Sherratt, Andrew. “Sacred and Profane Substances: The Ritual Use of Narcotics in Later Neolithic Europe.” In Sherratt, Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Simpson, Jacqueline. European Mythology. Library of the World’s Myths and Legends, New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1987.
Skal, David J. Vampires: Encounters with the Undead. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal, 2006.
Sledzik, Paul S. “Vampires, the Dead, and Tuberculosis: Folk Interpretations.” Manuscript copy.
Sledzik, Paul, and Nicholas Bellatoni. “Bioarcheological and Biocultural Evidence for the New England Vampire Folk Belief.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94 (1994).
Smirnov, Yuri. “Intentional Human Burial: Middle Paleolithic (Last Glaciation) Beginnings.” Journal of World Prehistory 3, no. 2 (1989).
Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. World Epidemics: A Cultural Chronology of Disease from Prehistory to the Era of Sars. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Press, 2003.
Sorensen, Eric. Possession and Exorcism in the New Testament and Early Christianity. Tübingen, Germany: Paul Mohr Verlag, 2002.
Speake, Jennifer. Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge, 2003.
Stetson, George R. “The Animistic Vampire in New England.” The American Anthropologist IX, no. 1 (January 1896).
Steuding, Hermann, Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, and Herbert Cushing Tolman. Greek and Roman Mythology. Boston: Leach, Shewell, and Sanborn, 1897.
Stevenson, Joseph. The Church Historians of England, Volume IV, Part II. London: Seeleys, 1861.
Steward, Jill. “Central Europe.” In Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge, 2003.
Stiles, Robert. Four Years Under Marse Robert. New York: Neale Publishing, 1903.
Stoianovich, Traian. Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. New York: M.E. Sharp, 1994.
Stoicescu, Nicolae. Vlad Tepes: Prince of Walachia. Bucharest: Editura Adademie Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1978.
Stoker, Bram. Dracula, edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal. Norton Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Stutley, Margaret, and James Stutley. Harper’s Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore, Philosophy, Literature, and History. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.
Summers, Montague. The Vampire: His Kith and Kin. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1929.
———. The Vampire in Europe. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1929.
Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1989.
Sutherland, John. Who Betrays Elizabeth Bennet? Further Puzzles in Classic Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Taylor, Timothy. The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.
———. “The Edible Dead.” British Archaeology 59 (June 2001).
———. “The Gundestrup Cauldron.” Scientific American (March 1992).
Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology-Watcher. New York: Viking Press, 1974.
Thompson, R. Lowe. The History of the Devil: Or the Horned God of the West. London: Keegan, Paul, Trench, Trubener, 1929.
Trelawny, Edward John. Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1858.
Tsaliki, Anastasia. “Vampires Beyond Legend: A Bioarchaeological Approach.” In Proceedings of the XIII European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association, Chieti, Italy, 18-23 Sept. 2000, edited by M. La Verghetta and L. Capasso, 295–300. Teramo-Italy: Edigrafital S.P.A.
Twitchell, James B. The Living Dead: A Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature. Durham: Duke University Press, 1981.
Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. Volume II. Gordon Press, 1974.
Valkenburg, Samuel Van, and Ellsworth Huntington. Europe. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1935.
Valsecchi, Maria Cristina. “Mass Plague Graves Found on Venice ‘Quarantine’ Island.” National Geographic News, August 29, 2007. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070829-venice-plague.html.
Van der Sanden, W.A.B. Through Nature to Eternity: The Bog Bodies of Northwest Europe, trans. S. J. Mellor. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International, 1996.
Varner, Gary R. Creatures in the Mist. New York: Algora Publishing, 2007.
———. The Mythic Forest, the Green Man and the Spirit of Nature: The Re-emergence of the Spirit of Nature from Ancient Times into Modern Society. New York: Algora Publishing, 2006.
Villa, Paola. “Cannibalism in Prehistoric Europe.” Evolutionary Anthropology 1, no. 3 (1992).
Voltaire. “Philosophical Dictionary: Vampires.” Vol. 14: Works, edited by Tobias Smollett. Paris: E. R. Du Mont, 1901.
Voous, Karel H. Owls of the Northern Hemisphere. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
Walker, George, Dr. Gatherings from Grave Yards, Particularly Those of London. London: Longman, 1839.
Walls, Jerry L. The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church. London: Penguin Books, 1963.
Watkins, Carl S. History and the Supernatural in Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
White, Tim D., and Nicholas Toth. “The Question of Ritual Cannibalism at Grotta Guattari.” Current Anthropology 32, no. 2 (April 1991).
Wilkinson, Josiah Henry. “A Narrative of the Circumstances Concerning the Head of Oliver Cromwell.” The Archaeological Journal 68 (1911): 233–57.
Williams, Hector. “The Vampire of Lesbos.” Archaeology (March/April 1994): 22.
Wills, Christopher. Yellow Fever, Black Goddess: The Coevolution of People and Plagues. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
Wolff, Larry. Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
Yarbro, Chelsea Quinn. Hotel Transylvania, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.
Yoffe, Mark Dr., and Joseph Krafczik. Perun, the God of Thunder. New York: Peter Lang, 2003.
