and Wethersfield conference, 114–16, 117–19
in Williamsburg, 196, 197, 199
at Yorktown, 206, 215, 232, 234, 237, 244, 273
Rodney, George, 182–83, 231
and Battle of Saintes, 240, 241
in Caribbean, 18, 129–31, 144–46
as commander of British naval forces, 134, 160
and de Grasse, 140, 144, 240
health problems of, 130, 134, 144, 145–46, 183, 244
and Hood, 130, 131, 134, 145, 160–61
lust for money, 130, 131, 276
return to England, 145–46, 160–61, 244
and St. Eustatius, 130, 131, 134, 276
after the war, 270, 276
Ross, David, 235
Saavedra de Sangronis, Francisco, 132–34
and Cuba, 144, 150–51, 174
and de Grasse, 133, 135, 140–41, 144, 150–51, 174, 189, 228
diplomacy of, 132, 133, 141, 146, 150–51, 228
and French navy, 141–43, 146, 189
funding negotiated by, 144, 150–51, 174
and Haiti, 141
and Pensacola expedition, 132, 133–34, 140
after the war, 277
Saint Domingue, see Haiti
Saintes, Battle of, 240–41, 266, 270, 271, 277
St. Eustatius, 10, 130, 131, 134, 276
St. Lucia, 10, 17
Saint-Simon, Henri, Comte de, 181
St. Vincent, 11
Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of, 50, 51
Sandy Hook:
army officer hanged in, 243
harbor at, 120, 137, 148, 158, 160, 164, 245
Saratoga, Battle of, 8, 28, 76, 98, 227, 228, 247, 255
Scammell, Alexander, 217
Schuyler, Philip, 43
Seven Years’ War, 8, 10, 60, 68, 87, 163, 189
Shakespeare, William, Henry V, 207
Shaw, Samuel, 153, 248, 249, 250
Shays’s Rebellion, 265, 274
ships, British:
Albion, 193
America, 37, 44, 45, 47
Arethusa, 61
Barfleur, 186
Bedford, 37, 44, 45, 47, 51
Bonetta, 230
Charon, 27–28, 212, 213, 214
Culloden, 37, 44, 45, 51
Europe, 62, 65
Guadeloupe, 200
Intrepid, 191, 194
London, 51, 56, 65, 67, 164, 188, 195
Montague, 194
Pegasus, 146
Phoenix, 10, 12–17, 288
Princessa, 191, 192, 194
Prudent, 62, 65, 163
Robust, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 163
Royal Oak, 58, 62, 63–64, 195
Russell, 131
Savage, 105, 116
Shrewsbury, 191, 194
Swallow, 144–45
Terrible, 192, 195
ships, French:
Aigrette, 144, 149, 151, 185
Amazone, 21
Ardent, 58, 63, 68
Auguste, 188, 191–93
Belle Poule, 61
Caton, 185, 193
César, 185
Citoyen, 184–85
Concorde, 139, 143
Conquérant, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68
Destin, 185
Diadème, 191, 193, 194
Duc de Bourgogne, 48, 54, 56, 63, 64
Eveillé, 58
Experiment, 181
Fantasque, 49–50
Hermione, 55
Intrepide, 141, 142, 143
Languedoc, 186
L’Inconstante, 142–43
Marseilles, 183, 191
Neptune, 63, 65
Northumberland, 150, 185
Palmier, 185
Pluton, 191
Provence, 60
Queen Charlotte, 197–98
Reflechi, 191
Romulus, 45–46, 56, 63, 65, 67
Saint Esprit, 193
Solitaire, 185
Triton, 201
Ville de Paris, 140, 147, 179, 185–86, 198, 202, 240, 270
Zélé, 187, 188
ships, privateers: Congress, 147
ships, U.S.: Comte de Grasse, 270
Simcoe, John Graves, 32, 123
Slade, Nathaniel, 100
slaves:
African trade in, 143–44, 303
British offer of freedom after military service, 105, 210, 211, 220–21, 234–36, 253, 258
and diseases, 218, 235
at end of war, 253, 254, 258, 279
Jefferson as slaveholder, 236, 279, 320
Lafayette on, 252–53, 256, 322
as servants to British army, 121–22, 235–36
Washington as slaveholder, 105, 176, 197, 235–36, 252, 253, 254, 262, 279–80, 320
Washington’s slaves freed, 280
Smith, William, 162, 173, 224–25, 253
Solano, José, 17, 18
Solano’s Hurricane, 17–18, 21
Sourbader de Gimat, Jean-Joseph, 215
South Carolina, see Carolinas
Spain:
and Caribbean, 9–10
and Cuba, 10, 17, 143, 150
entry into American Revolution, 9
and Florida, 10, 132, 133–34, 269
and France, 132–34, 140–42
and Jamaica, 240
Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von, 25, 31, 39, 70, 79, 123, 277
Stuart, Duncan, 100
Sullivan, John, 35
Sumter, Thomas, 20
Symonds, Thomas, 45, 200
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 260
Tarleton, Banastre:
brutality of, 19, 77, 217, 277
in Carolinas, 19, 26, 85, 87, 94, 95
at Cowpens, 26, 77, 85, 98
and Race to Dan, 89, 90
