separation of church and state, 65–67
separation of powers, 26, 28
Settlement House movement, 230, 261, 279–80
sexual expressionism (sexualityism), 206, 231, 233
sexual revolution, 183, 201, 223, 233; family structure and, 220, 234; Mary Eberstadt and, 185, 222, 232; government and, 231, 234. See also abortion; birth control; rights: reproductive; sexual expressionism
Shakespeare, William, 226, 233, 236
Sherman Antitrust Act (United States), 118, 297n19
sin, 9, 20, 88, 179, 180–97, 228, 236; sinful structures and, 191–95
slavery, slaves, 20, 98, 122, 125, 284
Slovakia, Slovaks, 4, 16, 22, 121
Smith, Adam, 26, 27, 97
social capital, 9, 243, 275, 278; social justice and, 244, 274, 279
social charity, 2, 15, 87, 107, 114
social clubs, 23. See also associationism, associations
Social Democratic party, 38, 107, 120, 148
social destination of goods, 79, 85–86, 133
social encyclicals, 3, 5, 7
Socialism, Socialists, 16, 19, 39, 43, 80, 86, 95, 96, 154, 261; Centesimus Annus and, 139, 140, 151; Eastern European, 150, 173; as economic system, 38, 72, 174, 290n7; failures of, 115–16, 129, 133, 155; forced equality and, 102–4; John Paul II and, 21–22, 73, 79–81, 129, 132, 134–36, 146; Leo XIII and, 73, 79, 96, 98–102, 105, 196; Pius XI and, 5, 112–14, 118; poverty and, 72, 175; social justice vs., 2, 91, 113, 118, 275, 295n8
social justice, 7, 17, 115; definitions of, 22; functional vagueness of, 1, 15, 39; as habit of heart, 24–28; history of, 17–21, 93; intellectual disrepute of, 38–39; as mirage (Hayek), 37–48; Pius XI and, 15, 91; rightly understood, 3, 9, 26–27, 28, 49, 50, 54; in social work education, 3, 10; striving toward, 16; as term, 1–2, 17, 29; as virtue, 2, 16, 20, 22, 38, 51, 54, 79, 90, 91, 107, 111, 112, 115, 119, 120, 196, 200, 219, 223–25, 228, 233, 235, 237, 244, 245, 266, 273–77, 283, 290n11; wrongly understood, 40–48
Social Security, 36, 281
social work, workers: accreditation standards of, 3, 22, 244, 246, 248; challenges of, 235–36, 269, 270; charity and, 253, 254, 258, 259, 261, 267, 268; conscience and, 102–3, 204, 207–10, 213–14; dichotomies in, 200; education for, 3, 10, 260, 271; empowerment and, 154, 219, 224; Family Group Conference and, 242, 247; marriage and, 222, 223, 225, 230, 236; moral agency of, 214–16; patch and, 240; practice of, 200, 237, 238, 246, 246, 251, 268; professionalism and, 259, 260, 267; secular world of, 233, 234, 257, 260; social justice and, 3, 201, 224, 228, 235, 237, 238, 262, 276; theory of, 200; threats to conscience of, 204–7; virtue and, 200, 201, 231, 23–36, 246, 253, 269–70, 277–83, 312n5
Socrates, 30, 51, 184
soft despotism, 94–95, 139
solidarity, 51, 55, 78, 83–85, 194, 201; associations and, 71, 130, 138; Benedict XVI and, 159; caritas and, 71, 134; Centesimus Annus and, 129, 151; John Paul II and, 138, 148, 156
Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (John Paul II, 1987): initiative in, 132, 135, 142; subjectivity in, 79, 177
Sorel, Georges, 95
soul, 20, 64, 68, 90, 178, 179, 190, 229, 235, 276, 285; caritas and, 57, 58, 255, 266, 269; conscience and, 68, 208; government and, 66, 81, 269; John Paul II and, 84; labor and, 62, 80; social justice and, 90; virtues and, 246, 267. See also spirit
South Korea, 61, 73
Soviet Union, 32, 60, 81, 85, 98, 102, 155, 173. See also Russia
spirit, 59, 60, 68; life of, 17, 66, 71; work and, 62–63. See also Holy Spirit; soul
Stalin, Joseph, 39, 109, 120; Ukrainians murdered by, 17, 102, 108
Stand With Children, 234
Stark, Rodney, 256, 263
state, the, 34, 40, 82, 100, 175; big government and, 24, 25, 34, 55, 66; bureaucratic, 11, 39; charity and, 262; as Leviathan, 23, 94, 196, 200, 217, 237. See also welfare state
Sturzo, Don Luigi, 119, 173
subjectivity, 62, 132, 282, 294n1; creative, 79, 122, 129, 131, 132, 135, 142, 144, 151; human, 79, 157; of individual, 22, 62, 79–80, 120, 129, 131, 132, 134, 142, 144, 177; John Paul II and, 22, 177, 282; of society, 22, 78, 80–81, 131, 136, 151, 177
subjects vs. citizens, 3, 22
subsidiarity, 71, 78, 81–83, 159, 201, 230; as antidote to welfare state, 158, 159; Benedict XVI and, 159, 160; conscience and, 216–18; families and, 230, 245; John Paul II and, 82, 83; Pius XI and, 114; Sacramentum Mundi and, 81–82, 122; state and, 55, 119, 216–18
