Kostin, Alexander “Sasha,” 241, 247, 254–55, 261, 270, 277, 278, 284, 284, 289, 306–7, 330–31
Kryachko, Valery V., 203–6, 226, 252, 269, 271, 319, 331
author’s correspondence with, 206–9
author’s search for, 204–6
blue-green clay and, 265, 266–67, 278–79, 281
connection to Leonid Razin and 1985 paper, 203–4, 209, 243, 265
first trip to the Listvenitovyi (1979), 206–9, 226, 232, 234–35, 238, 278
on Kamchatka expedition (2011), 235, 238, 247, 252–53, 261, 264, 265, 266–67, 268–69, 270, 271, 278–79, 284, 285, 286, 289, 295–96, 306, 307, 321
kryachkoite named for, 355
microscope in the field, 271, 284, 285, 299
panning, 268–69, 270, 307, 321
planning and guiding of Kamchatka expedition, 234, 242–45, 246–48, 263, 264, 265, 266, 295–96
kryachkoite, 355
Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, 87–88
layer-by-layer growth, 95
Leucippus, 16
Levine, Dov, 7, 17, 36–72, 38, 307–8
and Cahn’s visit to, 85–87
and discovery of quasicrystal concept, 2, 3, 7, 8, 68–70, 72, 84–85, 88, 100, 114, 308, 323
his first encounter with author, 80–81, 82–84, 85
and first paper on quasicrystals, 68–70, 72, 84–85, 88–90, 90, 100, 114, 357
first prediction of quasicrystal pattern, 70–73, 73
icosahedron symmetry studied by, 37–40
laws of crystallography challenged by, 17–18, 36–40
and negotiation with Razin, 175
and Nelson’s visit, 80–86
Penrose and Penrose tiling, 40, 41, 44, 46–47, 49, 51, 52–62
Lin, Chaney, 327–34, 328, 347, 354–55, 356
Linde, Andrei, 68
liquids, rapid cooling of, 31–32, 80, 86
Listvenitovyi Stream, 165, 168, 203–4, 206, 208, 228, 238, 245, 246, 256, 264, 265, 268, 269, 280, 282, 288, 296, 297, 319, 320
grains removed from, 326; see also Khatyrka meteorite
Lu, Peter, 118–19, 122–30, 134, 140, 146, 186–88, 308
discovery of first natural quasicrystal (icosahedrite), 187
Islamic tiling studied by, 125–27
joining search for natural quasicrystals, 118, 127, 129–30, 146, 308
and Science article announcing discovery of first natural quasicrystal, icosahedrite (“Natural Quasicrystals”), 183, 186, 187, 188
Lubensky, Tom, 104
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC), 317, 318
Ma, Chi, 354–55
Mackay, Alan, 53–54, 55
MacPherson, Glenn, 284, 336, 347
Allende meteorite studied by, 180–81, 182–83, 225, 312
and Science article announcing discovery of first natural quasicrystal, icosahedrite (“Natural Quasicrystals”), 158, 167, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187
and MAPS article announcing discovery of meteorite (MacPherson et al., “Khatyrka, a new CV3 find from the Koryak Mountains, Eastern Russia”), 317–18
and discovery of stishovite in Florence sample, 218, 219
and Florence sample’s relation to origin of solar system, 225–27
Grain #121 studied by, 310–13
and Grain #126A, 348
grains studied by, 284–87
and issue of natural aluminum, 153, 154–57, 158, 161, 163, 167, 169–70, 172, 179, 184, 185, 188, 189, 195–96, 215, 241
and Kamchatka expedition, 210, 228, 239, 240, 243–45
on Kamchatka expedition, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 277–78, 282, 284–87, 291, 321
and nebula theory of origin of quasicrystal, 333, 337, 339, 357
on odds of success of Kamchatka expedition, 302, 303–4
see also blue team and red team
results on Kamchatka tests shared by, 316–17, 319
and slag theory of Florence sample, 155–57, 158, 161, 196, 225–26
Makovskii, Bogdan, 247–48, 251, 255–57, 276, 291, 293, 296, 300
Man, Weining, 359, 360
manganese, 76–77, 82, 85, 87
Mao, Ho-Kwang, 338
Mars, 222
Mars Exploration Rover mission, 212
matching rules:
of Ammann’s tiles, 55, 56–57
of Penrose tiles, 42, 44, 49, 53, 94, 106–7
of three-dimensional rhombohedrons, 94
of two-dimensional rhombus shapes, 92–93
“Mathematical Games,” 41–42, 43
Meier, Matthias, 339, 340, 341, 363
metals, rapid cooling of, 73, 86, 103–4, 107
metamorphic rocks, 148
Meteor Crater, 216
meteorites, 130, 153
Allende, 180–83, 190, 225, 310–11, 320
