dancing mice, 87–92
Dancing Mouse, The (Yerkes), 85–86
DARPA (Department of Defense laboratory), 165
Dassault, 140
data, 113, 114, 117, 119–22, 136, 167, 248n
data fundamentalism, 122–23
data processing, 17, 195
decision aids, automated, 113–15, 166
drawbacks to, 77
decision making, 160, 166, 168
decision trees, 113–14
declarative knowledge, 9, 10–11, 83
Deep Blue, 12
degeneration effect, 65–85
automation complacency and bias and, 67–72
Whitehead’s views and, 65–67
dementia, 135–37
dependency, 130, 133, 136, 146, 203, 225
depression, 220
Descartes, René, 148, 216
design, designers, 137–47
computer-aided (CAD), 138–42, 144, 145, 167, 219, 229–30
human- vs. technology-centered automation and, 158–62, 164–65, 167–70, 172
parametric, 140–41
system, 155–57
video games as model for, 178–82
Designerly Ways of Knowing (Cross), 143–44
desire, 15, 17, 20, 83, 161, 206–7, 210
to understand the world, 123–24
deskilling, 55, 100, 106–12, 115
Dewey, John, 148, 149, 220
diabetes, 245n–46n
diagnostic testing, 70–71, 99, 102
DiFazio, William, 27–28
Digital Apollo (Mindell), 60, 61
disease, 70–71, 113, 135–37, 245n–46n
dislocation, 133
Do, Ellen Yi-Luen, 167
Doctor Algorithm, 154, 155
doctors, 12, 32, 70, 93–106, 114–15, 120, 123, 147, 155, 166, 173, 219
evidence-based medicine (EBM) and, 114, 123
patient’s relationship with, 103–6
primary-care, 100–104, 154
document discovery, 116
Dodson, John Dillingham, 88–89
Dorsey, Jack, 203
Dorsey, Julie, 167–68
Dostrovsky, Jonathan, 133
dot-com bubble, 117, 194, 195
drawing and sketching, 142–47
Dreyfus, Hubert, 82
driving, see cars and driving
drone strikes, 188
drugs, prescription, 220–21
Drum, Kevin, 225
Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 24
Dyson, Freeman, 175
Dyson, George, 20, 113
Eagle, Alan, 176
Ebbatson, Matthew, 55–56, 58
ebook, 29
economic growth, 22, 27, 30
economic stability, 20
Economist, 225
economists, 9, 18, 22, 29, 30, 32–33, 109
economy, economics, 20, 25–33, 117
e-discovery, 116
education, 113, 120, 153
efficiency, 8, 17, 26, 58, 61, 114, 132, 139, 159, 173, 174, 176, 219
EMR and, 101, 102
factories and, 106–8
electric grid, 195–96
electronic medical records (EMR), 93–106, 114, 123, 245n–46n
embodied cognition, 149–51, 213
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 16, 232
End of Work, The (Rifkin), 28
engagement, 14, 165
Engels, Friedrich, 225
Engineering a Safer World (Leveson), 155–56
engineers, 34, 36–37, 46, 49, 50, 54, 59, 69, 119, 120, 139, 157–60, 162, 164, 168, 174, 175, 194, 196
Enlightenment, 159–60
entorhinal cortex, 134, 135
equilibrium, of aircraft, 61–62
ergonomics (human-factors engineering), 54, 158–60, 164–68
Ericsson, K. Anders, 84
essay-grading algorithms, 206
ethical choices, 18, 61, 183–93, 221–22
killer robots and, 187–93, 204
self-driving cars and, 183–87, 193, 204
top-down vs. bottom-up approach to, 189–91
Ethics and Emergency Science Group, 189
European Aviation Safety Agency, 58
evidence-based medicine (EBM), 114, 123
evolution, 137
experience, 1, 23, 121, 123, 124, 150, 190, 218, 219, 226
Experience Music Project, 140
“experience sampling” study, 14–15, 18
expert systems, 76–77
explicit knowledge, 9, 10–11, 83
eyeglasses, computerized, 199–202
eyes, 143, 148, 201, 216, 223
retina, 149–50
