Seventeenth Party Congress, 32
Twentieth Party Congress, 18, 30–33, 42, 60, 208
concentration camps, 11–12, 84
Corona spy satellite, 251, 271
cosmonaut, 108
Council of Ministers, USSR, 27–28
Craig, May, 180
Cronkite, Walter, 233
Cuba, 101, 270–72
missile crisis, 271–72
Czechoslovakia, 63
Dahm, Wernher, 90
D-Day invasion, 46, 257, 262–63
Debus, Kurt, 261–64, 266
Defense Department (Pentagon), U.S., 46, 50–52, 54, 79, 130, 136, 163, 220, 223, 225, 254, 265
Defense Reorganization Act (1958), 274
Democratic Party, 23, 50, 55–59, 78–79, 85, 132, 135–39, 141, 167, 169, 174, 176, 178, 182–83, 214–15, 221–22, 230–31, 242, 274
de-Stalinization, 41–42, 72–73, 111
Dewey, Thomas, 56
Dickson, Paul, 170–71
Dingell, John, 85
DirectTV, 278
Discover satellite program, 251
Disney, Roy, 90
Disney, Walt, 90–92, 234
Disneyland (TV show), 90, 121, 234
Dixiecrats, 182–83
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 62
dog in space. See Sputnik II
Dora concentration camp, 11–12
Dornberger, Walter, 235–37
Douglas Aircraft, 82
Dulles, Allen, 23, 26, 75–76, 117–20, 123–25, 131, 134, 184–85, 244, 250, 271
Dulles, John Foster, 23–24, 47, 55, 74–75, 118, 120–21, 123, 125–26, 131, 149, 169, 171, 215, 217, 221, 240–41, 243–45, 256–57, 275–76
Eastern Europe, 37, 41–42, 72–73, 76, 185
East Germany, 63
Eckford, Elizabeth, 139
economy
Eastern European, 7, 73
U.S., 49, 51, 91, 169–70, 174, 223–24
USSR, 19–20, 36–39, 273
Eden, Anthony, 76
education gap, 222–23, 274
Egypt, 76, 78, 184–85
Einstein, Albert, 85
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 9, 262
Bay of Pigs and, 270
“Chin Up” speeches of, 217–20, 257
criticism of, post-Sputnik II and Vanguard, 221–24, 226, 229–32
D-Day and, 262–63
Dulles and, 23–24
election of 1956 and “bomber gap,” 55–59, 76, 78–79
Explorer and, 248, 256–58, 265
health problems of, 231–32, 242–44
Hungarian revolution and, 75–76
ICBMs and, 81
Khrushchev and, 204, 206
legacy of, 275–76
Little Rock crisis and, 136–41, 168–69
Medaris and, 48
military spending and, 38, 50
missile program and, 52–53, 132, 148, 269
Nixon and, 54–56, 275
satellite programs and, 93–94, 135, 163, 168, 170–71, 250
Sputnik successes and, 174, 176–86, 204, 214–18, 219–22, 229–30, 251–53, 276
Suez Canal and, 76
summit of 1955 and, 24, 28
summit of 1957 and, 242–43, 256
U-2 and, 117–23, 127, 130–31, 270
Vanguard and, 226, 240–44
Eisenhower, Mamie, 170
elections, U.S.of 1952, 55–56
of 1956, 53, 55, 57–59, 76, 78–79, 137
of 1958, 214
of 1960, 138, 169, 274–75
Ellender, Allen, 135, 148, 165
Ericson, Bob, 120
Europe, 36–37, 185, 240, 243, 256–57, 269
European Assembly, 200
Evans, Rowland, 183
Explorer satellite, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77. See also Jupiter C ICBM
Faubus, Orval E., 139–40, 168–69
FBI, 89
Federation of American Scientists, 85
“ferret” missions, 126
First Army Group, U.S., 46
First Belorussian Red Army Group, 10
First Ukrainian Red Army Group, 6
Ford Foundation, 220
Fort Bliss army base, 84–85, 87–88
Fortune, 170
485th Artillery Battalion, German, 2
France, 36, 75–76, 83, 185, 240
Frolov, Piotr, 107
Fulton, James, 171
Gagarin, Yuri, 268–69
Gaither, H. Rowan, 220–21
Gaither report, 220–22
Galione, John M., 10–11
Gardner, Trevor, 219
Gavin, James A., 51, 135, 162–65, 219–20, 224
General Dynamics, 251
General Electric, 49, 225–28, 238, 258
General Motors (GM), 48–49, 51, 82, 91–92
Georgian uprising of 1956, 60–64
Gerchik, K. V., 143, 149
Gestapo, 261
GIRD-09 rocket, 108
