Republican Guard, Iraqi, 478
Republican National Committee, 206
Republican National Convention:
of 2004, 512
of 2008, 512
Republican party, xiv, 6, 40, 61, 65, 90, 93, 140, 148, 200, 206, 223, 236, 242, 247, 278, 306, 322, 385, 417, 424, 484, 490, 492, 494, 496, 518, 524, 551, 559, 560, 567, 592, 609, 615
right wing of, 55, 63, 492
Republican (St. Louis, Mo.), xix
Reston, James, 202, 256–57, 296, 332, 392
Rhee, Syngman, 236, 251
Rhodes, Richard, 286, 454
Rice, Condoleezza, 140, 496–98, 500–501, 509, 511, 512, 515
Ridgway, Matthew, 244
Ríos Montt, Efraín, 428, 430
Rise and Fall of Great Powers, The (Kennedy), xvi
Risen, James, 563–64
Ritter, Scott, 515–16
Robeson, Paul, 84, 200, 234
Rockefeller, David, 372, 401–2, 410, 464
Rockefeller, Nelson, 122, 322, 359–60, 365, 399
Rockefeller oil, 80, 424
Rodman, Peter, 524, 685n
Roe v. Wade, 530
Rogers, Will, 46, 47
Rogers, William, 360, 362, 372–73, 394
Roman Empire, xvi, 19
Romania, 33, 38, 87, 90, 111, 113, 114, 209, 537
Rome, 356, 524
Romer, Christine, 552, 554–55
Romney, Mitt, 560
Rongelap, 270–71
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 77, 93, 118, 121, 193, 202, 230, 287–88
Roosevelt, Elliott, 112, 200
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 39–40, 142, 142, 180, 189, 190, 193, 194, 200, 216, 318, 550, 557–58
administration of, 64, 83, 92, 123
as anticolonial, 112–13
Atlantic Charter and, 98, 99, 102–3, 464
atomic bomb program and, 133–34
balance between Britain and Soviets achieved by, 182–84
on banking crisis, 47–49
business community opposed by, 61, 63
on costs of war, 505–6
H. Wallace selected by, 90, 92
illness and death of, 113, 120–21, 121, 124, 139, 142, 143, 194
inaction in Spain by, 84–85
inauguration of, 45–47, 47, 49
isolationism and, 83
lend-lease program of, 89–90, 93–94, 95
on Munich agreement, 88
munitions hearings and, 66–67, 69–70, 71
New Deal of, 49–58, 61–63, 90–92, 93, 101, 193, 354, 400–401
postwar vision of, 103
“unconditional surrender” language of, 146
on ungrateful capitalists, 557–58
in World War II, 96–100, 102–4, 108–17, 119, 122–23, 125, 128–29, 131, 138, 152, 157, 189
at Yalta Conference, 114–17, 118, 164, 216–17
Roosevelt, Henry L., 69
Roosevelt, James, 193–94
Roosevelt, Kermit “Kim,” 259–60, 263
Roosevelt, Quentin, 7–8
Roosevelt, Theodore, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, 1, 6, 7–8, 39, 43, 259, 289, 370
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 7
Root, Elihu, xxviii, xxx
Rosen, Steven, 687n
Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 231, 251
Ross, Dennis, 601
Rostow, Eugene, 156, 399
Rostow, Walt, 292, 305, 340
Rotblat, Joseph, 143, 144, 160, 180, 280
Rotterdam, 81, 157
Royal Air Force, British, 23, 89
Royal Dutch Shell, 38, 39
Rubin, Robert, 551–52, 566
Rumsfeld, Donald, xv–xvi, 399, 400, 439, 490, 491, 496, 498, 503, 512, 542, 685n
high-tech weapons and, 507
on Iraq, 502, 503, 513, 515–16, 522, 525–26, 529, 530
larger agenda of, 504–5, 511
Rusk, Dean, 236, 291–92, 298, 319, 325, 329, 337, 339, 344, 349, 367, 399
Russell, Bertrand, 280
Russell-Einstein Manifesto of 1955, 280
Russia, 4, 9, 31, 43, 482, 488, 569, 576, 609, 610–11, 613