Facebook, 181–82, 201, 203, 205–6
factories, 22–26, 28, 106–8, 112, 118, 159, 174, 195, 222
Farrell, Simon, 74
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 1, 55, 170
feedback, 36–37, 84, 85, 105, 114, 160, 165, 169
negative, 71–72
from video games, 178–79
finance, 115–16, 120, 170–71, 173
financial meltdown (2008), 77
Fitts, Paul, 158
Flight, 50, 59
flight automation, 1, 49–63
flight crews, 59
flight engineers, 59
flight simulators, 56, 200–201
flow, 84–85, 96, 179, 213
Flow (Csikszentmihalyi), 14–15
fly-by-wire controls, 51–52, 55, 154, 168
Forces of Production (Noble), 173–74
Ford Motor Company, 34, 35, 38, 39
Ford Pinto, 5
France, 36, 45, 46, 159, 171
Frankenstein, Julia, 129–30
Frankenstein monster, 26, 30
freedom, 17, 61, 207, 208, 226, 227, 228
freight shipment, 196–97
friction, 133, 181, 182
frictionlessness, 180, 220
frictionless sharing, 181–82
Frost, Robert, 211–16, 218, 221–22, 232
future, futurism, 226–28
Gallagher, Shaun, 150
gamification, 179n
Gates, Bill, 197
Gawande, Atul, 104
GE, 31, 175, 195
Gehry, Frank, 140
General Motors, 27
generation effect, 72–80, 84–85, 165
genetic traits, 82–83
Gensler, 167
German Ideology, The (Marx), 235n
Giedion, Sigfried, 237n
Gilbert, Daniel, 15
glass cockpits, 50, 55, 59, 168, 169
Goldberger, Paul, 141
Google, 6–8, 13, 78–80, 118, 176, 181, 182, 195
cars, 6–8, 10, 12, 13, 153, 154–55, 183, 207, 208
Google Glass, 136–37, 199–201, 203, 208
Google Maps, 132, 136, 204–5
Google Now, 199
Google Suggest, 181, 200
Google Ventures, 116
Gorman, James, 134
GPS, 52, 68–70, 126–37, 144
“GPS and the End of the Road” (Schulman), 133
Graves, Michael, 143, 145
Gray, J. Macfarlane, 36–37
Great Britain, 22–23, 35, 157
Great Depression, 25–26, 27, 29, 38
grid cells, 134
Groopman, Jerome, 97–98, 105
Gross, Mark, 167
Gundotra, Vic, 203
gunnery crews, 35–36, 41
guns, 35–38, 41, 185
habit formation, 88–89
Hambrick, David, 83
hands, 143, 144, 145, 216
happiness, 14–16, 137, 203
hardware, 7–8, 52, 118
Harris, Don, 52–53, 63
Hartzband, Pamela, 97–98
Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 87
Hayles, Katherine, 12–13
Health Affairs, 99
Health and Human Services Department, U.S., 94, 95
health care, 33, 173
&n
bsp; computers and, 93–106, 113–15, 120, 123, 153–54, 155
costs of, 96, 99
diagnosis in, 10, 12, 70–71, 105, 113–15, 120, 123, 154, 155
see also doctors; hospitals
Health Information Technology Adoption Initiative, 93–94
Heidegger, Martin, 148
Hendren, Sara, 130–31
Heyns, Christof, 188–89, 192
hippocampus, 133–37
Hippocrates, 158
history, 124, 127, 159–60, 174, 227
Hoff, Timothy, 100–102
Hoover, Herbert, 26
hospitals, 94–98, 102, 123, 155, 173
How Doctors Think (Groopman), 105
How We Think (Hayles), 13
Hughes, Thomas, 172, 196
human beings:
boundaries between computers and, 10–12
change and, 39, 40
killing of, 184
need for, 153–57
robots as replications of, 36
technology-first automation vs., 153–76
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 108, 227–28
humanism, 159–61, 164, 165
Human Use of Human Beings, The (Wiener), 37, 38
Huth, John Edward, 216–17
iBeacon, 136
IBM, 27, 118–20, 195
IBM Systems Journal, 194–95
identity, 205–6
IEX, 171
Illingworth, Leslie, 19, 33
imagination, 25, 121, 124, 142, 143, 215
inattentional blindness, 130
