and levelling, 20, 212–213, 239–240, 243
and medium-sized nations, 244, 245
next levelling, 77, 304
poles and regions (see poles in multipolar world)
and small-sized nations, 244, 245–246, 259–262
transition to, 211–213, 215–219, 225, 238–239, 304
Napoleon III, 227
National Bureau of Economics Research (NBER), 66, 139
national development, 157–161, 164–165
nations. See countries
natural rights, 85
Network (movie), 74
New Deal, 291
New Model Army, 3, 81–82, 92
new order, emergence, 242
New York Times, 215
1984 (Orwell), 225
Nixon, Richard, 107
Nordic model, 161, 259
Norman, Montagu, 170
Northern Ireland, 251–252, 253–254
Nova Constellatio, 208
Nye, Joseph, 219, 294
Obama administration, 33
obesity, 48
Oceania, as pole in multipolar world, 225–226
old order breakdown
description, 1–2, 4–6, 10–11
economics and world economy, 4–5, 11, 24, 304
interconnections worldwide, 8–10
and international institutions, 263
replacement and transition, 7–8, 10, 12, 242, 304
and trade, 24
transition to multipolar world, 211–213, 215–219, 225, 238–239, 304
warning from trends, 6–7, 8, 11–12
One Belt, One Road plan, 18, 188, 230, 294
One World Trade Center, 211
open society, 73, 93–94
O’Rourke, Kevin, 59–60
O’Rourke, Robert “Beto,” 129
Orwell, George, 225, 246–247
Otto, Mary, 45
“out of control” world, 23–24
outlook for the future. See future outlook
Overton, Richard, 85–87, 88, 93
Paine, Thomas, 85, 94
Pakenham, Thomas, 229–230
paradigm shifts, 71–72, 73, 74
Peace of Westphalia, 17, 240–241
Pence, Mike, 289
people
changes and upheaval, 6–7, 9–10, 25–28, 37, 47
and the constitution, 280–282
contract with elites, 4
expectations, 25
as levellers, 12–13
in next levelling, 77–78, 80, 306
Perkins, Frances, 291
Perón, Juan, 156
personal data, on internet, 273
Petri, Elio, 68
Pettit, Philip, 86
Pew Research Center, 39, 43, 49
Phillips, Bill, and Phillips’s machine, 283–284
“Phillips Curve,” 283
physical infrastructure programs, 149–151
Pilgrim Party (fictional), 122–123
poles in multipolar world
aims and ethos of poles, 222
China, 18–19, 222, 223–224, 279, 288–295
description and distinctiveness, 215–216, 221–223
Eastasia, 225, 226–230
Eurasia, 225, 233–237
Europe, 279, 280–288
ideologies, 243
and international institutions, 262–264
in levelling, 238, 243
Oceania, 225–226
Orwell’s classification, 225
specific countries in, 218–219, 220–222
US and US-led Americas, 222, 223, 225–226, 279, 295–302
policy populism, 156
political discontent, 12
political parties
and crises, 105–107
fictional examples, 119–125
formation and success, 114–119
new parties, 110–111, 113–115, 119–120
old parties and disruption, 111–114
protest-oriented parties, 107
right-wing and radical parties, 54–55, 105–107
and technology, 115
trust in, 51, 53–54
politicians
biopoliticians idea, 128, 129–131
and business cycle, 138–140
and change, 134
Chidley, Katherine (see Chidley, Katherine)
economic growth promise, 155–156
entrenchment, 126
faith in, 51–52, 54–55
family ties, 130
insiders vs. outsiders, 126–128, 129–130
labeling, 128
and Levellers, 85–86, 87, 95–96
new candidates and entrants, 103–104, 110, 111, 125–127, 128–131, 306
and special causes, 129
trust in, 51, 53–54
vision, 157
politics
and Agreements of the People, 13
and anomie, 147
and change, 104, 105–107, 133–134
and communications, 107
dislocation and pessimism, 52–55
disruption, 111–114
and economy, 51–52, 105–106
and government, 108–109
international (see geopolitics)
Levellers as model, 96, 97, 98
new ideas, 110–111, 116
in next levelling, 78–79, 80, 116–119, 305–306
old order breakdown, 5
public goods, 157
replacement and transition, 8, 116–119
and social media, 108–109
sortition, 109–110
and trade, 34, 35–36
voter estrangement, 108–109
Polyani, Karl, 301
Pope, Carl, 272
Popper, Karl, 72, 73, 93–94
populism, 93, 101, 156
postal service, 49
Pottinger, Henry, 84–85
Prince, Thomas, 87
