Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 87–88
Holmes, Samuel J., 77
“Hospitalism” (Spitz), 216–17
Huey, Edward, 66
Human Betterment Foundation, 89, 196
Humphrey, Hubert, 252
Humphrey, Muriel, 252
Hunt, Joseph McVicker, 161, 223–26, 259
Huxley, Julian, 244
hybrid generations, 75
IASSIDD (International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities), 254
identical twin studies, 258, 259
“idiot,” use with IQ test score, 2, 39–40
“imbecile,” use with IQ test score, 2, 40
immigration
fears of reproduction of “inferior” classes, 79
Jews fleeing Germany denied US entry, 72, 88, 214
Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act, 72, 82, 86
mental testing of immigrants, 68, 115
industrial psychology, 250
“Infant Development under Environmental Handicap” (Dennis and Najarian), 219
“Influence of Methodological Factors on Doll Play Performance” (Sears), 202
influenza epidemic (1917–1918), 171–72
Institute for Child Behavior and Development. see Iowa station
Institution for Feebleminded Children (Glenwood, Iowa). see Glenwood Institution for Feebleminded Children
Intelligence and Experience (Hunt), 223, 224, 226
“Intelligence as Related to Socio-Economic Factors” (Loevinger), 175
Intelligence of Immigrant Groups, The (Brigham), 115
“Intelligence of Isolated Mountain Children, The” (Sherman and Key), 117
Intelligence of School Children, The (Terman), 68
intelligence quotient (IQ), defined, 67
intelligence tests
of army recruits, 69–70, 71, 72, 84, 115, 116–17
Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II), 271
Binet-Simon test, 21–22, 66
higher-than-expected adoptee IQ test results, 95–97, 104
introduction in America, 2
Kuhlman-Binet test, 41, 57, 62, 181
nonverbal intelligence tests, 127–28, 237
Ravens Progressive Matrices, 237
Stanford-Binet test, 41, 67–68, 113, 218
use in schools, 112–13, 193
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 127–28
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), 271
Iowa
Board of Control for Institutions, 26, 54–56, 97, 104, 132, 204–6
Dust Bowl, 8, 33
electricity lacking in 1930s, 7–8, 94
Great Depression impact on, 8, 28, 33
roads during 1930s, 7, 27
sterilization in, 58, 60
Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. see Iowa station
Iowa School for the Deaf, 129
Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home. see Davenport Home
Iowa station
case study method, 9, 37, 240
changes under Sears, 202–3
credibility damaged by McNemar’s critique, 186–87
eugenicist attacks on results, 7, 10–11, 90, 178, 256, 262–63
fiftieth anniversary in 1967, 216
founding by Cora Bussey Hillis, 33–36
grants from Laura Spelman Memorial of the Rockefeller Foundation, 8, 45, 118
Hunt’s support for station’s discoveries, 224–25
Iowa point of view under Stoddard, 43–44
in mainstream of early development, 280, 281–82
numbers of graduate students, 33
outreach to farm families, 43
partnership with Davenport Home, 56, 202
reports and publications in 1937–1938, 145–48, 155
research, overview, 7–10
response to McNemar paper, 166, 168–69, 170, 179–82, 256
as “singularity,” 7–8
studies confirming Iowa’s work, 216–20, 281
vision and investigations, 1928 to 1939, 118–19
see also specific individuals
“IQ: A Problem in Social Construction, The” (Wellman and Stoddard), 162
IQ constancy, 41–42, 45–46, 111, 150–51, 258–59
“irrecoverables” in Romanian institutions, 266, 267
“Is a Science of Man Possible?” (Osborn), 153–54
Jennings, Herbert Spencer, 79–80, 86–87, 116
Jensen, Arthur R., 258–59
“Jerry” mentioned by Skeels, 255, 256–57
Jessup, William H., 36
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 268–69, 272
Johnson, Dana E, 267–68
Johnson, Lyndon, 224, 242, 278
Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act, 72, 82, 86
Jones, Harold E., 164, 185
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, 251–52, 255
Kagan, Jerome, 259
Kallikak Family, The (Goddard), 23–24
Kandel, Eric, 245
Kankeleit, Otto, 88
Kelley, Truman L., 66, 116
Kennedy, Edward M., 252
Kennedy, Ethel, 252
Kennedy Foundation, 251–52, 255
Kennedy, John F., 224, 242
Kennedy, Robert, 252
Kennedy, Rosemary, 252
Kephart, Newell C., 176
Kevles, Daniel, 76, 214
Key, Cora B., 117, 151
Kirk, Samuel A., 219–20, 249
Kleinberg, Otto, 151, 175
Koch, Helen L., 117
Krebiozen, 198
Kuhlman-Binet test, 41, 57, 62, 181
Laski, H. J., 79
Laughlin, Harry H.