Bolsheviks in, 9–10, 26–30, 28, 33, 128
China’s ties with, 540
counterrevolution in, 28–30
G. W. Bush and, 536–42
nuclear weapons in, 486, 539–41
post-Soviet, 484–86
Soviet nostalgia in, 538
in World War I, 5, 26, 87
see also Soviet Union
Russian Academy of Sciences, 541
Russian Bureau, U.S., 253
Russian Revolution, 26–27, 34, 35, 87, 95, 97, 101, 109, 253, 307
Russo-Japanese War, 87, 116
Rutherford, Ernest, 132–33
Sachs, Jeffrey, 484–85
Sadr, Muqtada al-, 595
Saigon, 329, 339, 387
St. Louis Hannegan-Dickmann Democratic machine, 142–43, 142
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 182, 385
St. Petersburg Times, 373
Saipan, 138, 145
Sakhalin, 173
Sandinista National Liberation front, xxxi, 412, 430, 455–56, 567
Sandino, Augusto, xxxi, 412
San Francisco, Calif., 242, 369
blackout in, 152
general strike in, 57–58, 58
United Nations opening in, 121–22, 124
San Francisco Chronicle, 58, 544
Santa Anita, Calif., 153, 155
Santo Domingo, 40
Santos, Juan Manuel, 603–4
Sato, Eisaku, 380–82, 381
Saturday Review, 198, 313
Saudi Arabia, 105, 189–90, 216–17, 219, 258, 392, 416, 420, 436, 456, 459, 460, 461, 468, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 488, 506, 512, 522, 523, 536, 586, 602
as future target, 522, 526
oil in, 189–90, 216, 217, 258, 505, 527, 600
unfavorable opinions of U.S. in, 524
SAVAK, 260
Scaife Foundation, 399, 405
Schelling, Thomas, 37
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 91, 181, 291, 294, 295, 305, 309, 316, 508, 510
Schlesinger, James, 390, 393, 398–99
Schneider, René, 373–74
school desegregation, 274
school lunches, 438
School of the Americas, U.S. Army, 338, 372, 431–32, 471
Schroeder, Gerhard, 521
Schneider, William, Jr., 685n
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 474, 478, 479
Schweitzer, Albert, 284
science, scientists, xi, 101
atomic, 198, 200, 223
German, 215, 223
H. Wallace as seen by, 92
radicalization of, 59–60
Soviet, 57
Vietnam War opposed by, 364–65
in World War II, 131–32
Science, 365
Scientific American, 19
Scientists and Engineers for McCarthy, 365
Scott, Nathan, 21
Scowcroft, Brent, 399, 455, 477, 516
Screen Actors Guild, 212
Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation, 81
seas, freedom of, 6, 27, 31, 98
Seattle, Wash., general strike in, 34, 35
Secret Service, 512
securities exchanges, 554
security, 560
general, 98
Sedition Act of 1918, 13
segregation, 221, 492
Selective Service Board, 364
self-determination, 6, 26–27, 30, 42, 468
self-government, 98
Senate, U.S., 12, 44, 318, 326, 335, 351–52, 371, 478, 496, 518, 551
Armed Services Committee of, 498, 588
Committee on Atomic Energy of, 186
Committee on Banking and Currency of, 48
Foreign Relations Committee of, 26, 65, 72–73, 74, 264, 291, 294, 352, 424–25, 520, 592
inquiries into banks’ role in economic collapse, 48
&
nbsp; Intelligence Committee of, 398, 455, 563, 565
PATRIOT Act in, 505
peace progressives in, 30
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of, 383
Select Intelligence Committee of, 430
Special Committee Investigating the Munitions Industry of (Nye Committee), 65–79, 82–83
