140 Lamartine, History, ii, p. 259.
141 Stern, Histoire, p. 567.
142 Quoted in ibid., p. 582.
143 Ibid., p. 583.
144 AN, BB/18/1465A (letter to the Minister of Justice, 2 July 1848).
145 Stern, Histoire, p. 578.
146 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 236-7.
147 De Luna, French Republic, pp. 366-7.
148 Quoted in ibid., p. 369.
149 Stern, Histoire, p. 572.
150 Agulhon, 1848, pp. 97, 100-101.
CHAPTER 6
1 Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 156-9; Koch, Constitutional History, p. 65; ‘every state and every community’, quoted in Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, p. 446.
2 Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, pp. 159-60; Koch, Constitutional History, pp. 65-6.
3 Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences, i, p. 63.
4 Valentin, 1848, p. 373.
5 Quoted in Siemann, German Revolution, p. 200.
6 Quoted in Randers-Pehrson, Germans and the Revolution, p. 463.
7 Quoted in Valentin, 1848, p. 407.
8 Quoted in Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, p. 360.
9 Schurz, Reminscences, i, p. 170.
10 Quoted in Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, p. 364.
11 For a detailed account and analysis on the revolution in the Rhineland, see Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, pp. 349-465.
12 This was the ill-fated ‘May Conspiracy’ in Prague, described by Stanley Pech, Czech Revolution, pp. 237-60.
13 E. Newman, The Life of Richard Wagner, 4 vols (New York: Knopf, 1968), ii, p. 80.
14 Siemann, German Revolution, p. 205.
15 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, pp. 195-6.
16 Stadelmann, Social and Political History, p. 188.
17 Schurz, Reminiscences, i, pp. 195-6.
18 Ibid., pp. 211-32.
19 Quoted in Valentin, 1848, p. 420.
20 Quoted in Mack Smith, History of Sicily, ii, p. 424.
21 Quoted in Mack Smith, Making of Italy, p. 162.
22 Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 65.
23 Quoted in B. King, History of Italian Unity, vol. 1, p. 294.
24 Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 65.
25 Ibid., p. 66.
26 Quoted in B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 356 (Victor Emmanuel) and 361 (D’Azeglio).
27 The following paragraphs are based on Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence, pp. 99-228; B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, pp. 326-40; Mack Smith, Mazzini, pp. 67-76.
28 Quoted in Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence, p. 98.
29 Quoted in ibid., p. 99.
30 Quoted in ibid., p. 107.
31 Quoted in Mack Smith, Mazzini, p. 68.
32 Quoted in B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, p. 335.
33 H. Brogan, Alexis de Tocqueville: A Biography (London: Profile, 2006), pp. 481-2 (Thiers quotation on p. 481).
34 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 34.
35 Extracts of the constitution in Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento, pp. 245-7.
36 J. Ridley, Garibaldi (London: Phoenix, 2001), pp. 306, 311, 317.
37 Garibaldi, My Life, p. 42.
38 Quoted in B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, p. 364.
39 Trevelyan, Manin, pp. 217-19.
40 Ibid., pp. 221, 223.
41 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 340-1.
42 Ibid., p. 345.
43 Flagg, Venice, ii, pp. 418-19.
44 Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, p. 352.
45 Quoted in ibid., p. 349.
46 Quoted in ibid., p. 333.
47 Trevelyan, Manin, pp. 237-40; Ginsborg, Daniele Manin, pp. 362-3.
48 Urbán, ‘Hungarian Army’, pp. 100-5, 109.
49 Ibid., p. 102.
50 Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 220.
51 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, pp. 406-8.
52 Leiningen-Westerburg, Letters and Journal, p. 235.
53 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, vol. 2, p. 409.
54 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 270-3.
55 Ibid., pp. 267-70.
56 Ibid., p. 273.
57 Ibid., p. 279.
58 Quoted in ibid., p. 289.
59 Ibid., pp. 291-300.
60 Quoted in K. W. Rock, ‘Schwarzenberg versus Nicholas I, Round One: The Negotiation of the Habsburg-Romanov Alliance against Hungary in 1849’, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 6 (1970), p. 119.