deposition about Carrie Buck, 87
epilepsy, 83
“Eugenical Sterilization in the United States,” (1922), 83
ERO superintendent, 80–82, 87, 89
on immigration of Italians and Jews, 82, 88
masters and doctorate degrees, 82
sterilization advocated by, 87, 88
support for Nazi cause, 88, 89
Laura Spelman Memorial of the Rockefeller Foundation, 8, 44–45, 118, 201
“Let’s Explore Your Mind” (Wiggam), 153
Lewin, Kurt, 169
Lincoln, Abraham, 48
Lindsley, Donald B., 165
Line, William, 170
Lippmann, Walter, 84–85, 111
Lipsitt, Lewis, 243–44
Lipton, Rose C., 274
Livio, Mario, 75
Loevinger, Jane, 165, 175
Longman, Lester, 189–90
Lowenfeld, Margaret, 241–42
Luby, Joan, 276–77
MacArthur Foundation, 268–69, 272
MacDowell, Carlton, 80
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 270, 273, 274
Marans, Allan, 242
Maternal Care and Mental Health (Bowlby), 218
Maxfield, Francis, 20
McCandless, Boyd R., 52, 206, 215–16
McCardell, Lee, 213
McCauley, Syl, 133–34
McEwen, Bruce, 244, 245, 275
McNemar, Quinn
attacks on Iowa station results, 178–82
bias and errors in Psychological Bulletin paper, 173, 178–82
Iowa response to Psychological Bulletin paper, 166, 168–69, 170, 179–82
Iowa station’s credibility damaged by, 186–87
paper withheld from 1940 Yearbook, 165–66, 168–69, 170, 174–75, 177–81
statistical analysis, 66, 156–57, 178–79, 182
Wellman and, 169, 178
McNutt, Steve, 68
Meaning of Intelligence, The (Stoddard), 163, 196
Measurement and Adjustment (Terman), 156
Measurement of Intelligence, The (Terman), 68
Meers, Dale, 242
Mendel, Gregor, 75–76, 80, 86
Mendelian unit trait inh
eritance, 75–76, 80, 85–86, 90, 116
mental age, 23, 67
Mental Development of Adopted Children Whose True Mothers are Feeble-Minded, The (Skodak), 142
Merriam, John C., 84
milestones of child development, 56, 59–60, 61, 120, 121
Minton, Henry L., 44, 71, 90, 184
Mirsky, Alfred, 86, 243–44, 245, 275
Mitchell, H. A., 55, 56
Mongeau, Lillian, 280
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 38, 40, 85–86, 116
“moron,” use with IQ test score, 2, 25, 39–40
Murphy, Lois Barclay, 191–92
Murray, Charles, 259
Murrow, Edward R., 213–14
Najarian, Pergrouhi, 219
National Academy of Sciences, 72, 80, 207
National Education Association (NEA), 146–47, 166, 167
National Socialists (Nazis), 84, 88, 89, 213–14, 214
National Society for the Study of Education (NSSE)
meeting in 1921, 38, 114
meeting in 1928, 113, 114, 115, 117
meeting in 1940, 154, 164–65, 168–69, 174–77
see also individual Yearbooks
nature-nurture debate
Baldwin on, 36–37
Burk’s analysis, 117
Iowa’s “heresy,” 147–48, 171, 191
Nature-Nurture Controversy, The (Pastore), 208
negative eugenics, 75, 76
see also sterilization
Nelson, Charles A., 268–69, 272–73, 282
neuroscience
brain changes related to experience, 226–27
brain development in foster or institutional care, 266, 270, 272–74
confirmation of Iowa work, 7, 262–63
in design of US policy initiatives, 280, 282
head circumferences in foster or institutional care children, 273
Hebb’s discoveries about brain development, 226, 242, 259
infants’ inborn developmental program, 274
as new interdisciplinary field, 245
poverty, effect on gray matter volumes, 276
Romanian children’s brain functions, 266, 273
serve and return communication, 59, 274
stress, effect on brain development, 274–76
on visual stimulation limitation, 58
New Decalogue of Science, The (Wiggam), 83
New York Association for Jewish Children, 218