industrial planners, 37
Industrial Revolution, 21, 24, 28, 32, 36, 106, 159, 195
Infiniti, 8
information, 68–74, 76–80, 166
automation complacency and bias and, 68–72
health, 93–106, 113
information overload, 90–92
information underload, 90–91
information workers, 117–18
infrastructure, 195–99
Ingold, Tim, 132
integrated development environments (IDEs), 78
Intel, 203
intelligence, 137, 151
automation of, 118–20
human vs. artificial, 11, 118–20
interdependent networks, 155
internet, 12–13, 33n, 176, 188
internet of things, 195
Introduction to Mathematics, An, (Whitehead), 65
intuition, 105–6, 120
Inuit hunters, 125–27, 131, 217–20
invention, 161, 174, 214
iPads, 136, 153, 203
iPhones, 13, 136
Ironstone Group, 116
“Is Drawing Dead?” (symposium), 144
Jacquard loom, 36
Jainism, 185
Jefferson, Thomas, 160, 222
Jeopardy! (quiz show), 118–19, 121
Jobless Future, The (Aronowitz and DiFazio), 27–28
jobs, 14–17, 27–33, 85, 193
automation’s altering of, 67, 112–20
blue-collar, 28, 109
creating, 31, 32, 33
growth of, 28, 30, 32
loss of, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 40, 59, 115–18, 227
middle class, 27, 31, 32, 33n
white-collar, 28, 30, 32, 40, 109
Jobs, Steve, 194
Jones, Michael, 132, 136–37, 151
Kasparov, Garry, 12
Katsuyama, Brad, 171
Kay, Rory, 58
Kelly, Kevin, 153, 225, 226
Kennedy, John, 27, 33
Kessler, Andy, 153
Keynes, John Maynard, 26–27, 66, 224, 227
Khosla, Vinod, 153–54
killing, robots and, 184, 185, 187–93
“Kitty Hawk” (Frost), 215
Klein, Gary, 123
Knight Capital Group, 156
know-how, 74, 76, 115, 122–23
knowledge, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80–81, 84, 85, 111, 121, 123, 131, 148, 153, 206, 214, 215
design, 144
explicit (declarative), 9, 10–11, 83
geographic, 128
medicine and, 100, 113, 123
tacit (procedural), 9–11, 83, 105, 113, 144
knowledge workers, 17, 148
Kool, Richard, 228–29
Korzybski, Alfred, 220
Kroft, Steve, 29
Krueger, Alan, 30–31
Krugman, Paul, 32–33
Kurzweil, Ray, 181, 200
labor, 227
abridging of, 23–25, 28–31, 37, 96
costs of, 18, 20, 31, 175
deskilling of, 106–12
division of, 106–7, 165
intellectualization of, 118
in “Mowing,” 211–14
strife, 37, 175
see also jobs; work
Labor and Monopoly Capital (Braverman), 109–10
Labor Department, U.S., 66
labor unions, 25, 37, 59
Langewiesche, William, 50–51, 170
language, 82, 121, 150
Latour, Bruno, 204, 208
lawn mowers, robotic, 185
lawyers, law, 12, 116–17, 120, 123, 166
learning, 72–73, 77, 82, 84, 88–90, 175
animal studies and, 88–89
medical, 100–102
Lee, John, 163–64, 166, 169
LeFevre, Judith, 14, 15, 18
leisure, 16, 25, 27, 227
work vs., 14–16, 18
lethal autonomous robots (LARs), 188–93
Levasseur, Émile, 24–25
Leveson, Nancy, 155–56
Levesque, Hector, 121
Levinson, Stephen, 101
Levy, Frank, 9, 10
Lewandowsky, Stephan, 74
Lex Machina, 116–17
Licklider, J. C. R., 223
Lieberman, Matthew, 149
Lindbergh, Charles, 223
Lown, Beth, 103, 105
Luddites, 23, 106, 108, 231
Ludlam, Ned, 23
MacCormac, Richard, 142–43
Machine Age, 25
machine-breaking, 22–23
machine-centered viewpoint, 162–63
machine learning, 113–14, 190
machines, mechanization, 17–18, 20–41, 107–8, 110–12, 159, 161, 223, 237n
economy of, 31
as emancipators, 24–25
at Ford, 34
long history of ambivalence to, 21–41
