Warning
This outline tour includes some rough country and you need to be reasonably fit to undertake it. Certainly do not attempt it alone in case of accident. Take plenty of water and a mobile phone and wear walking boots and trousers capable of resisting prickly thorns; shorts are a painful option! Also be aware of a slight risk from unsupervised farm dogs (a stout stick can make you feel better), but snakes are rarely seen and if you spot them they are usually trying their best to get away from you. Overall at Gallipoli a commonsense approach should see you all right. If in doubt, it is no disgrace to retrace your steps and drive round to the next point in the tour.
APPENDIX B
Glossary of Military Terms
Acronyms
AIF
Australian Imperial Force
AWOL
Absent Without Leave
BEF
British Expeditionary Force
CEO
Corps Expéditionnaire d’Orient
CIGS
Chief of Imperial General Staff
CO
Commanding Officer
CRA
Commander Royal Artillery
EMS
Eastern Mediterranean Squadron
HE
High Explosives
KOSB
King’s Own Scottish Borderers
MEF
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
NZ&AD
New Zealand and Australian Division
NZEF
New Zealand Expeditionary Force
PMLO
Principle Military Landing Officer
RAMC
Royal Army Medical Corps
RMLI
Royal Marine Light Infantry
RNAS
Royal Naval Air Service
RND
Royal Naval Division
Military units
Section
The sub-unit of an infantry platoon. About sixteen men usually commanded by a Corporal.
Platoon
The sub-unit of an infantry company. Four sections of about sixteen men. Commanded by a Lieutenant or Second Lieutenant.
Company
The sub-unit of a Battalion. At full strength about 250 men. Commanded by a Major.
Battalion
The building block of the army made up of four Companies. At full strength a Battalion could contain a thousand men, more often between 600–800, commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel.
Brigade
Made up of four Battalions. Approximately 3,000–4,300 men. Commanded by Brigadier General.
Division
Made up of four Brigades plus artillery units, engineers and support services, totalling between 12,000–20,000 men. Commanded by a Major General.
Corps
Between two and five Divisions with all the supporting arms and services. Commanded by a Lieutenant General.
Army
Two or more Corps. Commanded by General.
Artillery Battery
Basic unit of artillery. A Field Artillery Battery had six field guns and about 200 men. A Heavy Battery had four heavy guns and about 170 men. Together they made an Artillery Brigade.
Cavalry Squadron
The basic Cavalry unit of about 175 men.
Cavalry Regiment
Made up of three squadrons. Brigaded together as Cavalry Brigade.
Military terms
Ammonal
Type of high explosive
Chevaux de frise
Framework covered with long spikes
Cordite
Smokeless propellant in rifle cartridges
Defilade
Shielded or concealed from enemy fire
Dixie
Iron pot with a handle for cooking food
Dreadnought
Named after the first HMS Dreadnought launched in 1906. All big gun main armament.
Embrasure
Gap in the trench sandbags
Enfilade
Fire catching a position or unit from the flank
Hawser
Thick cable or rope used in mooring a boat
Kepis
Cap with a flat circular top worn by the French infantry
Lyddite
Type of high explosive
Melinite
Type of high explosive
Monitors
Shallow draft warships, weakly armoured and slow but with a big gun armament
Paravane ‘kite’
Pair of towed winged (hydrofoiled) underwater objects with a cable between them to cut the mooring wires of mines
Parados
Raised side of a trench topped with sandbags that faced the enemy
Parapet
Rearward side of a trench
Picket boat
Small boat usually used as a guard boat
Picket/picquet
Small force of soldiers posted in advance of the main body to give warning of the approach of the enemy
Pinnace
Small boat used to carry messages or run errands by a larger ship
Poilus
French infantry
Pom-pom
Quick firing small calibre gun
Pre-dreadnought
Battleship with a mixed main armament of guns in contrast to the ‘all big gun’ dreadnoughts
Puttee
Cloth band wound round the leg from the boot to just below the knee to give support and protection to the lower leg
Salient
A salient is where the front line trenches project deep into enemy territory and are hence surrounded on three sides and vulnerable to enfilade fire
Sangar
Trench built up from ground level using stones and sandbags; usually built in rocky or swampy areas
Sap
Short trench dug out into No Man’s Land
Sapper
A military engineer
Shrapnel
Artillery shell filled with lead pellets and exploded by a time fuse to create a ‘shot gun’ effect
Trench
The defensive ditches that protected the soldiers from direct fire
INDEX
Figures in bold indicate maps.