61 Quoted in ibid., p. 135.
62 Quoted in ibid., p. 136.
63 Quoted in Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 306.
64 Ibid., p. 329.
65 Stiles, Austria in 1848-49, ii, p. 443.
66 Deak, Lawful Revolution, pp. 321-37.
67 Ibid., pp. 127, 305-6; Sked, Decline and Fall, pp. 94-5, 101-2, 107-8.
68 Hitchins, The Romanians, pp. 264-6.
69 Sked, Decline and Fall, p. 147.
70 B. King, History of Italian Unity, i, p. 340.
71 Agulhon, 1848, p. 102.
72 Marx, Class Struggles, p. 69.
73 Price, French Second Republic, p. 227.
74 Quoted in B. H. Moss, ‘June 13, 1849: The Abortive Uprising of French Radicalism’, French Historical Studies, vol. 13 (1984), p. 397.
75 Marx, Class Struggles, p. 75.
76 Price, French Second Republic, p. 227.
77 Quoted in R. W. Magraw, ‘Pierre Joigneaux and Socialist Propaganda in the French Countryside, 1849-1851’, French Historical Studies, vol. 10 (1978), p. 602.
78 Quoted in Tombs, France, p. 389.
79 E. Weber, ‘The Second Republic, Politics, and the Peasant’, French Historical Studies, vol. 11 (1980), pp. 521-50.
80 E. Weber, ‘Comment la Politique Vint aux Paysans: A Second Look at Peasant Politicization’, American Historical Review, vol. 87 (1982), p. 365.
81 Price, French Second Republic, p. 241.
82 Quoted in Moss, ‘June 13, 1849’, p. 399.
83 Price, French Second Republic, p. 238.
84 T. W. Margadant, French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 338-41.
85 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 252.
86 In Price, Documents, p. 123.
87 Agulhon, Quarante-huitards, p. 229.
88 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 271-2.
89 Quoted in Moss, ‘June 13, 1849’, p. 399.
90 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, pp. 275-6.
91 Moss, ‘June 13, 1849’, pp. 402-3 (April programme quoted on p. 399).
92 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, p. 355.
93 Marx, Class Struggles, pp. 90, 92.
94 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, p. 355.
95 Moss, ‘June 13, 1849’, pp. 411-14.
96 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 280.
97 Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, pp. 356-7.
98 Moss, ‘June 13, 1849’, pp. 405-11.
99 Agulhon, 1848, p. 108.
100 Quoted in Price, French Second Republic, p. 255.
101 Tombs, France, p. 390.
102 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 294.
103 Louis-Napoleon’s message to the National Assembly in Price, Documents, p. 128.
104 Tocqueville, Souvenirs, p. 295.
105 Price, Documents, p. 142.
106 Margadant, French Peasants, p. 8.
107 Ibid., pp. 3-39.
108 Ibid., p. xix.
109 Macmillan, Napoleon III, p. 48.
110 Price, Documents, p. 167.
CONCLUSION
1 Zimmerman, Midpassage, pp. 175-7.
2 Herzen, From the Other Shore, p. 3.
3 Blum, End of the Old Order, pp. 364, 373-4.
4 Quoted in J. J. Sheehan, German History 1770-1866 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 727.
5 A. J. P. Taylor, The Course of German History (London: Routledge, 1978), p. 69.
6 For the best introduction in English on the idea of a Sonderweg, see D. Blackbourn and G. Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Centu
ry Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 1-35.
7 Quoted in G. Mann, The History of Germany since 1789 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 204.
8 J. A. Davis, ‘Introduction: Italy’s Difficult Modernization’, in Italy in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 15-16.