CV3 carbonaceous chondrite, 180, 181, 224–25, 316, 320, 322, 333, 364
Khatyrka, see Khatyrka meteorite
theory of Florence sample as, 153, 154, 155, 180–82, 185, 190, 213, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 228, 232, 241, 281, 282–83, 315–16, 325
Meteoritics & Planetary Science (MAPS), 317–18
meteoroids, 339–40
Mindat.org, 162
mineral market, 163
molécule intégrante, 16, 17
Morgan, Jason, 152–53
mosquitoes, 2–3, 232, 251–54
multigrid method for generating Penrose tiles, 91–92, 92
multiple twinning, 74–76, 75, 86–87, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113
NanoSIMS, 220–27, 315–16, 322
National Bureau of Standards, 73, 85, 86, 89, 101
National Geographical Society, 236
Natural History Museum, New York, 154–57, 274
Natural History Museum, University of Florence (Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze), 177, 344
“Natural Quasicrystals,” Science (Bindi, Steinhardt, Yao, and Lu), 146–47, 154–55, 168, 171, 183–87, 187, 235
Nelson, David, 29, 31, 32, 54, 64, 308
author’s talk on rapidly cooled liquids research with, 80–81, 82–84, 85
and cubatic phase, 29, 32, 82
telling author about the discovery of Al6Mn, 80–81, 82–84, 85
new inflationary theory, 68, 72
nine-fold symmetry, 66–67
noble gases, 339
North-East Scientific Research Institute, 207
Onoda, George, 107–8
oxygen isotopes and Caltech test, 214, 220, 222–26, 225, 316, 322
Pauling, Linus, 101–2, 104, 105, 112–13
article sponsored by, 113
exchanges with author, 112, 113
multiple-twinning theory of quasicrystals, 101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113
“quasi-scientists,” 101
Pennsylvania, University of, 28, 69, 81
Penrose, Roger, 40, 52, 64, 109–10, 308
and growth rules, 110
Penrose tiling pattern invented by, 41
Penrose tiling, 25–26, 40, 41, 95, 96, 125
deflation and inflation rules obeyed by, 50, 51, 94
difficulties in covering surfaces with, 106–7
diffraction pattern of, 54–55
five-fold rotational symmetry in, 47–49, 51, 55, 57
and golden ratio, 59, 61
growth rules of, 105, 107, 109–10
Mackay’s interest in, 53
matching and interlocking rules of, 42, 44, 49, 53, 64–65, 94, 105–9
multigrid method of generating, 91–92
as nonperiodic, 41–51
projection method of creating, 91–92
as quasiperiodic, 62, 63–68, 67
secret symmetry discovered, 62
Scientific American (“Mathematical Games”) article on, 40, 41–42, 43, 44
see also Ammann, Robert
pentagons, 18, 22, 33, 57
golden ratio and, 59–60, 59
in natural quasicrystal, 142
periodic tiling, 18–21
petrology, 148
Phidias, 58
photonic quasicrystals, 359–61
“Physics X” and author, 9–12
Platonic solids, 33
powder-diffraction patterns, 120–23, 133–35, 145
primary dig site at the Listvenitovyi stream, 267, 268, 270, 278, 279, 287, 315
Princeton Imaging and Analysis Center, 136, 150, 183
Princeton University, 117–19, 124, 221, 236
projection method of generating Penrose patterns, 91–92
propellant gun and Paul Asimow, 350–51, 350, 351, 353, 353
pyrite, 287–88
quasicrystals, natural
discovery of first natural quasicrystal, icosahedrite, 142–46, 144
discovery of first natural quasicrystal, icosahedrite, in Kamchatka, 305–9, 315
discovery of second natural quasicrystal, decagonite, in Kamchatka, 344–46, 355
discovery of third natural quasicrystal, i-phase II, in Kamchatka, 355–59, 356
and issue of natural aluminum, 150–57, 158–76, 177–89, 190
nebula vs. collision theories of, 333, 337, 339, 356–57, 361
and Science article announcing discovery, 183, 186, 187, 190
search in Kamchatka for, 267–72
quasicrystal patterns and girih tiling in Islamic culture, 125–27
quasicrystals, synthetic
natural quasicrystals vs., 149–50
photonic, 359–61
potential applications of, 123–24, 358, 360–61
Shechtman’s discovery of ten-fold symmetry 72–76, 86–87
Shechtman team’s paper on, 81–84
Tsai team’s discovery of first bona fide quasicrystal, 110–11, 111, 113, 146, 149
use for nonstick coating, 123–24
quasicrystals, theoretical discovery of, 7, 75, 105, 255