Yourcenar, Marguerite. That Mighty Sculptor, Time. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993.
INDEX
A
Abenaki people
Aborigines: cannibalism; cremation; malevolent spirits; treatment of corpses
Absolution
Achomawi Indians
Adipocere
Aegira, Achaia, Greece
Afanasiev, Alexander
Aghia, Greece
Agron, Salvatore
Alastors (avengers)
Algul (demon)
Aliens, vampires as
Alvise Mocenigo I, Doge (Venice)
Anantis Castle, England
Anghiera, Pietro Martyre
Angola: zombies
Animal sacrifices see Sacrifices
Arabia: demons
Archaeology: cannibalism evidence; oldest ritual burials; purpose of burials; study of plague victims
Argens, Marquis d’
Argos, Greece: sacrifices
Armenia: Bogomils
Arnhem Land, Australia
Assyrian cylinder seal
Aswangs (supernatural creatures)
Atapuerca Mountains, Spain
Australia: cannibalism; cremation; malevolent spirits; treatment of corpses
Austria: control of Serbia; quarantine stations
B
Bajang (spirit)
Balkans: funeral traditions; primeval forests; shamans; Slavonic liturgy; traditional culture; vampire folklore; werewolves
Barber, Paul: on body decay and vampire characteristics; corpse sounds; definition of vampire
Baring-Gould, Sabine
Batak people
Báthory, Elizabeth
Bats: demons as; symbolism; vampire bats; vampires as
Baudelaire, Charles
Beheading see Decapitation
Bell, Michael
Bellantoni, Nick
Benares, India
Benedetti, Rocco
Benedict XIV, Pope
Bérard, Cyprien
Berwick, England: reanimation
Bhutas (spirits)
Bioluminescence
Black Death see Plagues
Blaise, St.
Blake, William
Bleak House (Dickens)
Blood: bathing in; as life force
Blood drinking: cannibalism and; clinical vampirism; by the dead; by demons; by fictional vampires; by porphyria patients; for prophesying; sexual excitement and; for strength
Blood sacrifices see Sacrifices
Body snatchers
Bogomils
Boris I, Khan (Bulgaria)
Bororo people
Borrini, Matteo
Botocudo people
Brazil: blood drinking; burial practices; cannibalism; zombies
Breslau (Wroclaw), Poland: ghost stories
Bricks: in mouths of corpses
Brontë, Charlotte
Brontë, Emily
Brown, Edwin
Brown, George
Brown, Mary Eliza
Brown, Mary Olive
Brown, Mercy
Browne, Edward
Browne, Sir Thomas
Browning, Tod
Bubonic plague see Plagues
Buckingham, England: reanimation
Buddhism
Budge, Sir Wallis
Bürger, Gottfried
Burial practices: in ancient cultures; arising from fear of the dead; bricks in mouths of corpses; in China; communal graves; decapitation; in Japan; live burial; in Melanesia; overcrowding; for plague victims; premature burial; prone position; as punishment; soil fertility and; in South America; vertical position; see also Cemeteries; Funerary rites
Burke, William
Burking
Burma: shamans
Burning see Corpses, desecration of; Cremation
Burton, Abbot of
Burton, Sir Richard Francis
Byron, Lord
C
Cadavers see Corpses
Callatian people
Calmet, Dom Augustin
Canada: body snatchers
Cannibalism
Carmilla (Le Fanu)
Carniola (Slovenia)
Carpathian Mountains, Europe
Çatal Hüyük, Turkey
Catalepsies
Cats, as vampires
Caucasus Mountains, Asia-Europe: exposure of corpses; lightning victims
Cemeteries: causing disease; graveyard effluvium; hauntings; overcrowding; sounds from; St. Michan’s Church, Dublin, Ireland; Walton Cemetery, Griswold, Connecticut; working conditions; see also
Burial practices
Cernunnos (god)
Charlemagne
Charles I, King (Great Britain)
Charles VI, Emperor (Roman Empire)
Chase, Richard Trenton
Cherokee Indians
Children: cannibalism by their mothers; vulnerability
Chimpanzees
China: burial practices; double soul concept; pretas; vampires
Ch’ing shih (Chinese vampire)
Cholera
Chopin, Frédéric-François
Christianity: accusations against pagans; demonization of revenants; funeral and burial rites; last rites; threats from dualistic movements; vision of spiritual universe; see also Eastern Orthodoxy; Roman Catholicism
Claremont, Claire
Clement of Alexandria
Clement VI, Pope
Clinical vampirism
Clovis, King (France)
Coffins, blood-filled
Comas
Comic books
Consumption see Tuberculosis
Corpses: bioluminescence; bloating; blood at the mouth; bricks in mouths; buoyancy; decomposition; demonic possession; differentiated from ghosts; disposal methods; excarnation; medical dissections; postmortem changes; purge fluid; smoke-drying; sounds from; vampiric state; see also Cremation; Exhumations; Reanimation
Corpses, desecration of: burning; decapitation; dismemberment; punishment for; reasons for; removal of heart
Cremation: in Britain; difficulty of; in Greece; in prehistory; religious prohibitions; of witches
Crime, vampire-inspired
Cromwell, Oliver
Cyril (missionary)
D
Danang (demon)
D’Arch Smith, Timothy
Darius, King (Persia)
Davanzati, Giuseppe
David Copperfield (Dickens)
David-Neel, Alexandra
De Masticatione Mortuorum (Rohr)
De Tournefort, Joseph Pitton
Deane, Hamilton
Death: in art; battle for soul; fascination with; fear of; realm of; see also Corpses
Decapitation: in ancient Persia; of corpses; of criminals; display of severed heads; in England
Defoe, Daniel
Demonic possession: Bogomil beliefs; causing vampirism; of excommunicates; Shaman’s battles against; signs of; vulnerable populations; of witches
Devil
DiCataldo, Frank
Dickens, Charles
Dictionnaire philosophique (Voltaire)
Dinka people
Disease: causing vampirism; from cemeteries; see also Cholera; Epidemics; Rabies; Tuberculosis
Disenchantment by decapitation
Dolní Vestonice, Czech Republic: burials
Dolphin, David
Dorman, Rushton M.
