10 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 276.
11 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p.163.
12 Imad al-Din, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 301.
13 Ibn Zaki, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 189–90.
14 Ibid., p. 301.
15 Al-Qadi al-Fadil, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 317.
16 Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 276.
17 The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre, in J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1999, p. 64.
18 The Frankish bezant had the same value as the Syrian gold dinar. Some sources express the ransom figure set by Saladin in dinars, others in bezants, but it amounts to the same thing. Some idea of the purchasing power of the bezant is given by Adrian Boas in Domestic Settings, where he states that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a small house could be bought for 40 bezants in Cairo, for 80 bezants in Jerusalem and for as little as 25 bezants in Acre. Therefore the charge imposed by Saladin on pilgrims wishing to visit the Church of the Holy Sepulchre amounted to anything from about half to an eighth of the value of a house. This iniquity ceased only in 1192 under terms imposed upon Saladin by Richard the Lionheart at the end of the Third Crusade.
19 Imad al-Din, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 163.
20 Imad al-Din, in Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 277.
Part VI: THE KINGDOM OF ACRE
20: Recovery
1 Theoderich, Description of the Holy Places, trans Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1896, vol. 5, p. 59.
2 Translated from the Arabic of De Goeje’s edition of Ibn Jubayr’s Travels, pp. 302–3, quoted in Makhouly, Guide to Acre, p. 24.
3 Terricus to Henry II of England, January 1188, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 84.
4 Al-Maqrizi, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 380.
5 Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, p. 238.
6 Itinerarium, quoted in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 113.
7 Richard I to William Longchamps, bishop of Ely and Chancellor, from Acre, 6 August 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 90.
8 Itinerary of Richard I, In Parentheses Publications, York University, Ontario, 2001, p. 163.
9 Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 91.
10 Ibn Shaddad, in Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, p. 285.
11 Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, ‘Between Cairo and Damascus’, in Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, p. 515.
12 Richard I for general circulation, from Jaffa, 1 October 1191, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 91.
13 Asbridge, The Crusades, p. 460.
14 Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 130.
15 Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian’, History Today, vol. 51, issue 5, May 2001. Bryer is professor at the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham University.
16 Runciman, ‘Greece and the Later Crusades’.
17 Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Spider, the Owl and the Historian’, History Today, vol. 51, issue 5.
18 Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. 3, p. 190.
19 Al-Kamil, quoted by the chronicler Ibn Wasil, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 271.
20 Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, p. 361.
21: The Mamelukes
1 Al-Jahiz, Epistle Concerning the Qualities of the Turk, ninth century, in Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, p. 6.
2 Ibn Khaldun, in Petry, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p. 242.
3 Thomas Bérard, Flores Historiarum, in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 157.
4 Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, p. 42.
5 Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 446.
6 Hitti, History of Syria, p. 622.
7 Ibn al-Furat, in Barber, New Knighthood, p. 167.
8 Gestes des Chiprois, in Barber, The New Knighthood, pp. 241–2.
9 Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History, p. 206.
10 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, pp. 34–5.
22: The Fall of Acre
1 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, trans. Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, London, 1895, XII, 54–61, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, pp. 266–7.
2 Ibn Abd al-Zahir, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 337.
3 The Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois, in Riley-Smith, ed., The Atlas of the Crusades, p. 102.
4 Abu al-Feda, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 342.
5 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, p. 268.
6 Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, repr. in Brundage, trans. and ed., The Crusades, p. 271.
7 Ibid., p. 271.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., p. 272.
10 The Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois, in Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 178.
11 Abu al-Feda, in Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 298.
12 Henry Maundrell, A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter AD 1697, London, 1703, p. 17.
Part VII: Aftermath
23: Lost Souls
1 Jacques de Molay to King James II of Aragon, from Limassol, 8 November 1301, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 168.
2 Ghazan, Mongol Il-Khan of Persia, to Pope Boniface VIII, April 1302, in Barber and Bate, trans., Letters from the East, p. 168.
3 Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 244.
4 Pope Clement IV to Templar Grand Master Thomas Bérard, 1265, in Barber, The Trial of the Templars, p. 17.
5 Barber and Bate, ed. and trans, The Templars, p. 238.
6 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, p. 36.
7 Barber and Bate, ed. and trans, The Templars, p. 244.
24: The Trial
1 Alain Demurger, The Last Templar, Profile Books, London, p. 62.
2 Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 62.
3 Ibid.
4 Itinerarium Symonis Semeonis ab Hybernia ad Terram Sanctam, ed. M. Esposito, Scriptures Latini Hiberniae, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 1960, vol. 4, pp. 96–8; quoted in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 23.