in Virginia, 111, 121, 122–23
after the war, 277–78
at Yorktown, 205, 273
Tatham, William, 30
Ternay, Charles-Henri Louis d’Arsac de, Chevalier de Ternay, 20–21, 38, 72
Thacher, James:
on army mutiny, 36
and Charon fire, 214
and march to Chesapeake, 159, 164
in Philadelphia, 168, 171
and surrender, 232, 233
and Yorktown, 226, 232, 233
Thy, Chevalier de, 184–85, 191
Tilghman, Tench, 43, 46, 47, 155
Tilly, Le Gardeur de, 45, 48, 54, 56, 74
Tobago, 134
Tornquist, Karl, 192, 194, 201
Torrence’s Tavern, 85, 86
Trabue, Daniel, 208, 209, 235
Trenton, Battle of, 76, 157, 164
Trumbull, Jonathan, 174, 175, 178, 197, 198, 206, 238
Tucker, St. George, 196, 211, 229
Tullikens, Jemima, 75, 76
United States Constitution, ratification of, 274, 279
Ushant, Battle of, 9, 61
Valley Forge, 25, 176, 243, 247, 277
Varick, Richard, 257
Vaughan, John, 130
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, 8, 243
Vernon, Edward, 4
Vioménil, Baron de, 49, 215, 220, 234
appeal to Washington from, 123–25
army support needed from, 25, 39
Arnold in, 38–39, 107, 120, 123, 138, 218, 266, 271
British attack on Richmond, 31–32, 39, 69
British march to, 107–9, 110–11, 115
British outrages in, 217–18
British troops concentrated in, 101, 107, 121, 122–23
British troops removed from, 117
Continental army in, 93–94, 95–96
Cornwallis in, 120–23, 125, 137–39
Cornwallis’s order to poison wells in, 218
French focus on, 114–16, 119
Lafayette in, 120–22, 123, 125, 138–39, 148, 181, 202, 218
militiamen of, 78–79, 93–94, 95, 96, 97, 103
slaveholders of, 235–36, 253, 279, 320
Yorktown in, see Yorktown
Walker, Benjamin, 262
War of 1812, 266
Washington, Augustine (brother), 4
Washington, George:
accounts sent to Congress, 256–57
aging of, 245, 250, 261
and American wilderness, 256
and army discontent, 243–44, 245–51, 255
and army mutinies, 34, 35–37, 244
and army’s exhaustion, 106, 109
and Arnold’s treason, 22
and Battle of Cape Henry, 72, 73, 102, 105
birth and early years of, 3–6
after British surrender, 241–45, 254
changing opinions about army’s capacities, 155–56
and Chastellux, 113–14
circumvented by others’ plans, 45–46, 49–50, 112–14
as commander in chief, 3, 40, 48, 72, 75, 80, 118, 124, 149, 156, 157, 196, 197, 209, 216, 232, 236, 239, 242, 246–48, 254, 255, 257, 260, 261–62, 304
crossing the Delaware, 157
death of, 273, 280
and de Grasse, 118, 147, 148, 196–98, 201–3, 204–5, 237, 240, 261
and Destouches, 48–50, 72, 73–75, 111–12, 119
dinner hosted by, 233–34
familiarity with Tidewater rivers, 197
and family matters, 104–5, 116–17, 177, 237–38
“Farewell Orders” to army, 257–58
frustrations in dealing with the French, 48–50, 73–75, 111–12, 117–20, 148, 153–54, 169, 178, 201–3, 204–5, 216, 244, 245, 304
and Greene, 22, 24–25, 103, 257
and Guilford Courthouse, 102–3
and Hamilton, 42–44, 46, 47, 215–16
holding the government together, 157–60
keeping his own counsel, 114, 146–48, 158–59, 170
and Lafayette, 39, 40, 43, 49, 74, 121, 146, 147, 151–52, 156, 196, 215–16, 240, 252–53, 256, 272
leadership traits of, 42–43, 124–25, 149, 154, 155–56, 165, 170, 171–72, 173, 202, 216, 222, 237, 238, 239, 243–44, 248–51, 254, 260, 261–62, 278–79
meeting officers at Fraunces Tavern, 260
militia distrusted by, 88
and Mount Vernon, see Mount Vernon
naval superiority as quest of, 1, 35, 38, 39, 74, 78, 106, 115, 119, 136, 197–98, 205, 240, 279, 300, 314
naval support sought by, 10, 38–40, 44, 49–50, 120, 137, 197–98, 228
and Newburgh conspiracy, 246–51
New York as focus of, 106, 112, 114–16, 117, 118–19, 135–37, 244–45
New York plans jettisoned by, 146–49
official papers of, 257
opposition to military coup, 246–50
in Philadelphia meeting, 245–51
prejudice against the sea, 7–8
as president, 265, 272, 274, 275, 278–79
as private citizen, 236, 254–58, 260, 261–62, 272
public persona of, 42, 43, 47, 74, 149, 156, 171, 207, 222, 247, 261
resigning his commission to Congress, 259, 261–62