New York State Custodial Asylum for Un-Teachable Idiots, 24–25, 27
NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health), 206, 221–22, 228, 241, 246, 247, 261
nonverbal intelligence tests, 127–28, 237
Nuremberg Laws, 89
nursery schools. see preschool
Ohrdruf (concentration camp), 213
Organization of Intelligence, The (Hebb), 226
Origin of Species, On the (Darwin), 73
orphanages mostly outlawed in United States, 217
Osborn, Frederick H., 143, 153–54, 155, 165
Ozawa, Seiji, 252
Page, Marjorie, 28
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 83–84
Pastore, Nicholas, 208
Paul, Diane, 187
Pearl, Raymond, 116
Peck, Gregory, 252
peer review, 186
Perry Preschool Program, 277
Personality and the Behavioral Disorders (Hunt), 223
Peter, Paul and Mary, 252
Popenoe, Paul, 89
positive eugenics, 74–75, 76, 77
postwar psychological research priorities, 214–15
Powers, Elmer, 64
prefrontal cortex, 275
preschool
Barrett and Koch on IQ and nursery school, 117
children who left University of Iowa preschool, 144
Davenport preschool study, adoption of children, 130, 138, 139, 178–79
Davenport preschool study, design, 132–35
Davenport preschool study, experiences and results, 135–40, 144–45
Davenport preschool study, McNemar critique of, 178–79
heredity argument and, 156, 176, 181
long-term effects, 146, 162
Murphy on IQ and nursery school, 191–92
National nursery school program proposed by Stoddard, 185–86, 243
“Study of Environmental Stimulation, A,” 134
Wellman on effect on college entrance exams, 146
Wellman on effect on IQ scores, 8, 41–43, 104, 118, 131–32, 134, 140
Woolley on IQ and nursery school, 114
Works Progress Administration and, 185
Provance, Sally, 274
“Psychological Approaches to the Biography of Genius” (Terman), 208
Psychological Corporation, 71
Punnett, R. C., 85
Pursuit of Education, The (Stoddard), 260
Ravens Progressive Matrices, 237
Raver, Cybele, 275–76
recessive traits, 75, 85
reports on Skeels’s statistical contrast cases
case 15 (statistical contrast group), 127, 236
case 17 (statistical contrast group), 127–28, 237
case 19 (statistical contrast group), 129–30, 238, 249
case 20 (statistical contrast group), 128, 237–38
statistical contrast group, defined, 126–27
statistical contrast group, follow-up, 188, 236–38, 247, 248–49
statistical contrast group, overview, 126–27, 130, 161, 188, 218
Research in Child Psychology: History and Prospect (Frank), 200
Reymert, Martin L., 176
Richmond, Julius, 226
rocking as self-soothing, 5–6, 235, 252, 267
Rockwell, John, 175
Rogers, Sophie, 19
Romania
BEIP (Bucharest Early Intervention Project), 269–72, 274, 281
brain development in foster or institutional care, 266, 270, 272–74
child mortality in institutions, 266
conditions in orphanages, 265–67
developmental disorders in children, 267–68
diseases suffered by children, 266, 267
“irrecoverables” (disabled children), 266, 267
orphans adopted by foreign parents, 267
plan to increase birth rate, 265, 266
policies of child institutionalization, 268, 270
Rome school (New York State Custodial Asylum for Un-Teachable Idiots), 24–25, 27
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 185, 195
Roosevelt, Theodore, 34
Ruch, G. M., 39–40, 194
Ruml, Beardsley, 44–45, 201
Rusk, Robert, 176–77
Rutledge, Wiley B., 196
Schiff, Michel, 257–58, 259–60, 261
Schlosberg, Harold, 242
Schmidt, Bernadine, 220
Scholastic Aptitude Test, 117
Science of Human Improvement by Better Breeding, The (Davenport), 26
Seagoe, Mae, 156
Sears, Robert R.
