Niman Ranch, 243–245
Nomadic peoples, 55–56
North America
colonization by Spanish pigs, 126–127
supplying salt pork to South America, 128–129
See also Colonial New England; Corn Belt; Pioneers
North Atlantic Drift Current, 78
The Odyssey, 13
Oil development, 209
Old English hog, 114
Olive oil, 87
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 149–150, 170–171
Omnivore’s Dilemma (Pollan), 222
Omnivorous appetite
domestication, 29, 40–41
humans’ anxiety over scavenging, 11–13
humans’ similarities to pigs, 17
killer pigs, 97–98
mad cow disease, 222
pig trials resulting from, 97
pigs’ adaptation and evolution, 22–23
On Cooking, 69–70
Open-range ranching
American South, 185–187
Corn Belt farmers, 157
early Native Americans, 140–143
early North American pigs, 137–140
global meat trade, 179
Ordinances governing pigs, 95–96, 101
Organ meats, 176
Organic
European Union standard, 242
US Department of Agriculture standard), 243
Orwell, George, 5, 46
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 14
Ossabaw breed, 250
The “other white meat,” pork as, 207–208, 210(fig.), 218–219, 247. See also Pork
Overlaying, 217
Ovid, 83
Paleolithic tribes, 78
Palestine, appearance of pigs in, 150
Pasture access, 244–245
Peace (Aristophanes), 50–51
Peasant class. See Social class
Peccaries, 16, 19–20, 122
Perissodactyla, 18–20
Persian conquest, 63
Petronius, 65–66
Pets, 33, 36–37, 189
Pew Charitable Trusts, 241
Pharmaceutical companies: antibiotic production, 212
Philistines, 150
Phoebus, Gaston, 83
Pig clubs, 190
Pig park study, 237–238
Pigsty-privy combination, 49–51
Pioneers, 145–151, 154–158
Pizarro, Francisco, 125–126
Plantation economy, 187
Pliny the Elder, 5, 9
Plow, invention of, 45
Plutarch, 70–71
Poland China breed, 160–161, 209
Pollan, Michael, 222
Porchetta di testa, 254
Pork
attitudes toward pork, 68, 197, 199–206, 218, 247–248
barreled pork, 175
consumption of
dietary laws, religious
etymology of, 105
flavor similar to that of human flesh, 100–101
marketing, 197, 200–202, 207–208, 245–246
nutritional value, 6–7
pickled pork, 175–176, 178
and sex, 110–111, 252
shock value of, 251–252
smoked pork, 9, 85–86, 175
symbol of Christian faith, 93–95, 103–104
the “other white meat,” 207–208, 210(fig.), 218–219, 247
See also Bacon; Cured meats; Ham; Headcheese; Lard; Sausage; Social Class
Pork prohibitions, 10, 13–14, 51, 53–55, 59–60, 91–94, 98–103, 142
Pork packing industry
automation of, 170–173
by-product utilization, 173–177
corporate agriculture and the consolidation of farms, 224–225
public dissatisfaction, 197–202
slaughter and shipping, 168–170
Porkettes, 205–206
Potatoes, European cultivation of, 179
Poultry
as pork competitor, 207–208
global production and consumption boom, 235–236
increasing consumption, 218
increasing production in developing countries, 235–236
mechanized production, 213–215
Property, pigs as, 89–90, 138–139
Punic Wars, 69
Puritans, pork, and sex, 110–111
Purity laws, Jewish, 57–58
Pyramids, 43–44, 48
Railroads, 162, 185
Raleigh, Walter, 131
Raleigh News and Observer, 222
Ramses III, 51
Reconquista (Spain), 102
Regulation, 197–199
Religious traditions
forced conversion of Muslims and Jews, 102–103
Mesopotamian culture, 45
pigs as filthy animals, 51
punishing animals, 96–97
reasons for meat regulations, 13–14
Western civilizations’ condemnation of pigs, 10
See also Christianity
Renaissance
Dark Ages and, 77–78
modern bacon festival, 252
pigs’ similarity to humans, 13–14
pork defining status, 106–110
sex and pork, 110–111
Res nullius (empty things), 134
Research, scientific, 237–238
Richard III (Shakespeare), 95
Rickets, 214
River Cottage Meat Book (Fearnley-Whittingstall), 255
Rollin, Bernard, 233–234
Roman Empire See also Pork dole, Roman, 71–72, 74, 163–164
agriculture, 72–74
boars in myths, 83
conquest of Palestine, 63–64
curing pork, 86
Dark Ages following the fall of, 77–78
medieval European culture and, 82–85
pig breeding, 73–76
pig drives, 163–164
pork-based cuisine, 65–66, 68–72
Roosevelt, Theodore, 199
Root vegetables, 22
Ruminants, 20, 22
Sacrifice, ritual, 56, 67, 68(fig.), 75
Salian Franks, 80
Salt, curing meat with, 85–86, 169
Salt-food industry, 113, 140, 178
Sanitation
cholera resulting from contamination, 184
confined pig farming, 215
domestication of pigs and other animals, 40–41
manure lagoons, 225–226
medieval European cities’ ban on pigs, 95–96
New York’s hog population, 181–183
pig’s contribution to, 49–51
urbanization and, 49
See also Scavenging
Satyricon (film), 65–66, 74
Sausage, 1, 65, 69, 109–110, 128, 176, 196–197, 256
Saxons, 105–106
Scavenging
Christian view of pigs, 91
Corn Belt hog raising, 157–158
domestication of the pig, 40–41
feeding pigs garbage, 203–204
human anxiety over, 11–12
Jewish pork prohibition, 55
medieval European cities’ ban on pigs, 95–96
Nile delta food-provisioning system, 44–45
pigs’ consumption of agricultural by-products, 111, 112(fig.), 113
Roman sanitation practices, 75
urban pigs, 181–182
wild boars, 38
wolves, 36–37
See also Sanitation
Schell, Orville, 222
Schlosser, Eric, 222
Scientific American magazine, 215–216
Scott, Walter, 105–106
Scully, Matthew, 249
Self-domestication of pigs, 36
Self-sufficiency of pigs, 7
Seneca, 71
Sex, pork and, 110, 252
Shakespeare, William, 95, 110
Sheep
Anglo-Saxon settlements, 151
Artiodactyla, 18–19
by-products, 8
colonial American agriculture, 136
disease transmitted by, 57
domestication of, 33–34, 40
driving, 163
Europe after the Black Death, 111
European migration, 79–81, 84
global mutton production, 179
Jewish dietary laws, 59
lack of intelligence, 22–23
Latin American conquest, 128
linguistic history, 106
Near East farming, 28, 32, 44, 46–48, 51–52
ritual sacrifice, 68(fig.)
