378 Some in Grant’s inner circle: See Hunt, Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn, 269, 279–283.
379 In fact, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat: Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Vol. 29, 398.
380 After his defeat: See Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1880, for Fred Grant’s comment on Washburne.
381 Grant himself: Hunt, Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn, 440.
382 Washburne’s face and form: Chicago Tribune, Feb. 8, 1880.
383 Since returning from Paris: American Register, Oct. 20, 1877.
384 He and Adele: Hunt, Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn, 290.
385 On December 17, 1886: New York Times, Dec. 18, 1886.
386 “Our hearts are all broken”: Diary of Elihu Washburne, Papers and Journals of Elihu Washburne, Washburn-Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine.
387 “The world is nothing to me”: Elihu Washburne to his daughter, Feb. 23, 1887, Papers and Journals of Elihu Washburne, Washburn-Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine.
388 Just three months later: Chicago Tribune, March 19, 1887.
389 Washburne was “crushed into the earth”: Elihu Washburne to his daughter Marie, July 18, 1887, Papers and Journals of Elihu Washburne, Washburn-Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine.
390 Feeling alone: Ibid.
391 That fall: Chicago Tribune, Sept. 22, Oct. 23, 1887.
392 On the morning of October 23: Ibid.
393 The next day, the Department of State: Times (London), Oct. 25, 1887.
394 President Grover Cleveland: Ibid.
395 In Chicago an immense funeral: Chicago Tribune, Oct. 27, 1887.
396 On an arrangement of flowers: Ibid.
397 After the service: Ibid.
398 With nothing “to aid him”: Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1880.
399 Washburne’s casket arrived: Chicago Tribune, Oct. 27, 28, 1887.
400 He was buried: Elihu Washburne to Judge R. W. Branch, June 16, 1871, Washburne Papers, Library of Congress.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Manuscript Collections
Papers of Frank Moore—New-York Historical Society, New York, New York.
Papers of Elihu Washburne—Diary and Correspondence, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Papers and Journals of Elihu Washburne—Washburn-Norlands Living History Center, Livermore, Maine.
Books and Articles
Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Fowler, Marie Washburne. Reminiscences: My Mother and I. Livermore, Maine: Norlands, the Washburne Historic Site, n.d.
Grant, Ulysses S. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vols. 20, 21, 29. Edited by John Y. Simon. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995, 1998, 2008.
Hess, Stephen. “An American in Paris.” American Heritage, February 1967, 18–73.
Hesseltine, William. Ulysses S. Grant, Politician. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1935.
Hoffman, Wickham. Camp, Court, and Siege: A Narrative of Personal Adventure and Observation During Two Wars: 1861–1865; 1870–1871. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1877.
Horne, Alistair. The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870–71. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966.
Howard, Michael. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871. New York: Macmillan Co., 1962.
Hunt, Gaillard. Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn: A Chapter in American Biography. New York: Macmillan Co., 1925.
Kranzberg, Melvin. The Siege of Paris, 1870–1871: A Political and Social History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950.
Marsh, Diann. Galena, Illinois: A Brief History. Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2010.
McCullough, David. The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Washburne, Elihu B. Franco-German War and the Insurrection of the Commune. Correspondence of E. B. Washburne. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1878.
———. Recollections of a Minister to France, 1869–1877. Vols. I, II. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1887.
Washburne, Mark. A Biography of Elihu Benjamin Washburne: Congressman, Secretary of State, Envoy Extraordinary. Vols. III, IV. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2005, 2007.
Wawro, Geoffrey. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Welles, Gideon. Diary of Gideon Welles. Vols. I, II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.