Cahn’s endorsing of author’s model of, 88
De Bruijn’s method of creating, 91–92
deflation and inflation rules of, 94–95
demonstration for Feynman, 7, 25–27, 27
diffraction pattern of, 70–72, 82, 84, 87
forbidden symmetries allowed by, 66–67
four building blocks of, 101–2
generated by matching rules, 92–93
growth rules of, 110
interlock rules of, 109
naming and definition of, 25–26
patent application for, 69–70, 69
Pauling’s denial of, 101–2
Penrose tiling as, 62
projection method for creating, 91–92
“Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structures” (Levine and Steinhardt) Physical Review Letters, 85
quasiperiodic sequences, 26, 61, 62
rhombic triacontahedron, 65–66, 66
scientific doubts about, 68, 101–2, 105, 110
quintesseite (or, i-phase II), 355
rapid solidification, 29, 64
Razin, Leonid, 164, 164, 171–76, 193, 198, 199, 201, 202–4, 206, 243–44, 266, 281
red team, see blue team and red team
rhombic dodecahedron, 97
rhombic icosahedron, 97
rhombic triacontahedron, 65–66, 97
rhombohedrons, 15, 15, 17
fat and skinny, 53, 54–55, 65–66, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106
interlock rules of, 65–66, 95
methods for generating, 91–92
as packing together without gaps, 78
search for quasi-periodic arrangements of, 65
rhombuses, 44, 46, 47–48, 50
rhombus tilings:
five-fold symmetry in, 55, 57
methods for generating with infinite number of possible symmetries, 91–93
Ronchetti, Marco, 29, 31, 32
rotational symmetry, 20–22, 21
of crystals, 18, 22–23
five-fold, see five-fold rotational symmetry
impossible types for crystals, 18, 22, 23, 25
possible types for crystals, 22, 25
rules for crystals and periodic patterns, see Bravais, Auguste; Haüy, René-Just
Rudashevsky, Nikolai, 164, 198, 199, 202–3
Rudashevsky, Vladimir, 202–3
Russian Academy of Sciences, 171, 172, 207
St. Petersburg Mining Museum, 163–65, 167, 174, 199–200, 243, 244
salmon, 275–76
salmon caviar, 267
Schaefer, Robert, 73
semiconductors, 360
seven-fold symmetry, 66–67, 67
seventeen-fold symmetry, 92
shadow, color of, 10
Shechtman, Dan, 63–64, 72–73, 89, 111, 112, 358
aluminum-manganese alloy discovery by, 74–76
author invited to Technion by, 97–98
Nobel Prize won by, 72
publication by, 81–83, 84, 85
ten-fold symmetry discovered by (“no such animal” remark), 74–76, 86–87
Shechtman-Blech model, 76–79, 77, 82, 87, 98
Shephard, Geoffrey, 55
silicate, 312, 326, 349
silicon, 360
slowly cooled, 31
silicon dioxide, 216, 331
singularity theorems, 40
skinny and fat rhombohedrons, 53, 54–55, 65–66, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 88, 153, 155, 156, 161, 170, 179, 210, 221, 226, 236, 306, 336
Socolar, Joshua, 91, 93–96, 101–2, 109, 110, 308
on discovering four building blocks of three-dimensional quasicrystal models, 101–2
and growth rules for three-dimensional tiles, 110
and growth rules for two-dimensional tiles, 105, 107, 109, 110
and matching rules for three-dimensional quasicrystals, 94–98
and multigrid method for generating tilings, 91
solar system, 181
and Allende meteorite, 181–82
and Khatyrka meteorite, 228, 227–28, 232, 311, 334
Soviet Institute of Platinum, 171
spinel, 349
spinodal decomposition, 86
SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV), 338
squares, rotational symmetry of, 20–21, 21
Station Zero, 294
Steinhardt, Paul, 129
and “barking dog” shape and i-phase II, 355–56, 356
and Bindi, first meeting with, 187–89
see also blue team and red team
and Cahn’s visit to, 85–87
and discovery of first natural quasicrystal, icosahedrite, 142–47 144
and discovery of growth rules, for icosahedral building blocks, 110
and discovery of growth rules, for Penrose tilings, 105, 107, 109, 110
and discovery of icosahedrite, in Grain #5, 304–9, 304, 305, 315
and discovery of quasicrystal concept, 2, 3, 7, 8, 68–70, 72, 84–85, 88, 100, 114, 308
and discovery of second natural quasicrystal, decagonite, 344–46, 345
Steinhardt, Paul (cont.)