Glushko, Valentin, 33–34, 39, 65–72, 95, 101–3, 109, 143, 147, 149–50, 153, 158–59, 198, 202, 205, 210, 245–47, 271, 273
Goldstone tracking station, 267
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 73–74
Goodpaster, Andrew J., 119, 177, 243, 249–50
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 175
Gore, Albert, Sr., 137, 248
Göring, Hermann, 235
Gray, Gordon, 119
Great Britain, 4, 36, 38, 75–76, 83, 129, 240, 256, 270
Great Terror of 1937–38, 109, 112
Greenstein, Fred, 59
Grinfeld, Lidia Mavrikievna, 104
Gromyko, Andrei, 149, 193
Grottrup, Frau, 14–15
Grottrup, Helmut, 14–15
Group for Studying Reaction Propulsion (GIRD), 107
Guatemala, 118
Hagen, John, 227–28, 242, 251, 258
Hagerty, Jim, 171, 178–79, 186, 241, 265
Halberstam, David, 140
Halsey, Will, 164
Hamill, Jim, 88
Harford, James, 33
Harper’s, 252
Harris, Gordon, 165, 167, 266
Hermann, Rudolf, 87
Himmler, Heinrich, 29, 166, 237
Hitler, Adolf, 6, 9, 22, 29, 67, 87, 166, 190, 235–38
Holocaust, 84
housing, USSR, 19–20, 37, 39, 95
Humphrey, George, 223
Humphrey, Hubert, 183
Hungary, 41–42, 63
revolution of 1956, 74–78, 131
Huzel, Dieter, 14
hydrogen bomb, 148, 184
information age, 278
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). See also specific types
Eisenhower and U.S. lag in, 52–54, 93–94, 177, 181, 214–15
failure of R-7, vs. Atlas, 269–70
Jupiter C developed, 129–30
Khrushchev and Soviet drive to develop, 24–26, 35, 38–40, 56, 191–92, 196, 204–5, 214–15
legacy of race for, 278
R-7 developed, 43–44, 64–72, 97, 113–14, 129–30, 148, 153, 184, 205–6
R-16 developed, 205–6
satellite-bearing, 166, 172–73, 179, 213–15, 217
storable propellants and, 154–55
intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), 35, 51–52, 79–80, 82, 102, 129–30, 162, 241, 248–50, 256, 269–71. See also Jupiter IRBM; Thor IRBM
International Astronomical Federation, 202
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 92–93, 133–36, 143, 149, 151–52, 162, 179, 185, 202, 227–28, 244, 250–51, 255–56, 261
international law, 126, 134, 179
Internet, 274
Invaders from Mars (movie), 92
Iran, 41, 129
Iran, shah of, 118, 200
Iraq invasion of 2003, 278
Irvine, Clarence S., 81
Israel, 73, 76
Italy, 256, 270
ITAR-TASS news agency, 201
&n
bsp; Itek Corp., 249
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 174–75, 242
Japan, 129, 189, 200
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 89, 255–56, 267
Jews, 8, 32, 39
Johnson, Clarence “Kelly,” 119, 133
Johnson, Lady Bird, 176
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 137–38, 175–76, 182–84, 213–15, 221, 228–31, 242, 247, 250–53, 256, 269, 276
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 24, 215, 241
Jones, E. K., 116, 120–24, 130–31
Junker bombers, 36
Jupiter C ICBM (Missile Number 29), 129, 134, 144, 163, 165–68, 178–79, 218, 224, 248
satellite launch and, as Juno, 254–56, 258, 261–67, 276
Jupiter IRBM, 52, 79–80, 82, 102, 162, 256, 269–71
Kaganovich, Lazar, 18, 27, 30–32, 41–42, 62–63, 72, 76, 109, 111–12, 149, 190
Kammler, Hans, 2
Katyushka rockets, 7
Kazakhstan, 38, 96–97
Keitel, Wilhelm, 235
Keldysh, Mstislav, 145–46, 198
Keller, K. T., 51
Kennedy, John F., 53–54, 270–71, 275
Kennedy, Joseph P., 277
KGB (formerly NKVD), 18, 27, 29, 32, 62, 64, 67, 75, 109, 111–12, 123, 145, 152, 199, 200
Khrushchev, Nikita
apartments built by, 19–20
arms race and Soviet economy and, 36–39
background and education of, 20–23
Cuba and, 101, 270–72
de-Stalinization and, 41–42
Explorer launch and, 268
fall of, 271–72
