint metaphor, 174–175
Bothriomyrmex decapitans, 70
Bothriomyrmex regicidus, 70
bottleneck, developmental, 254, 258, 261
bower birds, 199–200
brain
as computer, 17–18
size evolution, 34
stimulation of, 62, 70
transplantation of, 3
brainworm, 62, 218
British Broadcasting Corporation, 101, 165, 236
brood parasitism, 67–72
Bruce Effect, 229–232
bryozoan, colonial, 253
budgerigar, song, 63
butterflies, Müllerian mimicry in, 40–41
caddis larva, house, 197–198, 212
cake analogy, 117, 175
canary, song, 63–64
cancer, 162
castration, parasitic, 213–216, 225
caterpillars, lupin-mimicking, 244, 246
cause and effect, 11, 186, 195
cellular ecology, 222–223
cellular parasites, 226
central dogma, 97
of embryology, 173–176
of molecular genetics, 168
central theorem
of extended phenotype, 233, 248
of sociobiology, 5, 55, 58, 233
centriole, 160
Cepaea nemoralis, 31
characteristic length, 89
chemical gradients, 203
Cheshire Cat, 223
chess, computer, 16, 129–130
chimpanzee, green beard, 154
chips, electronic, 9
chloroplasts, 222–223
chromosomes
gavotte of, 134–135, 159
number in social insects, 151–153
as units of selection, 89, 95
cicadas
cooperative mimicry in, 243–246, 247
periodical, 64–65
cipher gene, 192
cistron, 81, 86, 252
cleaner fish, 155
clonal selection, 166–172
coadaptation, 107–108, 239–247
coadapted genome, 93, 111, 169, 171
coefficient of relationship
exact vs probabilistic, 190
fraction vs probability, 152, 189–190
in Hymenoptera, 191–192
colour vision, 31
common cold, 220
communication, 59
compass termites, 200
complex adaptations
clonal selection of, 171
and recurrent life cycles, 258–259
and species selection, 106–108
compromise, 47, 248
computer time, as commodity, 119
computers
lost program, 118–119
mythology of, 9, 14–18
Concorde Fallacy, 48
contraception, 36
cooperative genes, 93, 117, 239–247, 263–264
cooperative mimicry, 242–246, 247
Cope’s Rule, 100, 105
coreplicon, 140
cork analogy, 103–104
correlation
adaptive, 107, 172
incidental, 107
costs, 46–50, 66, 71, 124, 129
coupled oscillators, 168
cowbirds, 68, 70
crickets, 59–60, 62–63
crossing-over
as limit to ‘fidelity’, 88
within-cistron, 90
c
rown gall, 218–219
crustacea, parasitic, 214, 215, 225
cuckoo paradox, 67–70
cuckoos, 54, 55, 57, 94, 226–227, 232, 247
selfish DNA analogy with, 162
sex chromosomes of, 94–95
currency conversion, 47
C-value paradox, 157
dandelions, clones of, 254
decision, 250
deer
antlers, 33
reproductive success, 129, 183
democratic insects, 205–206
determinism, 10, 15
genetic, 9–14
developmentally stable strategy (DSS), 131
Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 218
differences, genetic, 21–23, 112, 195
differentiation, 252
digger wasps, 43, 118, 121–132
Concorde Fallacy committed by, 48–50
joint nesting of, 123–124
outcomes of strategies by, 124–128
payoffs to, 124
dirty tricks, 56
diving bee, 216
dominance, evolution of, 35, 137
drawing board, 259, 262, 264
drift, genetic, 32–33
paradoxically improving adaptation, 40
driving sex chromosomes, 78, 139–141, 143
Drosophila
segregation distorter genes in, 136
homeotic mutants of, 203–204
drugs, 62, 70–71, 73
ducks, as hosts, 216–217
dyslexia, 23
ecological web, 234–237
Ecologist, The (journal), 235
edible frog, 73–74
eggshell removal, 23–24, 43
electroencephalograph (EEG), 62
elephants, as heavy plant and machinery, 254
embedded genes, 86
embryology
distinct from genetics, 98–99, 116–117, 197
irreversibility of, 174–176
endosymbionts, 222
engineering optimal design, 46
environmental unpredictability, 53–54
epistasis, 209
equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244
escape from specialization, 40
eusociality, 75
as adaptation of termite gut-symbionts, 207
evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), 102–103
in digger wasps, 120–132
in parasites, 211, 216
evolvors, 83
exon, 86
experience of a gene, 93
extended genetics, 229
beaver dam, 200, 233–234
Bruce Effect, 231
caddis house, 197–198, 212
fluke and snail, 212, 221, 226, 227
spider web, 198–199.
termite mound, 200–206
extinction, 65, 100
eye, 171
femmes fatales, fireflies, 60
fertilizer analogy, 127–128
fighting, 119–120
fireflies, 60
fitness, 110, 133, 144, 179–194
classical, 183, 186
direct vs indirect, 193–194
of genotype, 182
inclusive, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153, 185–187
of lineage, 193
mean, of population, 193
neighbour-modulated, 187
non-technical usage, 181
personal, 187–188
flatfish, 39
flax, resistance to rust, 247