Daily Mile 203–7, 212–13, 214, 249, 251, 261, 262
Davies, Adrian 5, 35
dementia 5, 49, 87, 88, 226, 227, 229, 232–4
Denmark cycling in 7, 111, 121, 128, 130, 135, 137–8, 184, 239, 240, 249, 268
town/city planning in 109–12, 114–15, 121, 122–3, 125, 128, 130, 131, 132–5, 268
Department for Transport, UK 3
depression 5, 50, 106, 250
diabetes 88, 90, 95, 102, 186, 187, 192–3, 227 pre-diabetes 37, 59, 188
type 1 37, 94
type 2 4, 5, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48–9, 57, 89, 93–4, 99, 106–8, 129, 145, 146, 151, 160, 162–3, 167, 185, 193, 215, 222, 265
Diabetes UK 108
Disneyland 135–6
Dober Tek campaign 254–5
Doll, Richard 79
Donaldson, Liam 79
driverless cars 136, 137
Dunstan, David 192–3, 200
duurzaam veilig (sustainable safety) 126
electric-assist bicycle/e-bike 128–30, 135
electric vehicles 128–30, 135, 136–7, 268
endocrine system 42
Equinox (US gym chain) 32
Erickson, Kirk 226, 233–4, 275
exercise see individual exercise and area of exercise
‘fat and fit’ 147, 169–75
fat, body 42–4, 145, 146–7, 151, 161, 162, 165–6, 167, 169–75, 185, 188, 193, 242, 255
financial costs of inactivity 87–143 mortality and morbidity and 90–3
NHS/universal medical systems and 87–108
non-medical long-term action against preventable conditions and 102–8
social care and 100–2
total additional costs imposed on health services due to inactivity 94–5
Finland 236–47, 258 cycling in 236–8, 246, 247
Finnish Schools on the Move 211–12, 246, 252
Global Report Card study on childhood activity levels and 252–3, 255
Helsinki central library 252
Network of Finnish Cycling Municipalities 247
social engineering in 236–47, 249, 252, 262, 264
Sports Act (1980) 245–6
Sports Act (1999) 246
Winter Cycling Congress 238, 246 see also individual place name
Fitbit 54, 181
fitness industry 3, 31, 33, 34
fitness watches 116, 181, 270–1
food corporation lobby 148
‘four by four’ threat (four most damaging NCDs) 90 Frauen-Werk-Stadt (Women’s Work City), Vienna 140–1
Freiburg, Germany 137–8
Frome, Somerset 141–3
Garmin 116, 181, 270–1
Gehl, Jan 109–12, 120, 122–4, 125, 126, 131, 135, 184, 268, 275 Life Between Buildings 110, 122–3, 131
Gill, Tim 138, 218–20 No Fear: Growing Up in a Risk-Averse Society 219–20
Glasgow University 66, 68, 134, 163
Global Report Card study on childhood activity levels 24, 252–3
glucose intolerance 37, 38, 167, 185, 192–3, 194
Gobec, Mojca 254–5
Googleplex, Mountain View 133, 196
Greater Manchester 124–5, 127, 264–6
gyms 1, 4, 26, 30–5, 51, 106, 149, 166, 167, 220–1, 223–4, 256, 276
Hartley, Sir Percival Horton-Smith 64–5
Harvard Alumni Health Study 75–7, 134
Harvard University 46, 52, 74, 76, 77, 134, 171
Haskell, William 26, 274
Hatano, Yoshiro 54
Health Education Authority 210
health gap (gap between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy) 92–4, 95, 99–100, 222
Healy, Genevieve 194–6, 274
heart attacks 41, 48, 50, 62, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 91, 92, 93, 106 see also cardiovascular health
heart disease 5, 43, 46, 48, 59, 68, 69, 70–4, 81, 82, 88, 89, 114, 152, 154, 243, 244 see also cardiovascular health
heart rate 13, 27, 53, 116, 117, 129, 181, 197, 270
Hidalgo, Anne 192
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) 43, 185
Hillman, Mayer: One False Move 217–18
Hillsdon, Mervyn 79–80, 83, 84, 85
Hippocrates 63
Hobro, Denmark 131
hunter-gatherers 5, 15, 16, 17