4th Parade Ground Cemetery, Anzac 431
400 Plateau 85, 89, 91, 92, 99, 101, 180, 181, 184, 279, 302, 422, 505
A
A Beach, Suvla 331, 334, 345, 351, 506
Abdul Rahman Ridge 279, 304, 323
Achi Baba 67, 120, 121, 132, 138, 167–68, 204–9, 214, 216, 222, 228, 252, 272, 283, 284, 285, 325, 397, 400, 433, 436, 443, 449, 456, 503, 504
Achi Baba Nullah 208, 216, 218, 239
Achilles Mount 27
Adams, Major George 135
Adams, Private John 191–92
Admiralty 399, 400
Churchill’s position of ascendancy 15
instructed to invade Gallipoli Peninsula 16
Royal Marines sent to Lemnos 23
view on the Carden plan 23–24
and planning for landings at Gallipoli 63
and progress of the U-21 195–96
Admiralty War Staff Group 15, 46
Adrianople 3, 4
AE2 (submarine) 68
Aegean Sea 31, 235, 329, 410
Agamemnon, HMS 22, 26, 32, 34, 36, 140, 142, 335
Aghyl Dere 79, 279, 303, 304, 322, 417
Agincourt (dreadnought battleship) 8
Aker, Colonel 91
Albion 33
Alcitepe see Krithia
Alexandretta, Syria 14, 400
Alexandria, Egypt 50, 51, 52, 105, 234, 329
‘All Arms Battle’ tactics 458, 459, 461
Allanson, Major Cecil 294, 304, 321, 322, 324–25, 387–88, 406, 412, 505
Allen, Lieutenant Cuthbert Llewelyn 354, 358
Amade, General Albert d’ 51, 170, 175
Anafarta front 411
Anafarta Sagir 356
Anafarta Spur 323, 355, 373
An
atolia 4
Anderson, Colonel John 272–73
Anglo-Greek Scheme 13–14, 63
Antill, Lieutenant Colonel Jack 315, 316
Antrobus, Captain 125
Antwerp, RND in 52
ANZAC Corps (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps)
in Egypt 23, 24, 48–49
inexperience 76, 453
Anzac landings see under Anzac Cove
the Anzac line 180–81
attack on Baby 700 182–84
spirit of adventurous soldiering 184–85
and ‘Beachy Bill’ gun 185–86
need for howitzers 188–89
defeats Turkish general attack (19 May) 189–94
periscope rifles 193
truce for burial of Turkish dead 194–95
presence at Anzac underpinned by Royal Navy 195
development of an underground war 200–201
in a state of stasis 204
Birdwood and Skeen’s discussion 313
evacuation plans 414
resilience in the campaign 432
important but secondary role at Gallipoli 452
comradeship, determination and military competence 453
serves on the Somme 450
Lone Pine monument 505
Anzac Cove (Ariburnu) 171, 504, 506
map of Anzac landing 77
the landing plan 76, 78–79
night landing 66, 70, 76
Metcalf’s initiative 81–82
Allied landings 82–86, 504
the local terrain 86–87
Sinclair-MacLagan reins in the advance 88–89, 99
reserves ordered to 400 Plateau 89, 99
skirmish at Fisherman’s Hut 89
missed chance to disrupt Turkish reserves 90
Australians under heavy fire 91–92
Anzac problems on ridges and gullies 93
the drive to Baby 700 99–100
Baby 700 captured by the Turks 101
evacuees on the beach 103–6
Birdwood writes of critical situation 107–8
Hamilton’s decision to ‘stick it out’ 109
Turkish line and ANZAC Corps left weak 110
location of front line 113–14, 116
Turkish snipers 114–15
trench system at Second Ridge 117
Liman sends more regiments and artillery 118
Anzacs’ landing a failure 118
continued occupation by Anzacs 181
Hepburn’s gunnery problems 188–89
refinements to defences 198
Triumph sunk off Anzac 233
stores deposited on the beach 235
proposed breakout away from Anzac 276, 291
Skeen’s plan 279, 292
the breakout 292–329, 293, 332, 350, 367, 385
Munro visits 398
evacuation of 401, 413–17, 422–29, 436
evacuation achieved without casualties 429
Apex, the 306, 307, 319, 326
Aquitania 254
Aragon (hospital carrier) 157, 235
Arcadian 71
Ari Burnu 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 95, 96, 178–79, 430, 456
Ari Burnu Cemetery 504
Ark Royal, HMS 30, 36, 43, 70, 281
Arkayan, Captain Ashir 38, 59, 265
Armstrong, Major 183
Arno (destroyer) 280
Ashburner, Major Lionel 347, 354
Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis 233–34
Ashton, Captain Peter 404–6
Askold (Russian cruiser) 172
Aspinall, Colonel Cecil 355
Asquith, Arthur 442, 443
Asquith, Herbert 17, 237, 435
Atatürk, Kemal see Kemal, Mustafa
Atif, Corporal Huseyin 425
Attlee, Lieutenant Clement 394, 403–4, 407, 420–21
Audacious 14
Augagneur, Victor 20
August Offensive 202, 292, 369–84, 386, 452
Australia: burgeoning sense of nationhood 453
Australian Imperial Force (AIF) 47–48
1st Division 47, 78, 89, 99, 114, 181, 185, 186, 193, 292, 295, 327