INDEX
Alsace, 150, 184
American Legation, x, xv, xvi, 3, 22, 26n, 27, 28, 31, 37n, 39, 40, 46, 53, 54, 57, 61–64, 67, 73, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96, 98, 101, 105, 108–9, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 127, 134, 143, 160, 162–63, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 175–76, 177, 178–79, 184, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202
Amis de l’Ordre (Friends of Order), 163
Appomattox, Surrender at, 17
Arc de Triomphe, 22, 51, 70, 115, 152, 153, 174, 175, 176, 194
Army of the Loire, 90–92, 102, 109, 112, 118
Army of the North, 119–20
Avenue Bugeaud, 54, 119, 127, 131
Avenue de la Grande Armée, 141, 174, 175, 194
Avenue Joséphine, 175–76, 194
Badeau, Adam, 249n
Bancroft, George, 204–5
Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste, 211–12
Bazaine, François-Achille, 42
Beauregard, P. G. T., 16
Belgium, xiv, 27, 28, 42, 150
Belleville, 140, 141
Benjamin, Samuel, 6
Bible, 4, 143n, 153n
Bismarck, Otto von, 2, 25, 26, 29, 61, 63, 64, 67–69, 79, 82, 83, 100–101, 102, 103–4, 109, 112–13, 123, 125, 130–31, 133, 139–40, 143, 184, 208
Blaine, James G., 217
Blanqui, Auguste, 74, 75, 187–88
Bois de Boulogne, x, 23, 51–52, 77, 116, 118–19
Boston Herald, 215
Brussels, xiv, 40, 55, 56, 64, 77, 80, 81, 104, 111, 125, 144, 149, 161, 174
Bull Run, First Battle of, 15–16, 32, 33–34, 72
“Burial of Sir John Moore after Corunna, The” (Wolfe), 111n
Burnside, Ambrose, 61–64
Camp, Court, and Siege (Hoffman), 37n, 53n, 68n, 115n, 176n
Cassagnac, Adolphe Granier de, 35–36
Catholic Church, xvi–xvii, 177, 181–185, 207–8
Catholic Union of New York, 207–8
Champs-Élysées, xix–xx, 22, 23, 32, 50, 53, 75, 90, 91, 102, 112, 131, 132, 138, 140–41, 151, 153, 175–76, 180
Château de la Muette, 136
Chicago Fire (1871), 210–11
Chicago Tribune, 14, 213
Chigi, Flavius, 181–85, 207
Civil War, U.S., xiv, 6, 13–17, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33–34, 72
Claremont, Colonel, 102
Clemenceau, Georges, 159
Clément-Thomas, Jacques Léon, 159–61, 178
Cleveland, Grover, 219
Cluseret, Gustave-Paul, 182
Column Vendôme, x, 186, 188, 189–90, 195, 211
Committee of Public Safety, 185
Commune of Paris (1871), 156–210
anarchy in, 150–51, 164, 179
Archbishop of Paris arrested and executed in, x, xvi–xvii, xx, 173–74, 181–85, 187–88, 190, 191, 192–93, 196, 201–8
arrests and imprisonments in, 172–74, 177–78, 181–85, 196, 199, 200, 201–8
barricades in, 161, 164, 168, 176, 180, 194, 198, 209
bombardments in, 156, 164, 170, 171, 174–79, 180, 184, 194, 196, 200
“bureau of denunciation” of, 177–78
commencement of, xvi, xx–xxi, 2–3, 4, 74, 75, 140, 156–62, 220
death toll in, 163
executions in, x, 158, 159–61, 178, 183, 188, 199, 201–6
fall of, 193–206
fires started in, x, xvi, xx, 155, 165, 177, 186, 188, 189–90, 195, 196–200, 205
as insurrection, 156–57, 160–61, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 172, 177, 178, 179, 180–81, 185, 186n, 187, 195–99, 200, 202, 203, 220
leaders of, 166, 167, 172–73, 182, 188n, 189, 190, 192, 193–94, 201, 206
Montmartre battery in, 156, 157–61, 194–95, 196
National Guard in, 156, 159, 160, 163, 168, 176, 185, 187, 188, 191–94, 195, 198, 202
newspapers in, 160, 171, 183–84, 188
popular support for, 158–61, 165, 166, 167, 170, 174, 187
prisoners in, x, 159–61, 171, 181–85, 187–88, 190
republican forces in, 160, 164, 178, 186n, 187
rumors in, 159, 160, 170, 180–81
street fighting in, 159–61, 164, 176, 179, 180, 191, 196–99, 202
U.S. community in, 163, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 200, 203, 204, 205
Versailles government opposed by, 160–63, 166, 169, 170–71, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180–81, 185, 187, 193–206