Hunt, Jeremy 261–4
Imbeah, Alistair 224
inactivity financial costs of 87–143 see also financial costs of inactivity
obesity and see obesity
sitting and see sitting
see also individual area and consequence of inactivity
incidental activity (activity which takes place as part of your regular day) 27, 114, 220
individual responsibility 2, 30, 58, 148, 263
industrialisation 2, 30
inequality (of income and opportunity) 103
Ineos 205
inflammation 42, 48, 68, 161, 162, 223
Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Health, Sofia 165
insulin 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 57, 146, 161, 162
International Olympic Committee 81
International Space Station 44
Johnson, Boris 259, 260, 261, 264, 266, 267
Kail, Eva 139–43
Kelly, Mark 44
Kelly, Phil 88–9, 96–7, 103–5, 107
Kelly, Scott 44
Keston, John 225
keto diet 146
King’s College Hospital, London 87–9, 91
Kiuru, Krista 238–9, 245
Korhonen, Nina 246, 248–9, 252
Kraus, Hans: Hypokinetic Disease: Diseases Produced by Lack of Exercise 74
lactic acid 40–1
Lancet, The 23, 46, 47, 73, 95, 98, 128, 153, 199, 210
Lean, Mike 163–4
Lee, I-Min 46, 47, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 274
Levine, James 189–92, 193, 194, 196–7, 199, 201
Lewis, Thomas 68, 71–2
life expectancy 91–2, 99, 221–2 health gap (gap between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy) 92–4, 95, 99–100, 222
lipaemia 43
liver 161, 186, 187
Longevity of Oarsmen study, The 64–5
longshoremen health study, San Francisco 75
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 43, 185
Lucas, Tamara 73–4, 83, 85
lung cancer 48, 79
lung function 5, 95–6
Lykkegaard, Kasper 181–2
Mackenzie, Richard 36–8, 43, 59, 117, 274–5
Maguire, Jennifer Smith 31, 32, 33
Mancunian Way, Manchester 124–5
Marin, Sanna 238
Marmot, Michael 82–3
‘Matthew effect’ 206
Mayer, Jean 154–6, 157, 175 Physiological Basis of Obesity and Leanness 155–6
McGovern, Artie 31
meals, movement and processing of fats and sugars after 43–4, 167, 183, 188, 194, 272
mental health 49–50, 74, 204, 211
MET (metabolic equivalent) 51–2, 58, 115, 129, 178
metabolic disorders 5, 43, 49, 74, 95 see also individual disorder name
metabolic rate 39, 51, 158, 191
micro mobility 135
Miliband, Ed 266–7
minimum amount of moderate activity needed to maintain health, recommended 116–17
mitochondria 41, 48, 167
Mitrovic, Polona Demšar 254
modal filtering 126
morbidity 89, 91–3, 160, 168–9, 227, 256–7
Morris, Annie 66–7
Morris, Jerry 61–3, 64, 65, 66–74, 75, 77, 79, 80–6, 152, 154, 241
Morris, Nathan 66–7, 83
Moscow 111, 112, 123
Mosley, Michael 229
movement decline of everyday 15–35
rediscovery of benefits of 61–86
see also individual type of movement
muscle leg 224, 231, 276
skeletal 40, 42, 43, 167, 276
smooth 40
strength/muscle training 22, 223, 228, 271–2
wastage 22, 42, 223–4
Muscular Christianity 30
myosin (protein) 40
‘nanny state’ 9, 243–4, 262–3, 264, 265
NASA 44
National Fitness Survey (1990) 84 National Health Service (NHS) 9, 70, 101, 164, 179, 223, 266
cost of inactivity to 9, 89–90, 93–7, 101, 104, 106–7, 153–4
social prescribing 105–6
National Lottery 33
Nebelong, Helle 219–20
Netherlands 119, 121, 125, 127, 128, 166, 239–40, 249, 268
Nieman, David 265
Niemi, Joonas 246, 248–9, 252
non-communicable diseases (NCDs) 90, 98
non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) 190–1, 194–5
