——‘Normandy and Byzantium in the Eleventh Century’, Byzantion, 55 (Brussels, 1985).
——‘The Ship List of William the Conqueror’, ANS, 10 (1988).
——‘A Note on Jezebel and Semiramis, Two Latin Poems from the Early Eleventh Century’, Journal of Medieval Latin, 2 (Turnhout, 1992).
——‘The Norman Conquest Through European Eyes’, EHR, 110 (1995).
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Wilkinson, B., ‘Northumbrian Separatism in 1065 and 1066’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 23 (1939).
Williams, A., ‘Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession, 860―1066’, ANS, 1 (1978).
——‘A Bell-house and a Burh-geat: Lordly Residences in England before the Norman Conquest’, Medieval Knighthood IV (Woodbridge, 1992).
——The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1995).
——Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King (2003).
Wilson, R. M., ‘English and French in England, 1100–1300’, History, 28 (1943).
Wormald, P., ‘Engla lond: The Making of an Allegiance’, Journal of Historical Sociology, 8 (1994).
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Young, C. R., The Royal Forests of Medieval England (Leicester, 1979).
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SECONDARY WORKS (CONSULTED)
Abels, R., ‘Bookland and Fyrd Service in Late Saxon England’, ANS, 7 (1984).
Aird, W., St. Cuthbert and the Normans (Woodbridge, 1998).
L’Architecture Normande au Moyen Age, ed. M. Baylé (2 vols., 2nd edn, Caen, 2001).
Bachrach, B. S., ‘The Feigned Retreat at Hastings’, The Battle of Hastings, ed. S. Morillo (Woodbridge, 1996).
Bates, D., ‘William the Conqueror and His Wider European World’, Haskins Society Journal, 15 (2006).
Baxter, S., ‘The Representation of Lordship and Land Tenure in Domesday Book’, Domesday Book, ed. D. Bates and E. Hallam (2001).
Bennett, M., ‘Violence in Eleventh-Century Normandy: Feud, Warfare and Politics’, Violence and Society in the Early Medieval West (Woodbridge, 1998).
Bradbury, J., The Battle of Hastings (Stroud, 1998).
Brown, R. A., ‘The Status of the Norman Knight’, Anglo-Norman Warfare, ed. M. Strickland (Woodbridge, 1992).
The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, 600–1540, 1, ed. D. M. Palliser (Cambridge, 2000).
Campbell, J., The Anglo-Saxon State (2000).
A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. C. Harper-Bill and E. van Houts (Woodbridge, 2003).
Cowdrey, H. E. J., ‘Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance Following the Battle of Hastings’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 20 (1969).
——‘Towards an Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry’, ANS, 10 (1988).
——Lanfranc: Scholar, Monk and Archbishop (Oxford, 2003).
Davis, R. H. C., The Normans and Their Myth (2nd edn, 1980).
Dhondt, J., ‘Henri Ier, L’Empire et L’Anjou (1043–1056)’, Revue Beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, 25 (1946).
Dobson, R. B., ‘The First Norman Abbey in Northern England: The Origins of Selby’, Church and Society in the Medieval North of England (1996).
Downham, C., ‘England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century’, ANS, 26 (2004).
English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200, ed. G. Zarnecki, J. Holt and T. Holland (1984).
Les Évêques Normands du Xle Siècle, ed. P. Bouet and F. Neveux (Caen, 1995).
Fernie, E., ‘Saxons, Normans and their Buildings’, ANS, 21 (1999).
Fleming, R., ‘The New Wealth, the New Rich and the New Political Style in Late Anglo-Saxon England’, ANS, 23 (2001).
From the Vikings to the Normans, ed. W. Davies (Oxford, 2003).
Gade, K. E., ‘Northern Lights on the Battle of Hastings’, Viator, 28 (1997).
Garnett, G., ‘Conquered England, 1066–1215’, The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England (Oxford, 1997).
Gibson, M., Lanfranc of Bec (Oxford, 1978).
Grassi, J. L., ‘The Vita Ædwardi Regis:The Hagiographer as Insider’, ANS, 26 (2004).
Guillot, O., Le Comte D Anjou et son Entourage au Xle Siècle (2 vols., Paris, 1972).
Hadley, D. M., ‘“And they proceeded to plough and to support themselves”: The Scandinavian Settlement of England’, ANS 19 (1997).
Hart, C, ‘William Malet and his Family’, ANS, 19 (1997).
Hollister, C. W., ‘The Feudal Revolution’, American Historical Review, 73 (1968).
Holt, J. C., ‘Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England: The Revolution of 1066’, TRHS, 33 (1983).
Hooper, N., ‘Anglo-Saxon Warfare on the Eve of the Conquest: A Brief Survey’, ANS, 1 (1979).