and Rochambeau, 21, 38, 44, 48–50, 73–75, 111–16, 117–20, 137, 146–48, 154, 165, 172, 244
sailing skills of, 3, 40, 239
sail to Barbados, 6–7, 197
as slaveholder, 105, 176, 197, 235–36, 252, 253, 254, 262, 279–80, 320
smallpox of, 6–7
stresses of command, 8, 25, 39, 48, 74–75, 124–25, 172, 260, 261–62, 275
strong central government favored by, 243, 246, 254–55, 258, 271, 279
as surveyor, 5
“Temptation” of, 124
terms of surrender dictated by, 228–31
at Trenton, 76
after the war, 245–51, 255–58, 259–62, 265, 278–80
and Wethersfield conference, 114–16, 117–19
in Williamsburg, 196–98, 199
at Yorktown, see Yorktown, Siege of
Washington, Harry (former slave), 253
Washington, Lawrence (brother), 4–7, 197, 238
Washington, Lund (cousin), 73–74, 105, 175–76, 177, 236
Washington, Martha Custis (wife), 116–17, 156, 177, 237–38, 257
Washington, Mary Ball (mother), 4–5, 104–5, 238
Washington, William, (cavalry officer), 80, 88, 97, 100
Wayne, Anthony, 34, 111, 121, 125, 138
Webb, Joseph, 111
Webster, James, 100
West, Benjamin, 261
West Indies, see Caribbean
West Point, 3, 22, 70, 155, 251
Wethersfield conference, 114–16, 117–19
Whiskey Rebellion, 265, 273, 275
William Henry, Prince, 224
Williams, Otho Holland, 88–89, 90, 91–93, 98
Williamsburg, Virginia:
Rochambeau in, 196, 197, 199
Washington’s arrival in, 196–98, 199
Yadkin River, 86–87, 88
York and James rivers (1781), 115
Yorktown, 204–6
American and French siege of, see Yorktown, Siege of
British express boats between New York and, 211–12
British march from, 231–33
British naval base at, 138, 151–52
Cornwallis’s movement toward, 114–15, 139, 151
Cornwallis’s nonchalance about rescue from, 225, 228
Cornwallis trapped in, 33, 152, 171–72, 179, 181, 196, 197, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 227, 244–45
danger of being cut off in, 152
destruction of, 210–11, 214, 229, 234
French and American armies’ march to, 152, 153–54, 155, 157–60, 162–78, 166–67, 203
French naval control of, 200–201
loyalists and deserters in, 230
strategic location of, 204, 205–6
Yorktown, Siege of, 33, 98, 203, 204–38, 213
aftermath of, 234–38, 239, 241–43
Articles of Capitulation signed, 230–31, 235
artillerists in, 206, 208, 221–22
attack on British redoubts 9 and 10, 215–17, 219–21, 273
battle vs. siege, 154, 200
bombshells fired in, 210
British abandonment of outer redoubts, 204–6
British army horses slaughtered, 211, 221
British at Gloucester, 138, 204, 273
British attempts to escape, 223–24, 226
British express boats from, 211–12
British frigate Charon in, 212, 213, 214
British hope of rescue, 214–15, 224–25, 227–28
British losses in, 212, 214, 234
British running out of provisions during, 211, 221
British surrender, 226–30, 231–33, 237, 239, 241, 273, 276, 277
Clinton’s views about, 225, 227–28
digging first parallel, 206–9, 212
digging second parallel, 215–16
First Rhode Island Regiment in, 156, 216–17, 219
flight of citizens from, 210–11
former slaves in, 210, 211, 220–21, 234–36, 279
French cannons spiked by British, 223
Greene’s views about, 228
Hamilton’s actions in, 208–9, 215–16, 219–20, 222
Hessian soldiers in, 210, 221, 232, 234
Lafayette’s actions in, 215–16, 220
manual of arms at, 208–9
numbers of combatants in, 203
Opening of the Trenches, 208
outer redoubts abandoned by British, 205–6
revenge for British outrages, 217–18
Saavedra’s contribution to success of, 133, 228, 277
terms of surrender, 228–31
Washington firing first shot, 209
Washington’s hindsight about, 244–45
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nathaniel Philbrick is the author of In the Heart of the Sea, winner of the National Book Award; Mayflower, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize; Valiant Ambition, winner of the George Washington Prize; Bunker Hill, winner of the New England Book Award; Sea of Glory; The Last Stand; Why Read Moby Dick?; Away Off Shore; and Second Wind.
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