and discovery of secret symmetry of Penrose patterns, 61–62
and discovery of stishovite in Florence sample, 215–19, 217
and discovery of third natural quasicrystal, i-phase II, 355–56, 356, 357–59, 356
and experiments, see experimental tests
and first museum search for natural quasicrystals (1984), 88–89
and first prediction of quasicrystal diffraction pattern, 70–73, 73
and first publication on quasicrystals, 68–70, 72, 84–85, 88–90, 90, 100, 114, 357
and inspiration from Vonnegut’s ice-nine, 37, 50, 64
invitation to Technion by Shechtman, 97–98
Islamic tiling studied by, 125–26
in Kamchatka Peninsula, see Kamchatka Peninsula, Steinhardt’s expedition to
and Kalashnikov rifle, 276–77, 290
Kryachko’s correspondence
with, 206–9
laws of crystallography challenged by, 17–18, 25
and loss of Kamchatka samples, 335–36, 343
and meeting Tsai, 112
meeting with Stolper, 211–14
models of glass and amorphous silicon by, 31–32
and Nelson’s visit, 80–86
and new inflationary theory of the universe, 68, 72
Penrose tiling studied by, 41–62, 45, 48, 50
“Physics X” course with Feynman initiated by, 9–12
powder-diffraction patterns studied by, 119–25, 121, 122, 127,
and relationship with Pauling, 112–13
in search for origin of Florence sample, 160–63, 164–65, 167, 170, 171–76, 177–89, 215–19
spinodal decomposition theory used by, 86
and Science article (“Natural Quasicrystals”), 146–47, 154, 167, 171, 177, 182, 183, 184–86, 187
steinhardtite named for, 343–44, 344, 345, 353
Super Ball experiment by, 11–12
and “turkey” shape in Grain #126A, 348, 348, 351, 352, 355
Steinhardt, Will, 241–42, 306, 307, 349, 368
digging at Listvenitovyi stream, 268, 270, 278, 279–80, 280, 284, 321
on Kamchatka expedition, 248, 249, 253, 254, 256, 258, 265, 271, 272, 273, 288, 289, 290, 294, 301, 306
missing in Kamchatka, 233–34, 251
and naming of steinhardtite, 343
target practice in Kamchatka, 276, 277
Will’s Hole, 279, 281, 313, 314, 315
steinhardtite, 343–44, 344, 345, 353
Stephens, Peter, 102
Stishov, Sergey, 216
stishovite, 216–19, 221, 320–21
and natural quasicrystals, 215–20, 217
and Meteor Crater, 216
Stolper, Ed, 211–14, 215, 220, 308, 355
stolperite, 355
Super Ball experiment, 11–12
superplume theory, 152–53, 154, 240–41, 273
symmetry:
author and Levine’s study of, 37–40
of cube, 29, 32
of face-centered cubic, 29
and icosahedron, 32–35, 37–40, 55
loophole in rules about, 51, 52–62, 64
of photonic quasicrystals, 360–61
in quasiperiodic ordering, 66–67
rotational, see rotational symmetry
Technion, 73, 97–98
Tel Aviv, Israel, 171–76
ten-fold rotational symmetry, 49, 100
in first natural quasicrystal, 142, 146
of second natural quasicrystal, 345–46
Shechtman team’s discovery of, 74–76, 86–87
Tenth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, 40–41
Terrestrial Fractionation (TF), 223–24
tetrahedron, 17, 17
3D printing of quasicrystals, 359–61, 359
Tim the Romanian, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198