North Karelia, Finland 241–3, 244, 245, 257
obesity 5, 19, 89, 98, 144–75, 215, 241 activity required to lose significant amounts of weight 144–7, 164–9
age and 152
basal metabolic rate and 158, 191
BMI and 146, 150–1, 160, 161–4, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173
body fat percentage and 146–7, 151, 165, 167, 170, 172–4, 193
childhood and 84, 152, 153, 212
costs of 95, 153–4
crisis 152–3, 154, 157
deaths and 47, 90, 160, 163, 170, 171
energy balance and 154–9
exercise benefits for 59, 144–7, 156, 158, 159, 165–6, 167–8
‘fat and fit’ 169–75
health conditions associated with 160–1
obesogenic foodscape and 148–9
sex and 152
Slovenia and 256–7
stigma 147, 149–50
sugar and 146, 148, 156, 166
waist circumference and 161–4, 169, 172
weight loss/Watson and 144–6, 147–8, 149, 162, 166–7, 171, 173, 175, 270
worldwide spread of 152–3
Odense, Denmark 130
Ojajärvi, Sanna 247
older people/ageing staying active and 220–35
town/city planning and 138–9
Old Order Mennonites community 208
Olympics 33–4, 124, 224, 228, 255 (1964) 54
(1996) 33, 81
(2000) 33
(2012) 23
150-minutes of moderate exercise per-week recommendation 21–2, 26, 38, 54, 201, 270 active travel and 112
children and 207
commuting and 127–8
definitions of moderate and intense exercise 22
MET and 58
moderate activities, WHO list of possible 52
mortality and 45
older people and 222
strength training and 271–2
weight loss and 164
osteoporosis 16–17, 209, 227
Paffenbarger, Ralph 62, 64, 74, 75–82, 84–5, 101, 134, 225, 274
Paris 191–2, 197, 268
Parkrun 106, 249–51
pavement 120, 122, 124, 130, 140, 141, 237, 265, 268
pedometers 53–4
Peloton 31
personal choice, myth of 25–30 personal trainers 31
Peska, Pukka 46, 240–5, 257, 262–3
Physical Activity and Health (eds Bouchard, Blair, Haskell) 39
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (PACAG) 45, 48, 57
physical activity level (PAL) 51
Pichai, Sundar 133
Policy Studies Institute 217
polypharmacy 89
portal theory 161
poverty 67, 68, 69, 82, 152, 180
Poynton, Frederic 68
protein 37, 40
Public Health England (PHE) 3, 22, 33, 57, 94–5, 97, 169, 269
Raab, Wilhelm: Hypokinetic Disease: Diseases Produced by Lack of Exercise 74
Radcliffe, Paula 36
ramp test 117–18
rheumatic heart disease 68, 69–70, 82, 152
risk-averse culture 207, 219
road danger 28, 119, 121, 125–6, 128, 137, 216–18, 240, 260
Roehampton University 36, 117, 172
Rook, Sir Alan 65
Ross, Robert 149–50, 157, 160, 161–2, 163, 164, 168–9, 171, 173, 174, 175
Rost, Leon 132–4, 135, 136, 139
Royal College of General Practitioners 105
running 1, 3, 9 ageing and 225, 227, 275
ATP and 40
bone density and 16
childhood and 203–7, 209, 210, 212–13, 214, 215, 246, 255
exercise industry and 31
home running treadmills 147
METs and 51, 58
150-minutes of moderate exercise per-week recommendation and 22, 52, 201
overweight people and 167
Paffenbarger and 76, 77, 78–9, 80, 225
Parkrun 106, 249–51
ultrarunning 32
schools 20, 27, 30, 121, 210–20, 236, 237–8, 239, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 252–7, 261–2 cycling to 121, 130, 214, 237–8, 246, 247
Daily Mile and 203–7, 212–13
English curriculum, physical education and 212, 248, 261–2
Finland and 211–12, 246, 252–3, 257
free school meals at 245
girls low activity levels in 204, 209, 210–11
Global Matrix 3.0 Physical Activity Report Card and 24, 252–3
independent childhood mobility, perceived cosseting of children and 216–20