——‘Some Observations on the Navy in Late Anglo-Saxon England’, Anglo-Norman Warfare, ed. M. Strickland (Woodbridge, 1992).
John, E., Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England (Manchester, 1996).
Kapelle, W. E., ‘Domesday Book: F. W Maitland and his Successors’, Speculum, 64 (1989).
——‘The Purpose of Domesday Book: A Quandary’, Essays in Medieval Studies, 9 (1992).
Lawrence, H., ‘The Monastic Revival’, England in Europe, 1066―1453 (1994).
Loud, G.A., ‘The Gens Normannorum— Myth or Reality?’, ANS, 4 (1982).
Loyn, H. R., Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (1962).
—— The Vikings in Britain (Oxford, 1994).
Moore, J.S.,’Anglo-Norman Garrisons’, ANS, 22 (2000).
Musset, L., The Bayeux Tapestry, transl. R. Rex (new edn, Woodbridge, 2005).
Nelson, J., ‘Anglo-Saxon England, c.500―1066’, The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England (Oxford, 1997).
Neumann, J., ‘Hydrographic and Ship-Hydrodynamic Aspects of the Norman Invasion, AD 1066’, ANS, 11 (1989).
Nip, R., ‘The Political Relations between England and Flanders (1066–1128), ANS, 21 (1999).
La Normandie vers L’An Mil, ed. F. Beaurepaire and J.P. Chaline (Rouen, 2000).
Oleson, T. J., ‘Edward the Confessor’s Promise of the Throne to Duke William of Normandy’, EHR, 72 (1957).
Owen-Crocker, G. R., ‘The Interpretation of Gesture in the Bayeux Tapestry’, ANS, 29 (2007).
Peirce, I., ‘Arms, Armour and Warfare in the Eleventh Century’, ANS, 10 (1988).
Prestwich, J. O., ‘Anglo-Norman Feudalism and the Problem of Continuity’, Past and Present, 26 (1963).
——‘Mistranslations and Misinterpretations in Medieval English History’, Peritia, 10 (1996).
Prestwich, M., Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (Yale, 1996).
Shopkow, L., History and Community: Norman Historical Writing in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Washington, 1997).
Short, I., ‘The Language of the Bayeux Tapestry Inscription’, ANS, 23 (2001).
Strickland, M., ‘Slaughter, Slavery or Ransom: The Impact of the Conquest on Conduct in Warfare’, England in the Eleventh Century, ed. C. Hicks (Stamford, 1992).
—— ‘Military Technology and Conquest: The Anomaly of Anglo-Saxon England’, ANS, 19 (1997).
van Houts, E. M. C., ‘Historiography and Hagiography at SaintWandriller: The Inventio et Miracula Sancti Vulfranni’, ANS, 12 (1990).
—�
�‘The Trauma of 1066’, History Today, 46:10 (1996).
——‘Wace as Historian’, Family Trees and the Roots of Politics, ed. K. Keats-Rohan (Woodbridge, 1997).
West, F. J., ‘The Colonial History of the Norman Conquest’, History, 84 (1999).
Williams, A., The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066 (2008).
Index
Abbreviations: abp (archbishop); abt (abbot); bp (bishop); dau. (daughter); ETC (Edward the Confessor); WTC (William the Conqueror)
Abernethy (Perths), 252, 289
Abingdon, abbey (Oxon), 215, 235, 239, 242, 249, 260, 277, 281; abt of, see Adelelm; Ealdred
Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 155, 225
Adela, dau. of Robert the Frisian, wife of Cnut IV, 305
Adela, mother of Matilda, 67
Adelelm, abt of Abingdon, 242, 260, 262, 277, 281
Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile, 103, 106
L’Aigle (Orne), 205, 274–5
Ailnoth of Canterbury, 345
Ailred of Rievaulx (d. 1167), 350–3
Aire, river, 228
Alan, count of Brittany (1008–40) 51–2
Alençon (Orne), 81–2, 187
Alexander, bp of Lincoln (1123–48) 347
Alexander II, pope (1061–73) 142–3, 145, 173, 187, 201, 236, 239, 256, 263, 266, 300
Alfred (d. 1037), ætheling, brother of ETC, 16, 100, 144, 294; exile in Normandy, 15, 19–21, 34, 51; return to England, 35, 361; murder of, 36–9, 62, 64, 71–3, 263
Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871–99) 12–13, 138, 341