productivity
and economy, 141, 142–144
lack and drop, 142–147
and Levellers, 146–147
protectionism, 32, 34, 64
Prussia, war, 227
public goods, 157
Puritanism and Liberty (Woodhouse), 85
Putin, Vladimir, 160, 218
Putney Debates, 3–4, 12, 82, 84–85, 91
“QE inequality,” 190
the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue alliance), 244–245
Quah, Danny, 212
quantitative easing (QE)
central banks, 16–18, 174–179, 183, 190
consequences, 44, 175, 177–178
and currency, 177
description, 175–176
and investment, 178–179
and markets, 181–183
as problem, 16–18
restrictions on, 208
as solution, 149, 175
and wealth inequality, 180–181
radical and right-wing parties, 54–55, 105–107
railway stocks and bubbles, 171
Rainsborough, Thomas, 81, 84, 87, 91, 100
Reagan, Ronald, 107
Rees, John, 83
regions of the world. See poles in multipolar world
Reich, Robert, 127
religion, 90
Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens (Overton), 85–86
“rent economy,” 142
republic, 3, 278
Republican Party (US), 269–270
La République En Marche, 110–111, 117
research, and productivity, 142–143
Revival Bank, 300–301
“Rheinish capitalism,” 202
Richmond Federal Reserve, 214
right-wing parties, 54–55, 105–107
Riksbank, 171, 177
risks (financial)
consequences, 206, 208–209
and debt, 173–174, 184–185, 201, 205–207, 209
treaty on, 184, 207–208
The Road to Somewhere (Goodhart), 79–80
Rodrik, Dani, 237–238
Rome and Roman Empire, 151, 152
Romer, Paul, 69
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 291
Roosevelt, Theodore, 293–294
rule of law, and economy, 161–162
Russia, 137, 143–144, 160, 218–219, 296
same-sex marriage, 49–50
Santa Fe Institute, 74
Santolaria, Nicolas, 26
Sawers, John, 249
Scales, Bob, 67
Schott, Peter, 35
Schröder, Gerhard, 107
Schwab, Klaus, 142
science, ideas and paradigm shifts, 71–72
Scotland, 87, 251–253
search engines, 214
Second French Empire, 227
Selassie, Bereket, 281
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 245
Shiller, Robert, 65
Shorrocks, Tony, 42
Skilling, David, 271
skyscrapers, as power, 211–212
small-sized nations in multipolar world, 244, 245–246, 259–262
Smoot, Reed, 65
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), 65
social change, 47–51
social media, 49, 74, 107, 108–109, 141, 273–274
social mobility, 47
soft vs. hard power, 219–220, 223–224
Solow, Robert, 159–160
Somewhere/Anywhere theory, 79–80
Soros, George, 107
sortition, 109–110
Spanberger, Abigail, 129
Special Drawing Rights (SDR) bonds, 265–266
Spinoza, 94
St. Mary’s Church, 3, 81, 82
Stability and Growth Pact, 195
stock market. See financial markets
strength of countries, 158–159, 162–164, 165
Sufi, Amir, 176
Survey of Consumer Finance, 43
Sweden, 6
Syriza, 110
Taleb, Nassim, 69
technology
automation issues, 46
in China, 224, 231, 272–273
economy and economic growth, 142, 214
first globalization, 58, 60, 61–62
as force, 58–59
frameworks and standards, 297–299
and globalization, 213–214
and governments, 272–273
and inequalities, 46
interconnections worldwide, 8–9
Levellers as model, 96, 98, 99–100
pace of change, 26
political parties, 115
and productivity, 145
regulation, 275–276
as solution, 26
transparency, 262
Thatcher, Margaret, 133
Thirty Years’ War, 240
314 Action, 129
“Thucydides’s Trap,” 224
TomTom Traffic Index, 50
top 1 percent of wealthy, 40, 42
“total factor productivity,” 144
trade
China, 33, 216, 232
and first globalization, 59–60
and globalization, 30, 31, 32–33
and jobs, 35
Levellers’ demands, 89
policy and agreements, 32–33
and politics, 34, 35–36
problems and disputes, 24, 33–34
protectionism, 34
recess, 30, 31, 32
US vs. China dispute, 33, 34–35
Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 33
transnational governance, 62–64
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 33
transparency and corruption, 262
transportation, 60
traveling time to work, 50