walls breached in, 170, 172, 193–94
Washburne as target of, 177–78, 191–92
Washburne’s family and, 158, 160, 161–62, 170, 174–75, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, 186, 194, 198–99, 203, 209–10
Washburne’s views on, 156–210, 211, 220
women and children in, 159
Communists, 62, 71, 148n, 170–71, 176
Corps Législatif (Legislative Assembly), 34–37, 42, 44n, 162–63, 166
Darboy, Georges (Archbishop of Paris), x, xvi–xvii, xx, 173–74, 181–85, 187–88, 190, 191, 192–93, 196, 201–8
Deguerry, Abbé, 174
Delano, Abel, 82
“Devil’s Walk, The” (Shelley), 138n
Dix, John Adams, 26n
Drexel, Hayes & Co., 132
Ducrot, Auguste-Alexandre, 90–92, 97, 98, 100, 101
Dumont, John, 98
“Eclogue III” (Virgil), 108n
Edwards, Stewart, 189n
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 107n
Ellis, Miss, 175, 176–77, 179, 194
“Essay on Criticism, An” (Pope), 103n
Estancelin, 36
État Major, 197, 199
Eugénie, Empress Consort of the French, 5, 32, 33–34, 52, 62
Evans, Dr. Thomas, 52, 55, 211
Evarts, William, 212
Fall of Paris, The: The Siege and the Commune, 1870–71, (Horne), 33n, 44n, 140n, 147n–48n, 186n
Favre, Jules, 35, 43, 45, 46, 49, 61–62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 73, 79, 80, 98, 109, 110, 120, 121, 130, 160, 177, 179
Ferry, Jules, 75
Fish, Hamilton, xiii, xiv, xx, 3, 34, 38, 39–40, 43, 44–45, 46, 67–68, 77, 78, 81–82, 95, 99–100, 105, 107, 117, 124, 129, 134, 149–55, 162, 166, 167–68, 171, 173–76, 180–81, 182n, 187, 191, 200–201, 209
Flourens, Gustave, 74, 141
Fontainebleau, 179, 180
Forbes, Paul, 61–62, 63
Foreign Office, French, 28, 49, 61–62, 73, 98, 158, 160
Fort Sumter, 14, 15, 27
Franco-Prussian War:
armistice in, 61–64, 75–76, 78, 79, 80, 84n, 104, 143, 144–145, 146, 147, 148
casualties of, 57, 93, 94, 95, 106
causes of, 24–25, 26
Civil War compared with, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33–34, 72
French armies in, xx, 1–2, 29, 54, 56, 90–92, 98–99, 102, 105, 109, 112, 118, 119–20, 136–39
French defeat in, 1–2, 30, 41, 49, 71, 72, 73, 90–92, 119–20, 136–39, 144–45
German armies in, xiv, xix–xx, 2, 109–10, 140n–41n, 147, 150, 151–53
outbreak of, xiii, 1–2, 26, 27
peace negotiations in, 61–64, 73n, 75–76, 78, 79, 80, 84n, 104–5, 109–10, 129, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 149, 150
prisoners in, 42, 43, 71, 115
Prussian invasion, 24–26, 29–32, 49–50, 89–92, 98–99, 106
Prussian relations and, 24–26, 29–30
reparations in, 84n, 150
treaty for, 84n
U.S. relations in, 43–46, 48–49, 52–53, 61–64
Washburne’s views on, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33–34, 55, 65, 72, 75–76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 90–92, 93, 104–5, 113–14, 136–37, 142, 143, 144–45
Franco-Prussian War, The (Howard), 139n
Franklin, Benjamin, 214
Frederick II “the Great,” King of Prussia, 29
French Revolution, 2, 35, 173, 185
Frossard, Charles Auguste, 32
Galena, Ill., 4, 8–12, 14–15, 16, 18–19, 23, 60, 81, 85, 96, 103, 137, 138, 154, 184, 212, 214, 215, 217–18, 220–21
Galena Gazette, 154
Galignani, Giovanni Antonio, 41n
Galignani’s Messenger, 41, 84, 113n, 123, 148
Gambetta, Léon, xix, 44, 60, 61, 62n, 87, 111, 112
Garde Mobile (Mobile Guard), 48, 74, 97, 140
Garde Nationale (National Guard), 44, 48, 75, 89, 91, 97, 135, 140–42, 145, 150, 156, 159, 160, 163, 168, 176, 185, 187, 188, 191–94, 195, 198, 202
Garfield, James A., 217
Garnier-Pagès, Louis-Antoine, 36
Germany, xiv, xix–xx, 2, 25, 29, 39–40, 48, 79, 109–10, 140n–41n, 147, 150, 151–53, 220, 221, see also Prussia
Government of National Defense, 44n, 50n, 71, 73–77, 78, 89, 99, 107, 129, 135, 148
Gramont, Antoine, Duc de, 36
Grant, Ulysses S., xiv
Gratiot, Henry, 9
Gray, Thomas, 107n
Great Britain, 47, 48, 52, 53, 62, 63, 64, 79, 83, 90, 102, 121, 125, 148, 165, 181