5 Partner, The Murdered Magicians, p. 61.
6 Deposition of Jacques de Molay, 24 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 252–3.
7 Deposition of Geoffrey of Charney, 21 October 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, p. 251.
8 Deposition of Hugh of Pairaud, 9 November 1307, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 254–5.
9 The Portable Dante, ed. Paolo Milano, Penguin, London, 1977.
10 Frale, The Templars, p. 174.
11 The Chinon Parchment had been mislabelled and misplaced amid the labyrinthine files of the Vatican Secret Archive until Barbara Frale, an Italian researcher at the Vatican School of Paleography, found it and recognised its significance. She deciphered its tangled and coded writing and published her findings in the Journal of Medieval History in 2004. This was followed in 2007 by a facsimile publication of the parchment by the Vatican itself.
12 Rough translation from the Latin of the Chinon Parchment.
13 Ibid.
25: The Destruction of the Templars
1 Second deposition of Jacques de Molay, 28 November 1309, in Barber and Bate, ed. and trans., The Templars, pp. 293–4.
2 Barber, Trial of the Templars, p. 262.
3 Ibid., pp. 264–5.
4 Ibid., p. 266.
5 Ibid., pp. 267–8.
6 Ibid., pp. 281–2.
7 Ibid., p. 282.
Index
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A
Abbasids
armies 46, 59, 72
Baghdad caliphate 3, 45–6, 54, 59, 62, 75, 158, 262–3
decline 58–9
Fatimid campaigns 64
Greek knowledge 51
Mameluke influence 59
Mongol invasion 314
overthrow of Umayyads 44, 45
raids against Byzantines 59, 60
rule 46–8
uprisings against 49, 58
Abd al–Malik, Umayyad caliph 30–36, 50, 51
Abd al–Rahman, emir of Cordoba 44
Abu al–Abbas al–Saffah, Abbasid leader 44
Abu Bakr, caliph 22–3, 28, 30
Abu Dhahir, governor at Ramla 67–8
Abu al–Feda, chronicler 325, 329–30
Abu Tammam, poet 233
Acre
battle (1189) 293
bishop 268, 290, 301
capital city 229, 300
capture (1074) 79
churches 301
defences 300–301, 319
description of 323–4
fall to Baldwin (1104) 289
fall to crusaders (1191) 295–6
fall to Mamelukes (1291) 326–9, 331, 333
fall to Saladin (1187) 276, 291
festivities (1286) 325
Frankish rule 290
Hospitaller presence 289–90, 300
mosques 244, 290
Muslim trade 290–91
Outremer forces 267
pilgrim traffic 289–90, 301
port 223, 228–9, 289
struggle for (1189–91) 292–3
Templar base 289–90
Templar commander 204
Templar headquarters 229, 300, 319
Templar raids (1300) 336
ten–year truce with Mamelukes 324
trading communities 289, 290, 300, 323
Ad Preclarus Sapientie (papal bull) 353
Ad Providam (papal bull) 366
Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy 102, 104–5, 106, 110, 112, 121
al–Adid, Fatimid caliph 233, 235, 237
al–Adil, brother of Saladin 261
al–Afdal, Fatimid vizier 112
Aghlabids 54, 58
Agnes of Courtenay, wife of Amalric 208–9, 265
Ahamant (Amman), castle 222
Ahmad al–Yaqubi, chronicler 32
Ain Jalut, battle (1260) 315
Aisha, wife of Mohammed 28, 30
Ajnadayn, battle (634) 23
Alamut, Assassins 249
Alawites 244–5, 316
Albert of Aachen 91–2, 124
Albigensian Crusade 247–8
Aleppo
Byzantine vassal state 61–2
fall to Mongols (1260) 315
fall to Saladin (1183) 264
Saladin’s attack 236
Saladin’s siege 261
Second Crusade plans 182, 186
Shia Muslims 195
Turks in 128, 219
Zengi’s inscriptions 164
Alexander II, pope 94, 105
Alexander the Great 85, 150
Alexandria 51, 55, 65, 211, 212, 336
Alexius Angelus, Byzantine emperor 302
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor
appeal to West 89
arrival of crusaders 106–7
crusaders’ oath to 107, 109, 110
Turkish threat 89–90
Alfonso I, king of Aragon 149
Alfonso VII, king of Castile 177
Ali, son–in–law of Mohammed 28, 63, 316
Alice, princess of Antioch 147, 151
Alice of France 294
Almohades 263
Almoravids 87, 93, 177
Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan 74–6
Amalfi
Acre community 289, 323
Constantinople colony 257
Egyptian trade 65
merchants in Jerusalem 126
Amalric, king of Jerusalem 208–14, 218, 251–2, 257
Amanus mountains 109, 133, 150–51, 214, 220, 316
André (Andrew) of Montbard, seneschal of the Temple 136, 142, 179, 193–4
Andrew, king of Hungary 303
Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 257