war profits hearings and legislation in, 71–77
Wilson’s “peace without victory” speech to, 6
Serbia, 3, 4, 28
Seven Days in May (Knebel and Bailey), 322–23
sexuality, men’s, 16–18
Shahzad, Faisal, 572–73
Shanghai, 85, 157
sharecroppers, 59
Sharia law:
in Afghanistan, 487
in Iran, 410
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 451, 454, 468, 470
Shiites, 457, 480, 528, 529, 531, 534, 595, 598
Shin Bet, 602
Shinseki, Erik, 590
short-range missiles, 451
Shultz, George, 428, 430–31, 439, 442–43, 445, 450–52, 456
Shulsky, Abram, 685n
Shute, Nevil, 284–85
Silesian-American Corporation, 81
Silver Legion, 53
Singapore, 100
Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, 87
SIOP-62, 298
Sisson, Edgar, 9–10
Sloan, Alfred, 63, 77, 79
Slovakia, 90
in NATO, 537
Slovenia, in NATO, 537
Smith, Al, 54, 63, 64, 90
Smith, Howard K., 208
Smith, Walter Bedell, 263, 268, 295
Smyth, Henry, 256, 283
Social Democrats:
German, 4, 45, 77
West German, 444
socialism, xxii, 16, 26, 30, 43, 56, 60, 72, 122, 188, 257, 273, 276, 322, 372, 426, 448, 467, 485
democratic, 373, 468
Soviet-style, 182
socialist democracy, 373, 446, 449
Socialist Party, 1, 16, 60, 62
socialists, 4, 36, 60
social justice, 44
Social Justice, 53
social programs, 438, 462, 484, 559
Social Security, 61
Soldiers’, Sailors’, and Workmen’s Council, 34
Solidarity trade union federation, 468
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 485–86
Somalia, xvi, 406, 408, 416, 574
as future target, 523, 526
on global corruption index, 507, 533, 583
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, xxxi, 262, 412, 430
Sophocles, 226
Sorenson, Theodore, 289–90, 295, 314, 316, 318
“Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (Kennan), 209–10
South Africa, 424, 456, 484
South America, 203, 603
South Asia, 105, 518
South Asians, in the wake of 9/11, 504
South Carolina, 492
South China Sea, 606–8, 610
Southeast Asia, 238, 266, 305, 315, 328, 347, 349
Southern Negro Youth Congress, 221
South Korea, 196, 235–39, 241–42, 244–46, 250–51, 263, 338, 429, 605, 606, 609
South Pacific Fleet, U.S., 177
South Yemen, 408
Soviet republics:
former, 481, 485, 488
in NATO, 537
Soviet Union, 45, 180, 201, 202, 213, 214, 215, 236, 242, 249, 257–59, 263, 268, 270, 286, 287, 304, 309, 348, 362–63, 421, 477
in Afghanistan, 408, 412–16, 446, 459–61, 464, 466, 467–68, 488, 506, 529, 535, 536, 571, 579, 581, 589, 613
Berlin blockade by, 219–20, 222
casualties of, 87, 106, 111, 114, 182, 214
China’s relations with, 223, 251, 349, 363
Cold War ended by, 463–64, 465
collapse of, 421
Communist hard-liners in, 481
concerns about German rebuilding by, 188, 189, 209, 219
conservative backlash against, 396–99
Cuba as ally of, 279, 303, 321
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 305–13
détente with, 383, 399–400, 404, 406–8, 413–14, 416, 426, 449, 468
deteriorating U.S. relations with, 187, 194–98, 201–26, 247–49, 255, 257
dissidents in, 425
economic decline of, 426, 438, 467–68
end of, 482
entry into Pacific war by, 111, 116, 122, 144, 147–49, 161–66, 165, 172–78
FDR and, 182–84
fear of U.S. first strike by, 443