love for, 20
planes and, 51, 52
ugliness of, 21
machine tool industry, 174
Macmillan, Robert Hugh, 19–20, 21, 39
mammograms, 70–71, 100
management, 37, 38, 76, 108, 166, 175
“Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Licklider), 223
manufacturing, 5, 22, 30, 31, 37, 38, 106–7, 139, 195
plane, 46, 52, 168–70
Manzey, Dietrich, 71
maps, 127, 151, 204–5, 219, 220
cognitive, 129–30, 135
paper vs. computer, 129–30
Marcantonio, Dino, 141
“March of the Machines” (TV segment), 29
Marcus, Gary, 81, 83, 184
Marx, Karl, 20, 23–24, 66, 224, 225, 235n
Marx, Leo, 160
master-slave metaphor, 224–26
materiality, 142–43, 145, 146
mathematicians, 119, 156
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, 122
McAfee, Andrew, 28–29, 30
Meade, E. J., 146–47, 229–30
meaning, 123, 220
medical diagnosis, 10, 12, 70–71, 105, 113–15, 120, 123, 154, 155
Medicare, 97
Mehta, Mayank, 219–20
Meinz, Elizabeth, 83
Meister, David, 159
memory, 72–75, 77–80, 84, 151
drawing and, 143
navigation and, 129–30, 133–37
Men and Machines, 26
mental models, 57
Mercedes-Benz, 8, 136–37, 183
Mercury astronauts, 58
Merholz, Peter, 180
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 216, 217–18, 220
metalworkers, 111
mice, dancing, 87–92
microchips, 8, 114
microlocation tracking, 136
Microsoft, 195
military, 35–37, 47, 49, 158, 159, 166, 174
robots and, 187–93
mind, 63, 121–24, 201, 213–14, 216
body vs., 48–51, 215, 216
computer as metaphor and model for, 119
drawing and, 143, 144
imaginative work of, 25
unconscious, 83–84
Mindell, David, 60, 61
Missionaries and Cannibals, 75, 180
miswanting, 15, 228
MIT, 174, 175
Mitchell, William J., 138
mobile phones, 132–33
Moore’s Law, 40
Morozov, Evgeny, 205, 225
Moser, Edvard, 134–35
Moser, May-Britt, 134
motivation, 14, 17, 124
“Mowing” (Frost), 211–16, 218, 221–22
Murnane, Richard, 9, 10
Musk, Elon, 8
Nadin, Mihai, 80
NASA, 50, 55, 58
National Safety Council, 208
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 44
natural language processing, 113
nature, 217, 220
Nature, 155
Nature Neuroscience, 134–35
navigation systems, 59, 68–71, 217
see also GPS
Navy, U.S., 189
Nazi Germany, 35, 157
nervous system, 9–10, 36, 220–21
Networks of Power (Hughes), 196
neural networks, 113–14
neural processing, 119n
neuroergonomic systems, 165
neurological studies, 9
neuromorphic microchips, 114, 119n
neurons, 57, 133–34, 150, 219
neuroscience, neuroscientists, 74, 133–37, 140, 149
New Division of Labor, The (Levy and Murnane), 9
Nimwegen, Christof van, 75–76, 180
Noble, David, 173–74
Norman, Donald, 161
Noyes, Jan, 54–55
NSA, 120, 198
numerical control, 174–75
Oakeshott, Michael, 124
Obama, Barack, 94
Observer, 78–79
Oculus Rift, 201
Office of the Inspector General, 99
offices, 28, 108–9, 112, 222
automation complacency and, 69
Ofri, Danielle, 102
O’Keefe, John, 133–34
Old Dominion University, 91
“On Things Relating to the Surgery” (Hippocrates), 158
oracle machine, 119–20
“Outsourced Brain, The” (Brooks), 128
Pallasmaa, Juhani, 145
Parameswaran, Ashwin, 115
Parameters, 191
parametric design, 140–41
parametricism, 140–41
“Parametricism Manifesto” (Schumacher), 141
Parasuraman, Raja, 54, 67, 71, 166, 176
Parry, William Edward, 125
pattern recognition, 57, 58, 81, 83, 113
Pavlov, Ivan, 88