Amatus of Montecassino, chronicler, 186
Ambrières (Mayenne), 93
Amiens (Somme), 167; bp of, see Guy
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (selected references): importance, 5; frustrating silences or brevity, 5, 38, 109, 115, 120, 217, 252, 300; begun in Alfred’s day, 13; different versions of, 36, 78, 102; used by John of Worcester, 39; used by Henry of Huntingdon, 322; E version pro-Godwine, 78, 104, 133; D version compiled in Ealdred’s circle, 102, 104; C version pro-Mercian, anti-Godwine, 104, 123, 162; obituary of WTC, 333–4; discontinued after Conquest, 341
Anglo-Saxons see English
Anjou, 80–2, 85, 90, 110–11, 234, 254, 273, 304, 351; count of, see Fulk Nerra; Fulk Réchin; Geoffrey Martel; Geoffrey Plantagenet
Anna of Kiev (d. 1075), queen of France, mother of Philip I, 110, 255
Anselm of Bec, abp of Canterbury (1093–1109) 259
Ansgar the Staller, 278
Aquitaine, 151, 303; count of, 84; see also Eleanor
archdeacons, 257, 339
archers, 179–80, 183, 237, 305
architecture, 257–8, 296–8, 334, 353
arms, armour see weapons
Arnulf, count of Flanders (1070–1) 254
Arques (Seine-Mar.), castle of, 83, 85, 183; count of, see William
Arundel (Sussex), castle and rape, 215
Arwystli (Powys), 294
Asbjorn, brother of Swein Estrithson, 226, 229, 242–3, 245
Assandun (Essex), battle of, 18, 24, 99
Atcham (Salop), 205, 379; St Eata’s church, 205
Athelstan, king of England (924–39), 138, 252
Aubrey de Grandmesnil, 275
Aversa (Italy), 287; bp of, see Guitmund
Avon, river, 220
Axholme, isle of (Lincs), 227
Ælfflæd, granddau. of Earl Uhtred, wife of Earl Siward, 127, 253
Ælfgar, earl of East Anglia and Mercia (d. c. 1062), 75, 101, 104–5, 128, 157, 321
Ælfgifu of Northampton, wife of King Cnut, 30–1, 33
Ælfheah, abp of Canterbury (d. 1012), 15, 24, 259
Ælfhelm, ealdorman of York (d. 1006), 123
Ælfcic, abt of Eynsham, 25
Ælfric Puttoc, abp of York (d. 1051), 39
Ælfwine, bp of Winchester (d. 1047), 42
Æthelmaer, bp of East Anglia, 239
Æthelred the Unready, king of England 14–19, 24, 28, 30, 39, 72, 75–6, 263–4, 284
Æthelric, bp of Durham (1041–56) 123, 238, 247
Æthelric, bp of Sussex (1058–70) 239
Æthelric, proposed abp of Canterbury, 69
Æthelric of Marsh Gibbon, 314, 320
Æthelwig, abt of Evesham (d. 1078), 269, 285
Æthelwine, bp of Durham (1056–70) 123, 125, 219–20, 223, 238, 246–7
ÆEthelwold, abt of Abingdon, 260
Æthelwulf bp of Carlisle, 349
Bachrach, Bernard, 153
Baldwin, abt of Bury St Edmunds, ETC’s physician, 140–1
Baldwin V, count of Flanders (1035–67) 37, 82, 105, 110, 123, 130, 147, 254
Baldwin VI, count of Flanders (1067–70) 254
Bamburgh (Northumb.), 121; house of, 122–3, 126–7, 210, 216, 253; see also Gospatric; Waltheof
Baring, Francis, 194–5
Barking (Essex), 201–2, 297, 378–9
Barnstaple (Devon), 224
Battle (Sussex), 176; abbey, 178, 237, 333, 382; chronicler, 189
Baudri of Bourgeuil, 179, 183, 186
Bayeux (Calvados), 1, 3, 56, 94, 370; cathedral, 3, 276, 367
Bayeux Tapestry, 1–5, 10, 11, 49, 112–15, 118–19, 133–5, 139, 146–7, 150, 169–71, 174, 177, 179–86, 190, 207, 277, 370, 377–8
Beaurain (Pas-de-Calais), castle, 113
Le Bec-Hellouin (Eure), abbey, 87–8
Bedfordshire, 315
Bellême (Orne), 81; lords of, 81; see also Robert of Bellême
Benedict X, antipope, 108
Beorn Estrithson (d. 1049), 63, 65, 75–6
Berengar de Tosny, 278
Berkhamsted, 196, 199, 378–9; castle, 196, 207
Berkshire, 76, 195
Berlin, 3
Bertha, queen of France (d. 1093), 255
Bevere, island, 40
Beverstone (Glos), 71
Birhtnoth, ealdorman (d. 991), 27–8
Blæcmann, priest, 215
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (d. 1075), Welsh king, 209, 218
Blois-Chartres, count of, 80, 84; see also Stephen
Bonneville-Aptot, 88
Bonneville-sur-Touques (Calvados), 114
