20. John Ralston Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin: Canada at the End of the 20th Century (Toronto: Viking, 1997), chs. 2 and 3.
21. Richard Goldstone and Carl Tham, International Independent Commission on Kosovo: Final Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). I was a member of this commission, and I supported the Kosovar claim to conditional independence under international supervision.
22. I used this term in The Warrior’s Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (Toronto: Penguin, 1998).
23. See my book Isaiah Berlin: A Life (Toronto: Penguin, 1998).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bakan, Joel. Just Words: Constitutional Rights and Social Wrongs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Bala, Nicholas. “A Report from Canada’s Gender War Zone: Reforming the Child-Related Provisions of the Divorce Act.” Canadian Journal of Family Law 16 (163).
Barsh, Russel Lawrence, and James Youngblood Henderson. “Aboriginal Rights, Treaty Rights and Human Rights: Indian Tribes and ‘Constitutional Renewal.’” Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (2): 55-81.
Beiner, Ronald. What’s the Matter with Liberalism? Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
Borovoy, Alan. “How Not to Fight Racial Hatred.” In Freedom of Expression and the Charter, edited by David Schneiderman. Toronto: Thomson Publishing, 1991.
British Columbia Treaty Commission. Annual Report, 2000. Vancouver, 2000.
Brownlie, Ian. “The Rights of Peoples in International Law.” In The Rights of Peoples, edited by James Crawford. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
Canada. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Guide for Canadians. Ottawa: Publications Canada, 1984.
———. “Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.” 5 vols. Ottawa: Canada Communication Group, 1996.
———. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. Federal Policy Guide: Aboriginal Self Government. Ottawa, 1995.
———. Supreme Court. Delgamuukw: Decision on Aboriginal Title. Vancouver: Greystone Books, 1998.
———. Supreme Court. Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General). Dominion Law Reports 54 (4): 577-636.
Carens, J. H. “Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders.” Review of Politics 49 (2): 251-73.
———. “Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Immigration: False Dichotomies and Shifting Presumptions.” In Canadian Political Philosophy: Contemporary Reflections, edited by R. Beiner and W. Norman. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Cassese, Antonio. “Are Human Rights Truly Universal?” In The Politics of Human Rights, edited by Obrad Savic. London: Verso, 1999.
Chevrier, Marc. “Laws and Language in Quebec: The Principles and Means of Quebec’s Language Policy.” Quebec: Ministry of International Relations, February 1997.
Cotler, Irwin. “Racist Incitement: Giving Free Speech a Bad Name.” In Freedom of Expression and the Charter. See Borovoy.
Eisenberg, Avigail. “The Politics of Individual and Group Difference in Canadian Jurisprudence.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 27 (March 1994): 3–21.
Etmanski, Al. A Good Life. Burnaby, B.C.: Planned Lifetime Advocacy Network, 2000.
Evans, Patricia M., and Gerda Wekerle, eds. Women and the Canadian Welfare State: Challenges and Change. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Fleras, Augie, and Jean Leonard Elliott. The “Nations Within”: Aboriginal-State Relations in Canada, the United States and New Zealand. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Gibbins, Roger, and Guy Laforest, eds. Beyond the Impasse: Toward Reconciliation. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1998.
Glendon, Mary Ann. Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. New York, The Free Press, 1991.
Gosnell, Joseph. “Making History: Chief Gosnell’s Historic Speech to the British Columbia Legislature,” 2 Dec. 1998, Victoria, B.C.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1997.
Gwyn, Richard. Nationalism without Walls: The Unbearable Lightness of Being Canadian. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1995.
Hendry, Charles E. Beyond Traplines: Does the Church Really Care? Towards an Assessment of the Work of the Anglican Church of Canada with Canada’s Native Peoples. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre, 1998.
Hesse, Carla, and Robert Post. Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia. New York: Zone Books, 1999.