9 L. Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 93-7.
10 Agulhon, 1848, which is subtitled L’Apprentissage de la République.
11 F. Furet, Revolutionary France 1770-1880 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 537.
12 Tombs, France, pp. 2-3.
13 Quoted in A. J. P. Taylor, Europe: Grandeur and Decline (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 30.
14 Quoted in A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (London, 1965), p. 47.
15 Quoted in Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, p. 205.
16 Rapport, Nineteenth Century Europe, p. 363.
17 L. Namier, ‘1848: Seed-Plot of History’, Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812-1918 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), pp. 34-45.
18 Quoted in S. Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger, p. 26.
19 Eyck, Revolutions of 1848-49, p. 180.
20 Herzen, From the Other Shore, p. 68.
21 See, for example, the essays by Axel Körner, John Breuilly and Reinhart Koselleck in A. Körner (ed.), 1848: A European Revolution? International Ideas and National Memories of 1848 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 3-28, 31-49, 209-21 and H. Pogge von Strandmann, ‘1848-1849: A European Revolution?’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, Revolutions in Europe, pp. 1-8.
22 Charles Pouthas cited in ibid., p. 6.
23 Stadelmann, German Revolution, p. 50.
24 Reinhart Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?’, in Körner, 1848, p. 213.
25 John Breuilly, ‘1848: Connected or Comparable Revolutions?’, in Körner, 1848, p. 31.
26 Pogge von Strandmann, ‘1848-1849’, pp. 3-4.
27 C. Cattaneo, ‘Indirizzo alla Dieta Ungarica’, Tutti le Opere, vol. 4 (1967), p. 118.
28 AN, W//574, pièce 25 (‘Au nom du Peuple de Pologne’).
29 Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?’, p. 212
30 A. Körner, ‘The European Dimension in the Ideas of 1848 and the Nationalization of its Memories’, in Körner, 1848, p. 17.
31 Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?’, p. 221.
32 Quoted in Siemann, German Revolution, p. 6.
33 R. Gildea, ‘1848 in European Collective Memory’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, Revolutions in Europe, pp. 207-8, 213.
34 Ibid., pp. 229-30.
35 Quoted in T. Garton Ash, The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe (London: Penguin, 1999), p. 170.
36 Quoted in R. Sakwa, ‘The Age of Paradox: The Anti-Revolutionary Revolutions of 1989-91’, in M. Donald and T. Rees (eds), Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-Century Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2001), p. 165.
37 K. Kumar, ‘The Revolutionary Idea in the Twentieth-Century World’, in Donald and Rees, Reinterpreting Revolution, p. 193.
38 Garton Ash, Uses of Adversity, p. 258.
INDEX
1840s:
1989 revolutions
Abdülmecid, Sultan
absolute monarchy
Academic Legion
Adda, Carlo’
Affre (archbishop of Paris)
Agoult, Marie’
Alexander:
Algeria
Alsace
Andrássy, Gyula
anti-Semitism
Arago, Étienne
Arago, François
armed forces: Austria; Baden; control of; Hungarian War of Independence; Hungary; Paris; Prussia; Russia
Armellini, Carlo
Arnim-Boitzenburg, von
artisans; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Luxembourg Commission, see also workers
assimilation
Association for King and Fatherland
Association for the Protection of the Interest of Landed Property
atrocities
Auersperg, Maximilien
Auerswald, Hans von
Austria: absolute monarchy; armed forces; constitutions; counter-revolution; Czech-German conflict; Estates of Lower Austria; European conflict, avoidance of; financial cost of power; Germany; Hungary; imperial structures; Italy see Austrians in Italy; Jews; journals; liberals; parliament; peasants; political organisations; republicans; revolution; women; workers, see also Habsburg Empire; Vienna
Austria-Hungary
Austrians in Italy: Bologna; Papal States; Piedmontese; policy; predominant power; revolution; tobacco boycott; Venetia; Venice