playing fields 103, 107
Scottish schools curriculum, physical education and 212
Slovenian 212, 255–7
social engineering and 237–8, 239, 244, 245, 246
sedentary behaviour 177–202 see also sitting
Sens 181–4, 271
short-termism 107
Sidewalk Labs 136
Sim, David: Soft City 123–4, 126–7
Sinton-Hewitt, Paul 250
sit-stand test 228–31
sit-stand workstations 195, 196, 198–9, 200, 202
sitting 5, 13, 24, 26, 39, 49, 54, 62, 72, 176–202, 211–16 active applause and 176–7, 180, 271
average amounts of 179
breaking up prolonged 176–7, 180, 181, 182, 190–1, 193, 194–5, 197, 200, 271, 275
chair and 178–9
diabetes and 185, 186, 187, 188, 192–4
exercise and effects of 184, 199–201
fidgeting and 190–1, 194–5
health effects of 176–7, 185–8
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)/triglycerides and 185
‘new smoking’ headlines 177
schools and 211–16
sedentary behaviour defined 177–8
sit-stand test 228–31
sit-stand workstations 195, 196, 198–9, 200, 202
tracking/measuring 179–84
TV viewing and 178, 186, 187–8, 189, 192
workplace and 189–92, 195–9, 201–2
skeletal muscles 40, 42, 43, 167, 276
skinfold body fat test 173–4, 255
Skinner, James 21
sleep 5, 42, 50, 57, 184
Sleep, Leisure, Occupation, Transportation, and Home-based Activities (SLOTH) 25
Slofit programme 255–6
Slovenia 24, 212, 253–8, 261
Smith, Edward 63–4
smooth muscle 40
social care 97, 99–101, 108
social engineering 236–58 cycling and 236–8, 239–40, 246, 247, 249, 253–4, 256
Finland and 236–47, 249, 252–3, 255, 257, 258 see also individual area of Finland
kindergartens and 252
mortality rates and 240–5
‘nanny state’ objections to 243–4
obesity and 241, 252–7
Parkrun 249–51
political support, need for complete 244–5
schools and 236, 237–8, 239, 244, 245, 246–7, 248, 252–3, 255, 256, 257
S
lovenia and 253–7, 258
sports facilities funding 245–6
tax and 245–6, 252
Youth Sports Trust, UK 247–9, 251
social medicine 61, 68–71, 83
Social Medicine Unit 61, 69–70
socialism 66, 67–8
social prescribers 105–6
Spevak, Harvey 32, 35
Sport England 34
stairs 28–9, 131–4
Starc, Gregor 255–7
St Mary’s Hospital, London 93
St Ninian’s primary school, Stirling, Scotland 203–7, 213
Stockholm, Sweden 141
Stop de Kindermoord (Stop the Child Murders) road safety mass protests, Netherlands (1970s) 121, 240
strength/muscle training 22, 223, 228, 271–2
stroke 5, 46, 61, 81, 89, 160, 180, 186, 267
technology, monitoring of activity levels and Active Ten app (Public Health England) 57, 269
activity trackers 38, 57, 116, 180–4, 200–1, 214–15, 269, 270–1
Sens activity tracker 181–4, 200–1, 214–15, 271
television viewing 26, 82–3, 121, 186–9, 192
telomeres 41–2, 226
10,000 steps a day target 26, 38, 52, 53–5, 56, 184, 200, 270, 275
Titmuss, Richard 68–9
town/city planning (built environment) 5, 28–9, 108, 109–43, 210 active travel and 109–43
Amager Bakke and 134–5
Buchanan and 120–1
cars, hegemony of 110, 111, 113, 120–2, 124, 125, 126, 127–31, 135–8, 140, 141, 142, 143, 191–2, 263, 265, 268
Copenhagen 111–12, 122, 123
coronavirus lockdown and 130–1
cycling and 111, 112, 113, 114–20, 121, 122, 124–6, 127–31, 136, 137, 141, 143
driverless cars and 136–7
duurzaam veilig (sustainable safety) concept 126
e-bikes and 127–30
Gehl’s philosophy 109–12, 120, 122–4, 125, 126, 131, 135
Googleplex, Mountain View and 132–4
health dividends of active travel and 114–20