Treaty of Portsmouth, 293
“trilemma of globalization,” 237–238
Trudeau, Justin, 26
Trump, Donald, and administration
economic growth, 14
economic policy, 140–141
parallels with Hoover, 64–65
and political conventions, 80
and trade, 24, 33, 35, 65
Tucker, Paul, 169
Turkey, 153–154
Uber and Uber economy, 142
United Kingdom (UK)
governance code, 205
place in the world, 18, 246
in poles of multipolar world, 225–226, 249–251
political parties and splits, 112–113
political types, 127–128
post-Brexit scenarios, 250–256
productivity, 145
See also Brexit; English history
United Nations, 263–264, 266
United States
aging of population, 148
banking reforms, 300–301
and Big Tech, 272
central bank (see Federal Reserve System)
change in civil service, 134
China as threat, 288–289
climate change, 269–270
Constitution, 281
corporate governance, 204–205
currency/dollar, 154, 155, 226, 267
debt, 187, 192
decline in influence, 277
democracy and republic, 3, 279
diplomatic power, 293–294
economic influence, 226, 267
and globalization, 64–65
Greenspan approach, 171
Hamilton’s deeds, 280, 281, 283, 284, 286, 295
Hamilton’s impact, 277–278, 279
immigration, 217
inequalities, 40, 41, 43–47, 299–300
infrastructure overhaul program, 149–150
investment, 146–147
labor reforms and taxes, 301–302
and Latin America, 221
in levelling, 246
long-term unemployment, 299–300
manufacturing, 35
marriage views, 49–50
military power, 295–297
new candidates in politics, 111, 119, 126–127, 128–130
next recession, 76, 185
as pole in multipolar world, 222, 223, 225–226, 279, 295–302
productivity, 144, 147–148, 301
and QE, 175, 176–177, 183
skyscrapers, 211–212
technology frameworks, 297–299
trade and dispute with China, 24, 32–33, 34–35
voter self-identification, 52
wealth inequality, 42, 43
women as candidates, 111
US Treasury, 283, 286
Van Reybrouck, David, 108, 109
Vance, J. D., 35
Venezuela, 221
verified online users, 273–274
Versailles, 23
Vines, David, 69
Volcker, Paul, 128, 170
voters. See elections and voters
Wall Street Crash (1929), 65
Wall Street Journal, 65
Walwyn, William, 87, 88
war, rules of, 297
Warsh, Kevin, 69
wealth, 25, 40, 42–43
wealth inequality
and countries, 42
description as metric, 10, 41
generations and class, 43
and globalization, 41–44
importance as problem, 10, 41
and QE, 180–181
trends and factors, 42–44
welfare automation, 46
West, 212–213, 216–217, 219–220, 257
West, Geoffrey, 72
Wildman, John, 87
Wills, Samuel, 69
Winstanley, Gerrard, 94
Woodhouse, A. S. P., 85
Worcester College, 84–85
World Bank, 263, 264
World Class 2.0 policy, 298
World Climate Authority, 270
World Economic Forum, 38–39
world economy. See economics and world economy
The World Turned Upside Down (Hill), 4
WTO (World Trade Organization), 264, 266
Xi Jinping, 216, 230–231, 291
Yardeni, Ed, 181
Yellen, Janet, 128, 299
Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister (TV series), 133–134
youth, inequalities, 47
PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997. It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me.
I.F. STONE, proprietor of I. F. Stone’s Weekly, combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history. At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller. He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek.
BENJAMIN C. BRADLEE was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post. It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate. He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books.
ROBERT L. BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses. Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe. He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world.
For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner Morris B. Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors. In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come.
Peter Osnos, Founder