American Psychological Association president, 206
changes at Iowa station under, 202
at Harvard’s Graduate School of Education, 206
head of Stanford’s psychology department, 206
as Iowa station director, 198–201, 202–4, 205
resignation as Iowa station director, 206
Skeels and, 203–4, 205
Terman and, 199, 208–9
Wellman and, 200
Seashore, Carl E., 35, 36
selective placement, 93, 180, 270
Senn, Milton J. E., 43–44, 186, 189, 195
serve and return communication, 59, 274
“Sex Differences in the Projective Doll Play of Preschool Children” (Sears), 202
Sherman, Mandel, 117, 151
Shonkoff, Jack P., 280
Shriver, Eunice Kennedy, 242, 252, 253, 255, 2
78
Shriver, Sargent, 242, 278
Simon, Theodore, 38, 68
Simpson, Benjamin R., 155–56, 159, 165, 183
Skeels, Harold M.
adoption effects on Davenport infants, 144
American Association for Mental Deficiency address, 157–58, 159–61
arrival at Iowa station, 8
BD and CD placed at Woodward State Hospital, 63–64, 111
BD’s and CD’s improvement at Woodward State Hospital seen, 99–100, 104
concerns about adopted children, 92–93
on Davenport institutional conditions, 48, 49, 204–5, 281
Davenport preschool study, design, 132–35
Davenport preschool study, experiences and results, 135–40, 144–45
death, 255, 257
diagnosis of BD and CD, 62
education, 43, 104
environment’s effect on intelligence, 6–7, 46, 96–97, 150, 188
follow-up on Woodward-Glenwood studies, preparation, 228–30
follow-up visit to BD and family, 231–32
follow-up visit to CD and family, 230–31
G. Stanley Hall Award in Developmental Psychology, 251, 260
Head Start discussed with Shrivers, 242–43, 278
health difficulties, 247, 253
higher-than-expected adoptee IQ test results, 95–97, 104
Iowa adoption process reformed by, 56–57
Iowa Board of Control and, 26, 54–56, 97, 104, 132, 204–6
Iowa’s state psychologist, 30, 46, 56, 94, 97
IQ testing at Iowa’s institutional facilities, 26, 55, 97–98, 99–100
“Jerry” mentioned in letter, 255, 256–57
Kennedy Foundation award, 252
letter about Davenport’s poor management, 204–5
marriage, 190
Mirsky and, 243–44
at NIMH’s Community Research and Services, 206, 221–22, 228
observation of BD and CD at Woodward State Hospital, 101–3
popular press coverage, 146–47, 161–62, 165, 249–50
private life, reticence about, 188–91, 221, 256–57
resignation as director of psychological services, 205
response to McNemar paper, 182
results accepted in 1960s, 240–45, 250, 251, 257–60
results reported at AAAS meeting, 145–46, 171
retirement, 241, 247, 257
retreat from research after Chicago speech, 163, 188, 221, 246, 256–57
return to Iowa station after war, 203–4
Sears and, 203–4, 205
self-doubt and uncertainties, 163, 246
sexuality, reticence about, 188–91, 256–57
Simpson attack on, 155–56
Skeels, “Adult Status of Children with Contrasting Early life Experiences: A Follow Up Study,” (1966), presentation of, 248–249
Skodak hired by, 26–27, 28, 29, 30–31
studies of adoptees, 9, 45, 46, 163
Terman attacks on, 189
testing before finalizing adoptions, 57, 91–95