Doyle, Arthur Conan
Dracula (movie)
Dracula (Stoker): Abraham Van Helsing; awards; corpse light; Dracula; Dracula’s death ; Dracula’s name; inspiration for; Jonathan Harker; Lucy Westenra; Mina Harker; movie adaptations; nosferatu in; overview of story; praise for; promotion of; setting for; stage adaptations; vampire slayers
Dracula, Count: actors portraying; clothing; fangs; in popular culture; postmortem bloating; shape-shifting; see also
Vlad the Impaler
The Dracula Tape (Saberhagen)
Dragons
Dualist religions
Durham, Edith
Düsseldorf, Germany: serial murders
E
East Prussia: vampire remedy
Eastern Orthodoxy
Egypt: funerary practices; vampire origins
Electricity and reanimation
Elijah the Thunderer (god)
Endo-cannibalism
Engels, Friedrich
England: body snatchers; burial practices; cholera outbreak; corpse desecration; executions; hill fort burials
Epidemics
Eretiks
Eskimo shamans
Estrie (demon)
Ethiopia: prehistoric cannibalism
Evans, W. E. D.
Excarnation
Excommunication
Exeter, Rhode Island: tuberculosis outbreak
Exhumations: archaeological; Eastern Orthodox; see also Corpses, desecration of
Exo-cannibalism
Exposure of corpses
F
“The Fall of the House of Usher” (Poe)
Fangs
Fermor, Patrick Leigh
Ferrell, Roderick
Flückinger, Johannes
Flying foxes
Forensic anthropology
Foster, Rhode Island: tuberculosis outbreak
Fournier, Jacques
France: werewolves
Frankenstein (Shelley)
Frazer, Sir James
Frederick II, King (Prussia)
Freud, Sigmund
Frost, Thomas
Funerary rites: in ancient Egypt; burial practices; cannibalism; of gypsies; incorporating the dead; in India; Islamic; neglect of; purpose of
Funerary urns
G
Galvanism
Ganges River,
India-Bangladesh
Garlic
Gatherings from Grave Yards (Walker)
Genetic disorders
George, St.
George II, King (England)
Gerard, Emily
Germany: folklore; werewolves
Gettysburg, Battle of (1863)
Ghost ships
Ghost stories
Gladstone, William
Godwin, Mary see Shelley, Mary Godwin
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
The Golden Bough (Frazer)
Gomez-Alonso, Juan
Grave robbing see Body snatchers
Graves see Burial practices; Cemeteries
Graves, Alfred Perceval
Greece: cremation; sacrifices; Strix; vrykolakas
Grimaldi, Constantino
Griswold, Connecticut
Grunau, Simon
Gundestrup Cauldron
Gunwinggu people
Gypsies
H
Haarmann, Fritz
Haigh, John
Haiti: zombies
Halford, Sir Henry
Hamlet (Shakespeare)
Hampl, Jeffery
Hampl, William
Hanging executions
Hanielus, Ignatius
Hanover, Germany: serial murders
Hapsburgs
Hare, William
Harriot, Thomas
Harrison, John Scott
Harrison, Thomas
Hearn, Lafcadio
Hebrew folklore
Hell: hierarchy
Helmold (priest)
Henry VIII, King (England)
Heretics
Herodotus
Heston, Charlton
Highgate Cemetery, London, England
Hinduism
History of Brazil (Southey)
Hoffman, Kuno
Hogg, James
Honduras: cannibalism
Hooke, Samuel
Hotel Transylvania (Yarbro)
Human sacrifice
Hungary: traditional culture; vampire epidemics
The Hunger (Strieber)
Huntington, Richard
I
I Am Legend (Matheson)
Immortality
Impalement; see also Vlad the Impaler
Inca
Incubus (demon)
India: aboriginal inhabitants; exposure platforms; funerary rites; vampires
Indian mounds
Indo-Europeans: deities; history; nature myths
Indra (thunder god)
Infants, vulnerability of
Innocent VIII, Pope
Islam
Italy: vampires; witches