Holland, Winifred. “Intimate Relationships in the New Millennium: The Assimilation of Marriage and Cohabitation?” Canadian Journal of Family Law 17 (114).
Ignatieff, Michael. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. Toronto: Penguin, 1993.
———. Human Rights as Politics and as Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
———. Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond. Toronto: Penguin, 2000.
———. The Warrior’s Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. Toronto: Penguin, 1998.
Knopf, Rainer, and F. L. Morton, eds. Charter Politics. Scarborough, Ont.: Nelson Canada, 1992.
Kymlicka, Will. Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
———. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
L’Heureux-Dubé, Claire. “Making Equality Work in Family Law.” Canadian Journal of Family Law 14 (103).
Mandel, Michael. The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada. 2d ed. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishers, 1994.
McCarthy, Mary, and Joanna L. Radbord. “Family Law for Same-Sex Couples: Chart(er)ing the Course.” Canadian Journal of Family Law 15 (101).
Mendes, Errol P. “Two Solitudes: Freedom of Expression and Collective Linguistic Rights in Canada: A Case Study of the Ford Decision.” National Journal of Constitutional Law 1: 283-313.
Moore, Margaret. “Liberal Nationalism and Multicultur-alism.” In Canadian Political Philosophy. See Cairns.
Rae, Bob. From Protest to Power: Personal Reflections on a Life in Politics. Toronto: Viking, 1996.
Resnick, Philip. “Civic and Ethnic Nationalism: Lessons from the Canadian Case.” In Canadian Political Philosophy. See Carens.
Robertson, A. H., and J. G. Merrills. Human Rights in the World. 4th ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.
Russell, Peter H. Constitutional Odyssey: Can Canadians Be a Sovereign People? Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Saul, John Ralston. Reflections of a Siamese Twin: Canada at the End of the 20th Century. Toronto: Viking, 1997.
Schneiderman, David, and Kate Sutherland, eds. Charting the Consequences: The Impact of Charter Rights on Canadian Law and Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Sellers, Mortimer. The New World Order: Sovereignty, Human Rights and the Self-Determination of Peoples. Washington, D.C.: Berg, 1996.
Sniderman, Paul, Joseph F. Fletcher, Peter H. Russell, and Philip E. Tetlock. The Class of Rights: Liberty, Equality and Legitimacy in Pluralist Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
Steiner, Henry J., and Philip Alston. International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Taylor, Charles. “The Conditions of an Unforced Consensus on Human Rights.” In The Politics of Human Rights. See Cassese.
———. “The Politics of Recognition.” In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Amy Gutmann. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Thornberry, Patrick. International Law and the Rights of Minorities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Tully, James. Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Vetterling-Braggin, Mary, Frederick A. Elliston, and Jane English, eds. Feminism and Philosophy. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981.
Waldron, Jeremy. “Mino
rity Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative.” In The Rights of Minority Cultures, edited by Will Kymlicka. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Weinrib, Lorraine. “The Activist Constitution.” Policy Options (Institute for Research in Public Policy), April 1999.
———. “Does Money Talk? Commercial Expression in the Canadian Constitutional Context.” In Freedom of Expression and the Charter. See Borovoy.
———. “The Notwithstanding Clause, or the Loophole Cementing the Charter.” Cité Libre (Oct.-Nov. 1998).