Roman culture, 69, 72–73, 75
temperament of, 13
Sherman Antitrust Act (1902), 198
Shuanghui International, 236
The Simpsons (television program), 9
Sinclair, Upton, 173–174, 195–196
Slatted floors, 214–215, 226, 231, 250
Slaughtering, 189(fig.)
home slaughter, 190–193
industrialization of, 165, 168
literary reference to, 191–192
of a beloved pig, 189–191
public suspicion of Chicago meatpackers, 197–202
slaughterhouse conditions, 195–197
tainting the public image of pork, 248
See also Pork packing industry
Smell, pigs’ sense of, 20–21
Smith, Adam, 111, 170
Smithfield Foods, 223–224, 236, 241, 245
Snout, 20–21, 238
Social behavior of pigs, 238–239
Social class
economic impact of closing the Southern states’ open range, 187–188
equating the lower class with pigs, 183
global meat trade improving working class nutrition, 179–180
New York’s hog wars, 181–182
pork as the meat of the poor, 4, 12, 45, 48, 56, 109–110, 115, 180–193, 200, 205
Somatosensory cortex, 20–21
South America
beef and mutton production, 179
colonization by Spanish pigs, 123–126
corn-fed stock, 155
switching from pigs to cattle and sheep, 151
Soybeans, 211–212, 214, 227–228, 236–237
Spain
Columbian exchange, 119–123
conquest in the Western Hemisphere, 123–127, 148(fn)
English colonization and, 131–132
ownership of American lands, 134
pork as a symbol of faith, 101–103
Spice trade, 84–85
Squanto, 133
Status, pork defining, 106–109
Stereotypic behavior in confinement farms, 230
Stolba, Alex, 237–239
Sty pigs, 114, 116–117, 188
Subsidies, farm: confinement operations, 227–228
Sugarcane production, 128–129
Suidae, 24–25
Sumptuary laws, 71, 252–253
Sus scrofa domesticus, 79, 127, 147–148
Sweat glands, pigs’ lack of, 92–93
Swine, etymology of, 105
Taboos against pork consumption. See Cleanliness; Religious traditions
Taino people, 120–122
Tainted meat, 198–199
Talbott, Chuck, 246
Tamworth breed, 208, 245, 250
Tankage, 176
Tapeworms, 50–51
Taurus Mountains, Turkey, 27
Taxes
paying for confinement farming, 227–228
Roman pig tax, 71
Taxonomic anomaly, pigs as, 55
Tayassuidae, 24–25
Teeth
grass eaters, 19
pigs’ compared to cows’, 19–20, 21(fig.)
similarity of porcine to human, 15–17, 17(fig)
tusks, 24, 84
Telegraph, 170
Tell Halif, Israel, 47
Temperament of leaner pigs, 219
Tesco supermarkets, 246
Theodore of Tarsus, 94–95
Tobacco production, 136
Toby the learned pig, 6(fig.)
Tribal cultures, 106
Trichinosis, 56–57, 202–204
Trollope, Frances, 150, 167–168
Truffle sows, 5
Turkey, 27–28
Uncleanness of pork. See Cleanliness
Ungulates, 18–20, 22
Varro, 73, 86
Vegetable oils replacing lard, 209
Vegetarianism
ancient diets, 68
animal welfare and, 248, 250
biblical, 58–59
Venison, 85, 137. See also Deer
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 133
Vertical integration, 224
Vices and pig welfare, 229–230
Virgin-soil epidemic, 123
Visigoths, 101–102
Vitamin B12, 212
Vitamin D, 214
Warren Wilson College, North Carolina, 3
Warthogs, 24
Washington, George, 159–160
Waste disposal, 226
The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 111, 170
Welfare pig, 242
Whiskey, corn production and, 156
White, E. B., 12–13, 189–190
White pigs, Roman, 74–76
Whole Foods, 242–243
Whole-animal utilization, 254–256
Wild boars, 4, 25, 28–29, 30(fig.), 37–38. See also Feral swine
Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 149, 151
Wildfowl, 108–109
Willamette Valley, Oregon, 145, 147
William the Conqueror, 105–106
Williams, Roger, 134–135, 137, 142
Willis, Paul, 243–244
Winthrop, John, 133–134
Woburn breed, 159–160
Wodehouse, P. G., 189
Wolves, 36–38
Wood, William, 133
Wood-Gush, David, 237–239
Woodlands Pork, 246
Wool industry, 111
Working class. See Social class
Yule, 80