Bosham (Sussex), 72, 109, 113
Boulogne, 210; count of, see Eustace
Brian, count, 215, 224, 227
Brionne (Eure), castle, 57, 66, 365
Bristol (Somerset), 220, 222, 294
Britford (Wilts), 129
Brittany, 22, 57, 114–15, 151, 234, 267, 270, 272, 305, 370; count of, see Alan
Brown, Prof. R. Allen, 186
Bruges, 37–8, 68
Brussels, 167
Buckinghamshire, 195, 314
Bulgaria, 156
Burgundy, 87, 98, 151
burhgeats, 208
burhs, boroughs, 12, 122, 208, 266, 296, 310, 353
Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), 312, 344; abt of, 202
Byzantium, 92, 155–7, 201, 360
Caen (Calvados), 56, 58, 94, 112, 149, 204, 256, 258, 273, 303, 330–1, 349, 365; castle, 112; Holy Trinity, 112, 149, 303; St Stephen’s, 112, 204, 256, 258, 273–4, 298, 330–1, 370
Caerwent (Gwent), 297
Cambridge, 270; castle, 220
Cambridgeshire, 36, 309, 311, 315
Canterbury, 2, 15, 24, 69, 104, 119, 193, 238, 262, 285–6; cathedral, 70, 257–9, 298, 333; castle, 207; St Augustine’s Abbey, 258, 262; abt of, 239–40, 258, 262
Capetians, 46
Caradog ap Gruffudd (d. 1081), 292–4
Cardiff (Glamorgan), 294
Carl, northern magnate, 265; his sons and grandsons, 265
Carmen de Hastingae Proelio [select], 167
Carolingian Empire, 45–6, 48; see also France
Cassel (Nord), battle of, 254
castles, 111, 233, 259, 269, 281–2, 292, 306; Continental origins and purpose, 46–9, 282, 337–8; constructed during WTC’s minority, 51, 54; destroyed after Val-ès-Dunes, 57, 66; on the Bayeux Tapestry, 1–2, 171, 207; introduced to England by No
rmans, 7–8, 207–9, 219–21, 334, 353; castle-guard, garrisons, 242, 247, 281; destruction and suffering caused by, 313, 333; numbers, 334; see also individual castles by name
Catton (Yorks), 375
Cecilia (d. 1127), dau. of WTC, 149
ceorls, 26
Cerisy-la-Forêt, abbey, 87, 89
Charford (Hants), 311
Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor (d. 814), 45
Charles the Fat, king of the Franks, emperor (d. 888), 45
Chartres, bp of, 24
Chepstow (Gwent), 120, 296; castle, 296; priory, 296
Cheshire, 122
Chester, 192, 227, 234, 247, 258, 268, 313; bp of, 263, 319; castle, 233; earl of, see Gerbod; Hugh
Chichester (Sussex), castle and rape, 215; cathedral, 258
chivalry, 264, 267, 270, 295, 339
Church, English: 14, 69, 98–100, 107–8, 123, 143; reform of, 237–40, 256–61, 339; military service imposed on, 240–2, 323; losses of land, 284–6
Church, Norman, 50–1, 86–93, 236
Clavering (Essex), castle, 208
Cluny (Saône-et-Loire), abbey, 87
Cnut, king of England (1016–35) Denmark (1018–35) and Norway birth and baptism, 23; Christianity, 23–4, 368; visit to Rome, 37; and the waves, 18, 23; conquers England, 18, 102; Scandinavian empire, 60–1; brutality, 18; killings at the start of his reign, 19, 126, 263–5, 336; marriages, 19–20, 30–2; death, 22–3, 30–5, 43; buried in Winchester, 23, 42, 97, 100; changes during his rule, 27–30, 103, 122–3, 253; laws of, 41, 130, 385; his children, see Gunhilda; Harold; Harthacnut; Swein
Cnut IV, king of Denmark 6), 304–6, 326, 345
coins and coinage, 13, 31, 33, 46, 48, 122, 208; sterling, 298
Colchester (Essex), castle, 297, 334
Cologne, 103, 247
Comines (Nord), 222
commendation, 107, 248, 283
Compiègne (Oise), 50
Constance, patron of Geoffrey Gaimar, 348
Constantine, emperor, 298
Constantinople, 95, 155–6, 360
Conwy, river, 292
Copsig, earl of Northumbria (d. 1067), 211, 216, 222
Cornwall, 214, 220, 227
coronation, 10, 34, 59, 131, 139–40, 195, 197–201, 216, 219, 236–7, 319–20, 331, 335, 344, 350; see also crown-wearing
councils: Church, 58, 86, 91–2, 98, 103–4, 129, 238–9, 242, 257–8, 306, 338–9, 365; secular, 31, 69–70, 75, 78, 114, 143, 305
courts: national and secular, 27, 208, 257, 286, 318, 338, 351; Church, 257, 339; baronial, 338, 351; see also law