Yack, Bernard. “The Myth of the Civic Nation.” In Theorizing Nationalism, edited by Robert Beiner. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
INDEX
aboriginal peoples, 14, 81, 129
abuse of, 75, 115
assimilation of, 60, 64, 75, 83
and citizenship, 60, 63
and constitutional reform, 7, 116, 117
individual freedoms of, 19
inequality of, 63
as minorities, 66
as nations, 28, 58–59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 80
vs. non-aboriginals, 18, 68, 82, 83–84, 114, 123
in other countries, 8, 60
redress for, 74, 115
rights denied to, 59, 60
social conditions of, 15–16
treaty agreements with, 8, 58–59, 80–81, 121
as wards of the state, 59, 63
aboriginal rights, 1, 11, 16, 20, 28, 74, 76, 77, 79, 116, 118, 119, 123 See also land rights
resources; self-government
treaty rights in Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 7, 12, 65
as pre-existing, 28, 58–59
abortion, 7, 85, 90, 137
absolutism, moral, 17, 137
abundance, 91–93
abuse, 22, 23. See also child abuse; redress; women
of immigrants and refugees, 37, 130–31
protection from, 28, 88, 123
of rights, 37–38, 49, 50–52
Acadians, 120
access rights, 118adjudication, 9, 11, 25, 31, 82, 94, 110, 121, 126
of competing rights claims, 31, 76, 80
adoption rights, 86, 110
affirmative action, 11, 12, 74, 88.
See also redress
Afghanistan, 140
Africa, 44
agency, 23, 39, 41, 109, 111
and human difference, 53
and human rights, 43, 44, 53
and identity, 24, 53
Alberta, 38, 125
anglophones, 69, 71
Arbour, Louise, 10–11
Asia, 44
assembly, freedom of, 33, 67
assimilation, 60, 61–63, 64, 75, 83
asylum, right of, 37
Attica prison, 3
Australia, 60
authenticity, ideal of, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111
autonomy
of cultures, 45, 73
of the family, 95
individual, 39, 90
Aztecs, 32
Baldwin, Robert, 132
Baltic states, 10, 13
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 48
Bentham, Jeremy, 35
Berlin, Isaiah, 112, 137
best practice, standard of, 43–44
betrayal, 107, 108, 137
bilingualism, 63, 64, 69
Bill 101 (Charte de la langue française), 8, 69
blacks, 3, 5, 11, 31
Bleak House (Dickens), 40
Bosnia, 50, 140
Brazil, 60
Britain, 4, 5, 12, 13, 44, 132
British Columbia, 120
British Conquest, 134, 135
British North America Act, 116
British Proclamation (1763), 28, 58
Burke, Edmund, 127
Burnt Church (N.B.), 16, 121
Canada, 6, 9, 13, 129
as civic nationalist state, 128, 129–30
common history of, 134–36, distinctiveness of, 13–14, 27, 124–25, 132
founding nations of, 129, 130
founding of, 14, 28, 58 (see also Confederation) as multi-ethnic, multinational
state, 10, 11, 65, 66, 130, 141
political crisis in, 6–7, 63, 76–77
political space of, 58, 62, 64–65, 67–68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 84, 114, 119
politics in, 11, 13–14, 33
pre-existing differences in, 58
pre-existing rights in, 28
Quebec in federation of, 115–16, 132–35
rights suspended in, 47
right to secede from, 8–9, 133
capitalism, 23, 24, 29, 91, 92, 106
capital punishment, 7, 46
Charlottetown Accord, 77
Charte de la langue française (Bill 101), 8, 69
Charter 77, 4
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 13, 17, 81, 117, 125
aboriginal rights in, 12, 65, 81
affirmative action in, 12
consent to, 67, 77
group rights in, 7, 65
minority rights in, 66, 131–32
and national unity, 77
and Quebec, 77
child abuse, 22, 93, 101–2, 103
protection from, 21, 22, 94, 95–96, 102, 108, 111
child care, 22, 86, 98, 110, 111
children, 90, 123
agency of, 108–9
of divorce, 93, 94, 100, 104, 107–8, 109
need for limits of, 100, 101, 110
vs. parents, 18