Greater Journey, The (McCullough), xviii
Greenwood Cemetery, 218, 221
Grousset, Paschal, 192
Harvard Law School, 8
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, Baron, 24
Hayes, Rutherford B., 212
Hedler, Charles, 48–49, 165
Hedler, Paul, 48
Hellman, Max, 161–62
Henry IV, King of France, 195
Hill, Michael, xiii, xvii–xxi
Hoffman, Wickham, xv, 26, 37n, 43–44, 48, 49, 53n, 55, 58, 63, 64, 68n, 69, 71, 72, 110, 114n–15n, 117, 120, 136, 139, 155, 161, 176n, 189, 197, 199, 236n, 241n
Hôpital des Invalides, 123, 197, 207
Horne, Alistair, 33n, 44n, 140n, 147n–48n, 186n, 192n, 196–97
Hôtel de Ville, x, 61, 62, 71, 73–74, 75, 89, 140, 141, 167, 195, 197, 199, 201
Houghton, H. H., 154
Howard, Michael, 26, 139n
Hüffer, Leopold, 75n, 113–14, 117
Hunt, Gaillard, 232n
In the Courts of Memory (Moulton), 241n
Jefferson, Thomas, 160n
John, Gospel of, 153n
Johnson, Andrew, 18
Johnston, Joseph, 16
Johnston, W. E., 52–53, 55, 117, 129, 131, 137, 149, 154
Journal des Débats, 141
Journal officiel, 73, 78, 96, 106, 116, 132, 144, 145, 146
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 141n
Kent’s Hill School, 8
Kern, Dr. (Swiss ambassador), 111, 120–21, 130–31, 139–40
La Rochelle, 25–26, 28, 29, 37, 38, 40, 77
La Roquette prison, x, 43, 201–2, 205–6
Le Bourget, 71, 72, 73, 113, 114, 132
Lecomte, Claude Martin, 159–61, 178
Lee, Robert E., 17
Left Bank, 123, 129, 130, 150
Legion of Honor, 196, 197, 199
“Liberal Empire,” 31n, 36n
Library of Congress, xvii, xviii, xix, 4
Lincoln, Abraham, xiv, 13–17, 18, 19, 129, 218
Livermore, Me., xiv, xix, 5–7, 85, 120, 130, 212
Livingstone, David, 211
Lorraine, 150, 184
Louis XIV, King of France, 186n
Louis-Philippe, Emperor of the French, 42n
Louvre, 198–99, 200
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Lord, 167
McCullough, David, xii–xxi
McDowell, Irvin, 15–16
&nb
sp; McFeely, William, 232n, 233n
McKean, J. A., 182n, 184
MacMahon, Patrice, 32, 42, 43, 196, 202
Marseillaise, 24, 30, 50, 89, 168, 189, 214
Matthew, Gospel of, 143n
May, Charles, 60, 62n
Mazas prison, x, 141, 175, 182–85, 196
Metz, Battle of, 42, 71, 73
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, 35
Moltke, Helmuth von, 29, 49, 64, 109, 135
Montmartre, x, 113–14, 156, 157–161, 194–95, 196
Moore, Frank, 31, 209
Motley, John Lothrop, 42
Moulton, Charles, 62, 63, 81, 100, 113, 122, 147, 211, 241n
Moulton, Charles, Jr., 62, 63, 241n
Moulton, Lillie, 62, 63, 172–73, 241n
Napoléon I, Emperor of the French, 2, 111n, 186n
Napoléon III, Emperor of the French, 2, 5, 22, 23–25, 26, 29, 34, 35, 41–44, 49, 52, 62, 139, 177
Neckar, 213
New York City, 149, 159n, 213
New York Sun, 215
New York Tribune, 5, 209
New York World, 19
North German Confederation, 25, 39–40, 48
Notre Dame Cathedral, 207–8
Old Père (maître d’hôtel), 97, 106, 111, 119, 124, 125, 127
Ollivier, Émile, 31, 35, 36n, 37
Orléans, 84, 90–92, 102, 103, 109
Othello (Shakespeare), 105n
Otis, John, 8
Paine, Thomas, 218
Palais des Tuileries, x, xvi, 23, 33–34, 44, 51, 76, 196, 197, 198–99, 200
Palais-Royal, 197, 211
Paris:
arrondissements of, 120, 126, 140n, 141
bakers in, 106, 153
butchers in, 83, 116, 119, 153
Commune of, see Commune of Paris (1871)
crime in, 69–70
diplomatic corps in, 47, 54, 64, 102, 110, 130–31, 133, 139–40
disease in, 84, 95, 123, 149
foreign nationals expelled from, 39–40, 48, 56
fortifications of, 51, 57, 58–59, 70, 78, 96, 97, 118, 119, 121, 126, 127–28, 130, 132, 134, 136, 139n–40n, 142, 170, 171, 187
gates of, 52, 58, 89, 91, 93, 153, 169, 174, 175, 176, 193–94, 202
German victory march in, 150, 151–53
government of, 34–37, 42–48, 50n, 56, 60, 63, 67–68, 71, 73–77, 95, 241n
hospitals of, 57, 123–24, 131
map of, x–xi
markets of, 148–49