A list of names for 2014 to 2018 follows:
(See endnotes. From sources 20-21)
2014 Names
Arthur
Bertha
Cristobal
Dolly
Edouard
Fay
Gonzalo
Hanna
Isaias
Josephine
Kyle
Laura
Marco
Nana
Omar
Paulette
Rene
Sally
Teddy
Vicky
Wilfred
2015 Names
Ana
Bill
Claudette
Danny
Erika
Fred
Grace
Henri
Ida
Joaquin
Kate
Larry
Mindy
Nicholas
Odette
Peter
Rose
Sam
Teresa
Victor
Wanda
2016 Names
Alex
Bonnie
Colin
Danielle
Earl
Fiona
Gaston
Hermine
Ian
Julia
Karl
Lisa
Matthew
Nicole
Otto
Paula
Richard
Shary
Tobias
Virginie
Walter
2017 Names
Arlene
Bret
Cindy
Don
Emily
Franklin
Gert
Harvey
Irma
Jose
Katia
Lee
Maria
Nate
Ophelia
Philippe
Rina
Sean
Tammy
Vince
Whitney
2018 Names
Alberto
Beryl
Debby
Ernesto
Florence
Gordon
Helene
Isaac
Joyce
Kirk
Leslie
Michael
Nadine
Oscar
Patty
Rafael
Sara
Tony
Valerie
William
Snowflake Experiment
Luke measured the snow with a ruler. Do you think the amount of snow that falls equals the same amount of rain? The next time it snows, try this to find out:
Supplies
• 2 clear containers of the same size
• a ruler
• tape and slips of paper for labels
• paper to record your measurements
Directions
1. Fill one container with snow, but gently place it in the container. Don’t pack it down. Pull the flat edge of the ruler across the rim of the container to make the snow level with the rim.
2.. Pack snow into the other container. Pat it down so it is even on top. Use the flat edge of the ruler to level the snow.
3.. Be sure both containers are filled to the rims. Label each container so you can tell them apart after the snow turns into water.
4.. Record how deep the snow is in each container. Then guess how deep the water will be after the snow melts. Write those answers down.
5.. Let the snow melt at room temperature. This may take several hours or even overnight, depending on how warm the room is.
6.. When the snow has turned into water, measure it with the ruler.
7.. Record these measurements beside your estimates. How close were your estimates?
8.. Think about these questions: How did the amount of snow compare to the amount of water in each container? Why do you think they were different?
Explanation
Snowflakes are ice crystals. Many snow crystals have six arms, or points. These points keep the snowflakes apart, leaving air space between them. That makes them take up more room. By packing down the snow, you push the snowflakes closer together. You can squeeze more snowflakes into the same sized container. The packed-down snow contains more ice crystals, so it makes more water when it melted. The more snow you pack in, the higher your water level will be.
Endnotes
1 National Weather Service. Downbursts. www.crh.noaa.gov/riw/?n=wind_safety and
National Weather Service. Microburst Wind Speeds. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/cae/svrwx/washington.gif.
2 National Weather Service. Converting Traditional Hail Size Descriptions. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/tables/hailsize.htm.
3 National Weather Service. Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate.
4 National Weather Service. What about Hail. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/hail.html.
5 Weather Underground, Inc. Severe Storms and Supercells. http://www.wunderground.com/resources/severe/severe_storms.asp.
6 National Weather Service. Tornado FAQ. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/index.html.
7 Erdman, Jonathan. Tornado Perspective: Deaths, Width, Path Lengths. The Weather Channel. April 26, 2010. http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/0426-tornado-deaths-stats_2010-04-26?page=2.
8 Johnstown Flood Museum. History of the Johnstown Flood. http://www.jaha.org/FloodMuseum/history.html.
9 Roach, John. Key to Lightning Deaths: Location, Location, Location. National Geographic News. June 22, 2004. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0522_030522_lightning.html
10 National Weather Service. Lightning Safety. http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/index.htm.
11 Lyons, Walter A. The Handy Weather Answer Book. Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press, 1997.
12 NASA. How Do Hurricanes Form? http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/
13 National Weather Service. Tropical Cyclone Climatology. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/#ncy
14 National Weather Service. National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/.
15 Janiskee, Bob. Shenandoah National Park Ranger Roy Sullivan Set the World Record for Being Hit by Lightning. National Parks Traveler. August 1, 2008. http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/08/shenandoah-national-park-ranger-roy-sullivan-set-world-record-being-hit-lightning.
16 National Weather Service. Hurricane Preparedness Week. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/prepare/.
17 National Weather Service. Most Extreme Tropical Cyclones. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/dcmi.shtml.
18 Hurricane Facts. Interesting Hurricane Facts.
http://www.hurricane-facts.com/Interesting-Hurricane-Facts.php.
19 Hurricane Facts. More Hurricane Facts. http://www.hurricane-facts.com/More-Hurricane-Facts.php.
20 National Weather Service. Hurricanes in History. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/outreach/history/.
21 Cohen, Jennie. Why Do Hurricanes Have Names? History in the Headlines. August 25, 2011. http://www.history.com/news/why-do-hurricanes-have-names.
22 National Weather Service. Tropical Cyclone Names. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml.
23 National Weather Service. Electrication. http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/science/science_electrication.htm.
24 National Weather Service. Thunder. http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/science/science_thunder.htm.
25 National Weather Service. Summary of Historic Floods and Flash Floods.
http://www.crh.noaa.go
v/unr/?n=history .
26 National Weather Service. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php.
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