Austro-Slavism
authoritarian tendencies, twentieth century
Avesani, Gian Francisco
Azeglio, Massimo’
Bach, Alexander
Baden
Bakunin, Mikhail
Balbo, Cesare
Bamberger, Ludwig
Banat
Banat Romanians
banquet campaign
Barbès, Armand
Barnutiu, Simion
barricades
Barrot, Odilon: and Bonaparte; government; revolution
Basic Rights (Grundrechte)
Bassi, Ugo
Bastide, Jules
Batthyány, Lajos: April Laws; counter-revolution; death; and Jelacic; prime minister; and Stephen
Bavaria
Belgiojoso, Cristina di 153
Belgium
Bem, Józef
Berlin: counter-revolution; demonstrations; insurrection; parliament; poverty; revolution
Berlin Central Committee
Bibescu, Gheorgiu
Biedermann, Karl
Bismarck, Otto von: armed forces; attitude to imperial crown; career; conservatism; and Frederick William; newspapers; revolution
Blanc, Louis
Blanqui, Louis-Auguste; career; demonstration; on revolutions; Society of Seasons
Blum, Robert: Dresden; Frankfurt crisis; German unification; Vienna
Bocquet, Louis
Bohemia
Bologna
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon; and Barrot; conservatives; coup; crowned Napoleon :; government; Italy
Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon Bonaparte
Bonapartism
Born, Stephan
bourgeoisie see middle classes
Brandenburg, von
Bréa, Jean de
Bredy, Hugo von
Britain
Brunetti, Angelo see Ciceruacchio
Brunetti, Luigi
Bucharest
Buda Castle
Budapest
Bugeaud, Thomas
Bund see German Confederation
Calabria
Camp, Maxime du
campaign for the constitution
Camphausen, Ludolf
capitalism
Capponi, Gino
Carbonari
Carbonelli, Vincenzo
Casati, Gabriel
Catania
Cattaneo, Carlo: Garibaldi’s volunteers; Hungarian Diet; Milan revolution
Caussidière, Marc
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène: Alsace; call for provincial help; executive power; Italy; Paris; president
Cavour, Camillo di 353
Central Europe
Central March Association
Cernuschi, Enrico
Changarnier, General
Charbonnerie
Charles:
Charles Albert: ambitions; constitution; and Mazzini; Milan revolution; war against Austria
Charter of 1814:
Chartists
Château’Eau, Paris
cholera
Christian:
Church, Italy
Ciceruacchio (Angelo Brunetti)
&nbs
p; Circourt, Adolphe de
citizens’ militias see militias
civic nationalism
civic pride
civil liberty
civil rights
civil society
class conflict
clubs
Cologne
Cologne Democratic Society
Cologne Workers’ Association
Colomb, von, General
Committee of Fifty
communism, opposition to
Communist League
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels)
Congress of Vienna (1815)
conservative order: authoritarian governments; countryside; dissatisfaction with; dominance; Metternich; social reform; weakness of
conservatives: France; Germany; political initiative; Prussia; social fear
Constitutional Club
constitutionalism
constitutions: Austria; Belgium; Denmark; France; Germany; Italy; political polarisation; Prussia
Cornuda
countryside: conservative order; France; poverty; unrest; Western Europe
craft workers, see also artisans
Crémieux, Adolphe
Croatia
Croats
cultural national identity see ethnic nationalism
culture brokers
Custozza
Czartoryski, Adam
Czechs: Bohemia; Germans; industrialisation; nationalism; revolution; workers, see also Prague
Dahlmann, Friedrich Deák, Ferenc
Debrecen
Decembrist uprising
démoc-socs (democratic socialists): countryside; elections; electoral campaign; leaders; petitioning campaign; republican left; strength gained; uprising
democracies, modern
democrats see radicals
Denmark
Déroin, Jeanne
Deym, Friedrich von
Di Lana, Testa
Doblhoff-Dier, Anton
Dostoevskii, Fedor
Dresden
Durando, Giacomo
Duveau, Georges
Eastern Europe
Ebert, Friedrich
economic growth
economic pressures
education
elections
electoral law
Engels, Friedrich
ethnic conflict: Banat; Magyars; nationalism; social divisions; Transylvania; Voivodina
ethnic minorities
ethnic nationalism
European conflict, avoidance of
European international system
Eyck, Frank
Fascist counter-revolution
Faud Pasha
fear, social