Ani, city 72, 73–5, 151
Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexius I 89
Antioch
fall to Baybars (1268) 316
fall to crusaders (1098) 98, 109, 112, 161, 218
fall to Persians (611) 16
fall to Turks 81, 101
forces from 163
port 181, 276
principality 110, 119, 121, 147, 194–5, 219, 287
recovery by Byzantines (969) 61
refugees from Jerusalem 286
Saladin’s strategy 276
saved by Templars 193–4
Second Crusade 181–3
Templar commander 204
Templars at 178, 204
Templars guardianship of passes 150–51, 220
Turkish siege 109–10
Turkish threat 128, 198, 210, 214
Antiochus Strategos, monk 16
Apocalypse of Pseudo–Methodius 84–5
Aqsa mosque
built 27, 36
given to Templars 126–7
massacre (1077) 80
Muslim pilgrimage 334
name 27, 36, 69, 281
Night Journey inscription 68–9, 280–81
purified by Saladin 1–2, 201, 282
reconverted to Christian use 310
restoration after earthquake 86
Saladin’s siege 277–8
Solomon’s Temple 114, 116, 122, 126–7
Templar headquarters 201–3, 244, 307
used as king’s palace 126, 147
Arab, term 38
Archambaud of Saint–Aignan, Templar knight 142
Arculf, Gallic pilgrim 26
Arianism 12–13, 21, 246
al–Arimah, castle 222
Armenia 73–4, 77, 151
Armenian kingdom 73
Armenians
alliance with Outremer 109, 151, 336
Antioch population 109
Edessa population 109, 166, 168, 170, 186
genocide 73
Mamelukes 310
Arsuf, battle (1191) 297–8
Arthur, king 183
Artois, count of 313
Artuqids 165, 169
Ascalon
destruction by Saladin 298
fall to Saladin (1187) 276
Fatimid base 128–9, 186, 207, 209, 221, 289
Frankish base 209
siege (1177) 254
siege and fall (1153) 194, 206–7, 209, 221
walls 299
Ascension, church of the 33
al–Ashraf Khalil, Mameluke sultan 325–6, 328, 333–4
Asia Minor
defences 36–7, 76
pilgrim journeys 57, 86
Seljuk advance 75, 76–7
Assassins 64, 193, 195, 236, 248–52
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria 12–13
Atsiz bin Uwaq, Turkish warlord 79–81, 86, 112
Attalia (Antalya) 181
Augustine of Hippo 30, 102
Augustinian canons 122, 126, 201, 281
Avignon, papacy 339–40, 362
Ayas, slave trade 230
Aybek, Mameluke husband of Shagarat al-Durr 314
Ayyub, Kurdish general 211, 233
Ayyubids 3, 288, 298, 300, 301
B
Baalbek
captured by Nur al-Din 208
citadel 233
recovery 169
siege and capture by Zengi 164
al-Babayn, battle 212
Badr, battle 282
Baghdad
&nb
sp; Abbasid capital 45–6, 59, 127–8, 158
caliphate 45–6, 58, 119, 169, 195, 233
collapse 62, 69
fall to Mongols (1258) 314–15, 333
Seljuk capture (1055) 74
Baghras, castle 150, 204, 220, 223, 316
Baldric of Dol, chronicler 98–9, 141
Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne) 98, 109, 122, 128, 147, 289
Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem 125, 132–3, 135, 146, 147, 186
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem accession 206
Acre council 185, 187
Ascalon campaign 206–7, 221
castles 153
church buildings 198
death 208
successor 208
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem accession 209, 252, 253
castle building 258–9
death 264
leprosy 209, 252, 253–4
Montgisard victory 254–5
truce with Saladin 260–61
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem 264–5
Baldwin II, Latin emperor 227
Baldwin of Bourcq, count of Edessa 122
Balian of Ibelin
ally of Raymond 265
Hattin battle 271, 275
Jerusalem defence 277, 278–9
Jerusalem departure 284–5
Montgisard victory 255
negotiations with Saladin 278–80
Saladin’s siege of Tiberias 268
Springs of Cresson battle 266–7
Tiberias meeting 265–6
Banu Ammar, clan 162
Banu Munqidh, clan 161
Banu Musa brothers 51–2
Baphomet head 347, 357–8
Bari 54, 55, 229
Basilius Bar Shumanna, Edessan leader 167
Baybars, Mameluke sultan
becomes sultan 315
conquests 316–18, 322
death 321
La Forbie battle 313
religious policy 316
successor 321, 324
supplies from Italy 320
ten-year truce 319, 324
troops 315–16
Beaufort, castle 219, 316, 317
Bede, Venerable 241
Bedouins
Acre siege 292
arrival of Turkish nomads 80
attacks on pilgrims 78, 123
cavalry with Frankish forces 312
meaning of 38
Qarmatian sect 62
raids 77, 317
Saladin’s army 234, 297
united by Mohammed 19, 22
Beirut, fall to Saladin (1187) 276
Bekaa valley, Lebanon 128
Belen Pass 150–51, 220
Benedictine order 83, 93