first Five-Year Plan of, 56
German invasions of, 123
German nonaggression pact with, 60, 88, 102, 105, 124–25
ICBMs of, 274–75, 275, 278–79, 302, 306
industrialization of, 60, 227
international image of, 447
Iran and, 190, 194–96, 217, 259, 409, 410
Iraq and, 420
on Israel-Palestine, 218–19
Japan’s aggression against, 90
J. F. Kennedy’s reconsidered attitude toward, 317–19
Korean War and, 238–39, 251
lend-lease and, 96, 97, 102, 182–84
Luna missiles of, 660n
Nazi invasion of, 88, 94–96, 97
Nixon’s arms negotiations with, 379–80, 382–83
nonintervention by, 467–72
nuclear nightmares in, 441
nuclear test moratorium sponsored by, 284
nuclear weapons in, 160, 172, 178–79, 181, 184–87, 190, 203, 223–24, 226, 230, 236, 241, 253, 256–57, 272, 275, 281–82, 297, 299–300, 302–3, 306, 311, 397, 445
peaceful coexistence proposed by, 468
possible U.S. nuclear war of, 273, 298, 415
postwar rebuilding by, 188, 211
postwar U.S. sympathy for, 125–26, 127
Reagan’s hostility towards, 426
Reagan’s rekindling of arms race with, 437–38, 440–47
Russian nostalgia for, 538
SAC Emergency War Plan against, 227–28
space program of, see Sputnik
Stalinism and waning U.S. support for, 56, 60
strong economy of, 56–57
terrorists discouraged by, 427
Truman administration’s distrust of, 120–29
UN boycott by, 236
U.S. enthusiasm for, 56–60, 105–8, 248
U.S. relations with, 30
in World War II, 96–106, 107, 108–17, 109, 118, 120–29, 138, 144
Spaatz, Carl, 176, 215
space, weaponization of, 541–42
Space Command, U.S., xvii, 541–42
space race, 275–78, 304, 319–20, 323
militarization of, 277–78
Spain, 517, 521, 544, 587, 613
colonialism of, xvii, xxx
fascism in, 84–85, 85, 88, 89, 95–96
territories acquired from, xxii–xxiii
Spanish-American War, xxii, 116, 304
Spanish Civil War, 84–85, 85, 88, 89, 95–96, 180
Spellman, Francis, Cardinal, 269
Spitzer, Abe, 167–68, 173
Sputnik, 274–76, 278, 286
Stalin, Josef, 10, 56, 84, 96, 103, 108–10, 113, 189, 195, 200, 207, 211, 248, 251
on atomic bomb, 172, 178–79
atrocities committed by, 115
Berlin blockade by, 220
China and, 223
on Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech, 191
cult of personality of, 273
death of, 227, 228, 248
Korean War and, 236, 238–39, 244
lack of support by Western democracies felt by, 60, 88, 95, 102–4
meeting with Churchill of, 113–14, 115, 206, 209
post-Soviet nostalgia for, 486
at Potsdam, 161–66, 165
revival of interest in, 538
Tito confronted by, 208–9
Truman and, 120–21, 123–26, 128–29, 186, 188
&nbs
p; at Yalta Conference, 114–17, 118
Stalingrad, 108, 125, 157
Nazi attack on, 104
Stalinism, 56, 60
Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, 554
Standard Oil, xxxii, 39, 78, 82
of California, 219, 350
of New Jersey, 345
Stanford University, 78, 365, 541
Applied Electronics Laboratory of, 365
State Department, U.S., xxxi, 9, 41, 76, 106, 175, 202, 205, 206, 207, 217, 229–31, 263, 264, 285, 294, 316, 329, 337, 344, 351, 360, 366, 412, 418, 430, 439, 459, 469, 488, 489, 506–7, 523, 529, 542, 543, 562, 569, 595, 601
on Iran, 409–10
McCarthy’s accusations against, 232, 367
Near East Division of, 190