fear of nuclear attack and, 23–26
Korolev honored by, 203–4
legacy of, 274–75
military spending and, 54, 191–92
Nixon and “kitchen debate,” 275
OKB-1 and, 278
R-7 development and, 21–23, 26–30, 34–44, 54, 56, 64–65, 71–72, 98, 101, 128–29, 191–92, 204–6, 269
R-16 development and, 246–47, 271
rise to power of, 18–20, 28, 41–42
satellite program and, 42–44, 114, 143–44, 148–50
secret speech of, on Stalin’s crimes, 18, 30–33, 41–42, 60, 62–64, 73, 75, 93–94, 128
Sputnik I and, 160, 180, 184, 187–89, 195–96, 199–206
Sputnik II and, 209–12, 216–17, 245
summit of 1955 and, 24
U-2 and, 124–27, 129–31
uprisings of 1956 and, 62–64, 73–77
Vanguard failure and, 241, 257
“we will bury you” speech of, 109–10
Zhukov ouster by, 188–95
Khrushchev, Sergeicareer of, 100–101, 272
father’s political life and, 41, 111, 192, 194, 195
R-7 and, 18, 20–22, 27–29, 34, 36, 39–40, 42–44, 98
Sputnik and, 195–96, 203, 205
U-2 and, 125, 130–31
Killian, James, 53, 93, 135, 218–19, 223–24, 243, 249–50
Killian report, 53, 117
Kim Il Sung, 88–89
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 137
Kirichenko, Aleksei, 18, 27–38, 195
Knerr, Hugh, 9
Kodak company, 116
Kolyma mines, 66, 100
Korean War, 24, 47, 80, 89–90, 183
Korolev, Sergei, 186, 195, 220, 261, 266
background and early career of, 103–9
death and legacy of, 273–75
dog in space with Sputnik II and, 209–12, 217
honors awarded to, 203–4
illness of, after Sputnik II and doubts about R-7, 245–47
Khruschev okays projects of, 27–29, 33–36, 39–44, 56
known only as Chief Designer, 27
marries Ksenia, 106–8
marries Nina, 99–100
Nobel Prize denied to, 203
orbital velocity problem and, 262
overselling of R-7 and Glushkov cause problems for, 64–72
R-7 delays and, 95–103
R-7 first successful flight and, 113–14, 129
R-7 loading problem and, vs. R-16, 246–47
race of, vs. von Braun, 100, 102
satellites pushed by, 135–36, 142–50, 269
Sputnik successes of, 150–56, 158–60, 188, 196–99, 201–12
Stalin purge and, 33–34, 66, 109, 203–4
Koroleva, Ksenia Vincentini, 100, 106–7, 108, 155
Koroleva, Natalia, 66, 100, 106, 108–9, 203
Koroleva, Nina Kotenkova, 99–100, 102–3, 147
Krock, Arthur, 59, 182
Kuznetsov, Viktor, 102, 142
Laika (dog in space), 215, 246
Land, Edwin, 117–18, 249–50
Land report, 117–18, 132–33
Lang, Fritz, 92
Larson, Arthur, 185
Le Figaro, 199
Legislative Reference Service, 230
LeMay, Curtis, 24–25, 57–59, 81, 89, 101, 125–26, 217
Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 164, 220
Lenin, V. I., 21, 31, 61, 72
Leningrad, siege of, 35
Life, 173, 216, 222
Lionel Corp., 277
Lippmann, Walter, 182
Little Rock school crisis, 139–41, 150, 168–69, 174, 177, 182, 201
Lockheed company, 119
London, 4–6, 36
London Daily Herald, 241
London Sunday Times, 208
Lubell, Samuel, 173–74
Luce, Clare Boothe, 216–17
Luftwaffe, 4, 235
MacArthur, Douglas, 46
Maksimov, Alexander, 98
Malenkov, Georgi, 109, 149
Malinovsky, Rodion, 101, 193–95
Manchester Guardian, 199
Manhattan Project, 166
Mann, Woodrow W., 140
manned space missions
plans for, 185, 211–12, 247–49
USSR achieves first, 268–69
Mao Zedong, 89, 208–9
Marchetti, Victor, 58
Margerison, Tom, 207–8
Markel, Hazel, 181
Mars, 87–88, 234–35
“Mars and Beyond” (TV segment), 234
Marshall Plan, 37, 118
Martin, Glenn L., Co., 226–27, 242, 258
Marx, Karl, 21“massive retaliation” doctrine, 24
Mazur, Dan, 225, 227
McCarthy, Joseph, 57, 67, 88–89
McDougall, Walter, 186, 222
McElroy, Neil H., 164–68, 219, 244, 247–48, 250, 265, 276
Medaris, Jessie, 163