1st Brigade 78, 99, 115, 301, 302
2nd (New South Wales) Battalion 116, 192, 296, 299, 300
3rd (New South Wales) Battalion 102, 117, 192, 302
4th (New South Wales) Battalion 49, 106, 297, 298, 300, 301, 412, 431
Signal Company 115
1st Field Artillery Brigade, 2nd Battery 251, 272, 291
1st Field Company Engineers 200, 201
2nd Brigade 78, 88, 89, 216, 220, 312, 313
5th (Victoria) Battalion 101, 221
6th (Victoria) Battalion 308, 309, 310, 312
7th (Victoria) Battalion 416, 424
3rd Brigade 49, 78–81, 88, 93
9th (Queensland) Battalion 79, 87, 92, 103, 191
10th Battalion 79, 87
11th (Western Australia) Battalion 79, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94, 98, 99, 116, 117, 202, 203, 204
12th (South & Western Australian and Tasmanian) Battalion 50, 92, 301
3rd Field Artillery Brigade, 9th Battery 185, 186
2nd Division
5th Brigade
17th (New South Wales) Battalion 415
18th (New South Wales) Battalion 381, 382, 383
6th Brigade, 24th (Victoria) Battalion 422, 423, 425–29
2nd Divisional Signal Company 428
New Zealand & Australian Division (NZ&A Division) 48, 104, 182, 307, 327, 458
1st (New South Wales) Light Horse 317, 318
2nd Light Horse 318
3rd (South Australian & Tasmanian) Light Horse 187
2nd Light Horse Brigade, 6th (New South Wales) Light Horse 195
3rd Light Horse Brigade 313, 316
8th (Victoria) Light Horse 313, 314, 315, 318
10th (Western Australia) Light Horse 315, 316, 318, 382, 383
4th Australian Brigade 48, 78, 115, 180, 188, 294, 303, 304, 322–23, 378
13th (New South Wales) Battalion 182, 303, 330, 379, 380
14th (Victoria) Battalion 191, 381
16th (Southern and Western Australia) Battalion 107, 111, 112, 113, 118, 182, 183, 417
Australian Engineers, 5th Field Company 423, 424
New Zealand Brigade 48, 100, 108, 216, 219, 303, 305, 306, 313, 323, 324
Auckland Battalion 100, 219, 305, 307, 308, 319
Canterbury Battalion 219, 220, 295, 305, 306, 307
Otago Battalion 182, 183, 295, 305, 321
Wellington Battalion 107, 198–200, 219, 295, 305, 319, 320, 321
New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 303
Auckland Mounted Rifles 303
Canterbury Mounted Rifles 276, 277
Otago Mounted Rifles 303
Wellington Mounted Rifles 303, 319, 321
Austria: enemy status 11
Austro-Hungarian and German Army 387
Austro-Hungarian Empire 5
Austro-Hungarian Navy 11
Aylward, Lance Corporal Joseph 297–98
Azmak Dere 404
B
B Beach, Suvla 331, 332, 345, 506
Baby 700 93, 97, 99, 100, 181, 182, 277, 313
Bacchante 104
Bachtold, Lieutenant Henry 200, 201
‘Baghdad to Berlin’ railway 5
Baikie, Brigadier General Sir Hugh Simpson 258–59
Bailloud, General Maurice 216, 265
Baka Baba foothills 356
Baker, Private Harry 183–84
Baldwin, Brigadier General Anthony 323–24
Balfour, Arthur 17, 237
Balkan League 3, 4
Balkan states vii, 20, 69, 236, 254
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 3, 4, 6, 7, 20, 59, 73, 96, 110
Bampton, Lieutenant Chichele 113
Barron, Corporal William 407
Basilisk 27
Bates, Major Harry 337, 342, 346
Batterie des Cochons 266
Battleship Hill 78, 97, 98, 99, 118, 277, 305, 306, 313, 323
Bauchop’s Hill 303, 304
Bayley, Lance Corporal Samuel 290
Beach Cemetery, Hell Spit 504–5
‘Beachy Bill’ gun 185, 186, 429
Beagle, HMS (destroyer) 81, 334
Beaucourt, France 450
Beckwith, Major 162, 163, 164
Beech, Lance Corporal William 191–92, 193
Belgium: ‘poor little Belgium’ 48
Bell, Gertrude 73
Benchmark 344
Benfell, Lance Corporal Harold 28–29
Bennett, Major Henry Gordon 308–10, 311–12
Besika Bay 60, 68, 170, 178
Birdwood, Lieutenant General Sir William 181, 413
commander of the ANZAC Corps 47, 276
and Gallipoli landings 65, 107
writes of critical situation 107–8
orders attack on Baby 700 182
proposes breakout from Anzac 276, 277, 292
and Johnston’s crucial loss of time 306
discussions with Skeen 313
in temporary command 396, 399
suppresses Kitchener’s orders 400
in charge of Dardanelles Army 401
plans Helles evacuation with Monro 436
Bitter Lakes 23
Biyuk Anafarta 506
Black, Lance Corporal Percy 106, 111–12
Black Prince 11
Black Sea vii, 12–13
Blamey, Major Thomas 185, 186, 193
Blenheim, HMS 32
Bloody Angle 182
Boer Wars 370, 397
First Boer War (1880-81) 46
Second Boer War (1899-1902) 47, 48, 69
Boghali 60, 66
Bolton’s Ridge 79, 92, 180
Bolz, Lieutenant 215