and trust, 91, 100, 108, 109
children’s rights, 1, 20–21, 22, 85, 95, 108–9. See also
child abuse; corporal punishment
child support, 94, 101
China, 13, 32
choice, freedom of, 18–19, 73
Christians, 69–70, 72
churches, 75–76
citizenship, 36, 59, 60, 61, 81, 141
vs. aboriginal status, 60, 63
civil and political rights derived from, 34
equality of, 61, 125, 132, 141
and human rights, 37
unity of, 81, 121, 125
civic equality, 65. See also equality, of rights
in Constitution, 58, 81
of Québécois, 58
civic nationalist states, 128–29, 129–30
civil rights, 3, 47
derived from citizenship, 34
in other countries, 4, 11
political community createdby, 34
civil war, 9
class conflict, 25
class inequality, 19, 92
collective bargaining, 5
collectivism, 23
colonialism, 3
Communist bloc, 3–4
community, 23, 34
bounds of, 36, 41
created by rights, 32, 33–34, 53, 54, 125, 127, 139, 140
Confederation, 28, 58. See also Canada, founding of
conflict, 6, 25
adjudication of, 25, 31
in Canadian rights struggles, 9, 121
between competing rights, 25, 30, 31
vs. violence, 6, 9, 11
consent, 30, 39, 45, 67, 82, 121, 123
to citizenship, 61
to intervention, 50, 51, 52, 73
to sacrifice of individual rights, 72
conservative critique of family
and rights, 95, 96–97, 99–101, 102–3, 104, 106, 109, 111
Constitution, 58, 65
constitutional reform, 12, 65
in Canada, 7, 9, 116–17
constitutional rights, 1, 2
Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide, 46
Convention on the Rights of the Child 46
Convention relating to the Status
of Refugees (1951), 37
corporal punishment, 21, 95–96
courts
in family life, 94, 106, 110
rights conflicts in, 75, 76, 81–82
cultural rights, 63, 66–67, 113
, 120
as group rights, 24
and multiculturalism, 70
Czechoslovakia, 4
Dallaire, Roméo, 11
Davis Inlet (Nfld.), 16
Declaration of Independence
(U.S.), 28
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen, 35
deficit, federal, 119 Delgamuukw, 124
deliberative equality, 25–26 de Maistre, Joseph, 35, 39
democracy, 6, 23, 46, 135
and aboriginal peoples, 60
and human rights, 46–47
inclusiveness of, 6, 14, 26, 117–18
and inequality, 24, 29
minorities protected from, 1–2
and rights, 1–2, 14, 26, 72
devolution, 13, 134
Dickens, Charles, 40
Dion, Stéphane, 11
disabled, 114, 118
dissent, right to, 54
division of labour, 86, 98. See also under family
effect of rights on, 22, 85
states as, 78
division of powers, 81, 133–34
divorce, 22, 85, 93–94, 101
children of, 93, 94, 100, 104, 107–8, 109, 110
impact of, 89, 91, 105
men in, 104–5, 105–6
rates of, 21, 90, 93, 94, 106, 107
women’s rights in, 21
Divorce Act, 93, 106
due process of law, 4, 17, 31
economic equality, 113
economic insecurity, 20
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 3
education, 13, 73, 110, 111
in Quebec, 119 (see also under immigrants; language rights) employers, 5, 20, 25
employment laws, 110
enforcement of rights, 35
English Canadians, 14, 69, 129. See also anglophones nationalism of, 119, 134
vs. Québécois, 18, 19, 64, 114, 119, 122
entitlements, 30, 56, 126
derived from rights, 31
entry rights, 73
equality, 1, 2, 12, 31, 86, 111, 112
as assimilation, 62, 63
of citizenship, 61, 125, 132, 141
deliberative, 25–26 and human difference, 14–15, 41
of rights, 55, 62, 63, 65, 86, 119, 120, 139, 140, 141
and scarcity, 92
equal pay for equal work, 86
equal protection under the law, 131, 141
ethnic cleansing, 140
ethnic conflict, 13, 140
ethnic nationalist states, 128–29, 132, 140
eugenics laws, 38
Europe, 3, 7, 12, 43–44, 91
European Convention on Human
Rights, 44
European Court of Human Rights, 44