Medaris, John Bruce, 224
ABMA satellite and Jupiter C programs kept alive by, 129, 134, 161–68, 178, 186–87, 218–20
background of, 45–47, 51, 162–63
Explorer launch and, 248–50, 253–56, 258–59, 261, 263–67
heads ABMA and resists spending cuts, 46–48, 50–52, 54–55, 79–83
later career and death of, 276–77
Meet the Press (TV show), 132, 242
Meisenheimer, John, 264
Mexico, 200
MiG-19 and MiG-21 jets, 124, 130
Mikoyan, Anastas, 207, 209
military-industrial complex, 276
military spending
U.S. 50, 52, 57–59, 79, 170, 174, 219, 223–24, 226–27, 274–76
USSR, 38, 71, 191
Miller, Herbert I., 127–28
Milwaukee Sentinel, 173
missiles and rockets. See also intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM); intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM); and specific agencies, individuals, missiles, and nations
accelerometer calibrators and, 7
accuracy of targeting, 35
aluminum alloys and, 52
apex predictor for, 262, 266
boosters for, 99
combustion chambers of, 13–14, 34, 69
engines of, 34–35, 69–72, 102–3, 150, 158, 225–28, 271
escape velocity and, 146, 158
fuel or propellant for, 12–14, 34, 69–72, 101, 150–51, 154–56, 205, 233–34, 247–48, 254, 260, 263–64
“gap,” 131–32, 221–22, 247–48, 251–53, 274
guidance and steering systems of, 3, 5, 13, 30, 70, 82, 95–97, 101–2, 151, 254
heat shield and nose cone of, 34–35, 70, 96, 113–14, 129–30, 144, 147–50, 163, 166, 211, 218, 220, 246, 249
pressurized with nitrogen, 151, 155, 156
range of, 35–36, 40
reentry problem of, 96
“spinning bucket” on, 254, 262, 265
“sweet” point and, 96
transmitters, 151, 159, 255
weight of satellites and, 167–68, 172–73, 185, 214–15
Mittelwerk factory, 11–13, 87, 277
Moldovans, 63
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 18, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41–42, 44, 62–64, 72, 74, 76, 109, 111–12, 149
Molotov-Ribbentrop nonaggression pact (1939), 8, 27
Mongolia, 189
moon flight, 185, 215, 247, 249, 273–75, 277
Moscow Higher Technical School, 107
Moscow Institute of Power Engineering, 22
Mosley, Leonard, 230
Mozzhorin, Yuri, 144
Mrykin, Aleksander, 143
Murrow, Edward R., 4–7
Mzhavanadze, Vasil, 61
N-1 lunar rocket, 273
NAACP, 139
Nagy, Imre, 75–76
Napoleon, 22, 190
Nashville Tennessean, 177
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 76
National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 92
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 223
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 223, 248–49, 274, 277
National Defense Education Act (1958), 274
National Guard, U.S., 50–93
National Intelligence Estimate (September 15, 1954), 23
National Science Foundation, 227
National Security Agency (NSA), 59, 129
National Security Council (NSC), 53, 78, 117, 132, 180, 184, 221, 240, 244, 254
document NSC 162/2, 50
National Space Establishment (NSE), proposed, 223
Naval Political Department, USSR, 111
Naval Research Center, U.S., 134
Naval Research Laboratory, U.S., 179
Navy, U.S., 47, 79, 166
Vanguard and, 133–34, 162–63, 225–28
Nazi Germany, 1–15, 26, 30, 39, 83–88, 166, 234–38, 258, 261, 277
USSR invaded by, 189–90
NBC, 132, 171, 181, 242
Nedelin, Mitrofan, 102–3, 147, 153–55, 205, 246–47, 271
Nesmeyanov, A. N., 136
Neufeld, Michael, 237–38
New Look Defense Policy, 50–51
Newsweek, 173
New York Herald Tribune, 173, 213, 216
New York Post, 222
New York Times, 59, 94, 136, 171–72, 174, 182, 199, 204, 214–16, 219, 232, 250
Nicholas II, czar of Russia, 104
Nickerson, John C., 82–83, 134, 161