suffering, 15, 42, 43, 51, 101, 269, 285
suicide, 205, 221
Sunday school, 20
Swedish Level of Living Survey, 221
Sweifach, Jay, 207, 208
Taiwan, 164
Taliban, 188
Tammany Hall, 35–36
Taparelli d’Azeglio, Luigi, S.J., 90, 91, 122, 295n8
Ten Commandments, 68
Tertullian, 272
theology of economics, 173–74
Third World, 161–62, 168, 263; John Paul II and, 122, 129, 133, 140, 146, 148–49, 151–53, 170
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 7, 101, 224; on charity, 58, 160; conscience and, 209–10; general justice and, 108, 224, 235, 266–67; on right of association, 69–70; Thomistic revival and, 93, 157
Thomas More, Saint, 187
Thoreau, Henry David, 203
Tocqueville, Alexis de: associations and, 23, 27, 53, 104, 120, 176, 275; democracy and, 27, 53, 120; Democracy in America, 104, 155; on individualism, 311n1; on religion and democracy, 17–18; on soft despotism, 94–95, 139
Tolstoy, Leo, 252–53
torture, 173, 179, 183
totalitarianism, 80, 88, 94, 110, 114, 130, 174, 276; anti-totalitarianism, 66; Communist, 32, 218; compassion and, 36; democracy and, 185; soft, 218
Ukraine, Ukrainians, 17, 85, 102, 108, 188
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, 205
United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 205
United Nations Human Rights Commission, 34
United States: Catholic bishops of, 82; common good in, 32; communitarianism in, 175, 176; elderly in, 36; as first developing nation, 4, 92; religion and liberty in, 18, 28. See also America, Americans
U.S. Congress, 24, 25, 68, 125, 142
U.S. Constitution, 143, 176; conscience and, 202; First Amendment to, 67–68; Leo XIII and, 27–28; natural right of authors and inventors, 123, 125; Preamble of, 115, 175; social justice and, 295n8, 300–301n5
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Mandate, 203, 204, 206, 211, 212, 231
U.S. Supreme Court, 133, 227; on marriage, 230, 234
universities. See colleges and universities
utopia, utopian, utopianism, 38, 111, 179, 187, 224, 225–26; caritas and, 267, 286; marriage and, 225–26; social, 47, 300n5; social justice and, 267, 279; social work and, 270
Vatican II, 173; common good and, 31, 32; Dignitatis Humanae and, 122; Gaudium et Spes and, 8; John Paul II and, 5–6; John XXIII and, 34; Sacramentum Mundi and, 81–82
virtue, 60, 63, 105, 119, 132, 140, 145, 182, 183, 196, 267, 270; charity as, 58, 134, 253, 254–58, 260, 262, 265, 266, 269–72; common good and, 137, 228, 234, 266; democracy as, 54, 186, 275; ethics and, 279, 312n5; faith and, 270, 271; hypocrisy and, 181, 182; justice as, 52, 92, 118, 235, 254, 262, 266, 272; Leo XIII and, 197; marriage and, 223, 225, 231, 235, 236; moral character and, 90, 93, 96, 97, 103, 110, 115, 141, 151, 189, 210, 235; as practice, 52, 182, 193, 219; professional helpers and, 238–46, 269; regulatory pyramid and, 249, 250; social, 274, 275, 293; social justice as, 51, 54, 79, 90, 91, 107, 111, 112, 115, 119, 120, 196, 200, 219, 223–25, 228, 233, 235, 237, 244, 245, 266, 273–77, 283, 290n11; social work and, 200, 201, 231, 235, 236, 246, 253, 269–70, 277–83, 312n5; solidarity and, 83–85, 194
Vischer, Robert K
., 203, 217
Vogt, Brandon, 2, 237, 283
Walesa, Lech, 83–84, 138, 282
Ward, Julea, 204
War on Poverty, 1, 36
Washington, George, 21, 67, 128, 273
wealth, cause of, 60–61, 86, 131, 174, 178, 191
welfare state, 7, 24, 33, 51–52, 133, 151, 158, 263, 268. See also state, the
Wojtyła, Karol, 62, 79, 81, 120, 130–32, 134–35, 157, 282. See also John Paul II
Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 262
women: abandoned, 97; associations and, 118, 119, 239; charity and, 255, 258, 259; employment of, 76; empowerment of, 239; free, 191, 285; as head of households, 75; liberation of, 47; marriage and, 222, 227, 236; mortality of, 160; poor, 238, 239; religion and, 185, 207; sexuality of, 206, 213; social organizations for, 23; solidarity and, 84; as unmarried mothers, 36, 52; virtue and, 181; welfare programs and, 51–52
work, community of, 63–64
World War I, 22, 37, 53, 106, 173
World War II, 53, 140, 149, 164, 167, 173; horrors of, 179; Poland in, 81
YMCA, 20
Yunus, Muhammad, 238, 240, 263