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    The Norman Conquest

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      ——‘Normandy and Byzantium in the Eleventh Century’, Byzantion, 55 (Brussels, 1985).

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      ——‘The Norman Conquest Through European Eyes’, EHR, 110 (1995).

      ——‘Hereward and Flanders’, Anglo-Saxon England, 28 (2000).

      ——‘Edward and Normandy’, Edward the Confessor, ed. R. Mortimer (Woodbridge, 2009).

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      ——‘A Bell-house and a Burh-geat: Lordly Residences in England before the Norman Conquest’, Medieval Knighthood IV (Woodbridge, 1992).

      ——The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1995).

      ——Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King (2003).

      Wilson, R. M., ‘English and French in England, 1100–1300’, History, 28 (1943).

      Wormald, P., ‘Engla lond: The Making of an Allegiance’, Journal of Historical Sociology, 8 (1994).

      Wyatt, D., ‘The Significance of Slavery: Alternative Approaches to Anglo-Saxon Slavery’, ANS, 23 (2001).

      Young, C. R., The Royal Forests of Medieval England (Leicester, 1979).

      Zadora-Rio, E., ‘L’enceinte fortifiée du Plessis-Grimoult, résidence seigneuriale du Xle siècle’, Chateau Gaillard, 5 (1972).

      SECONDARY WORKS (CONSULTED)

      Abels, R., ‘Bookland and Fyrd Service in Late Saxon England’, ANS, 7 (1984).

      Aird, W., St. Cuthbert and the Normans (Woodbridge, 1998).

      L’Architecture Normande au Moyen Age, ed. M. Baylé (2 vols., 2nd edn, Caen, 2001).

      Bachrach, B. S., ‘The Feigned Retreat at Hastings’, The Battle of Hastings, ed. S. Morillo (Woodbridge, 1996).

      Bates, D., ‘William the Conqueror and His Wider European World’, Haskins Society Journal, 15 (2006).

      Baxter, S., ‘The Representation of Lordship and Land Tenure in Domesday Book’, Domesday Book, ed. D. Bates and E. Hallam (2001).

      Bennett, M., ‘Violence in Eleventh-Century Normandy: Feud, Warfare and Politics’, Violence and Society in the Early Medieval West (Woodbridge, 1998).

      Bradbury, J., The Battle of Hastings (Stroud, 1998).

      Brown, R. A., ‘The Status of the Norman Knight’, Anglo-Norman Warfare, ed. M. Strickland (Woodbridge, 1992).

      The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, 600–1540, 1, ed. D. M. Palliser (Cambridge, 2000).

      Campbell, J., The Anglo-Saxon State (2000).

      A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. C. Harper-Bill and E. van Houts (Woodbridge, 2003).

      Cowdrey, H. E. J., ‘Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance Following the Battle of Hastings’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 20 (1969).

      ——‘Towards an Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry’, ANS, 10 (1988).

      ——Lanfranc: Scholar, Monk and Archbishop (Oxford, 2003).

      Davis, R. H. C., The Normans and Their Myth (2nd edn, 1980).

      Dhondt, J., ‘Henri Ier, L’Empire et L’Anjou (1043–1056)’, Revue Beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, 25 (1946).

      Dobson, R. B., ‘The First Norman Abbey in Northern England: The Origins of Selby’, Church and Society in the Medieval North of England (1996).

      Downham, C., ‘England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century’, ANS, 26 (2004).

      English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200, ed. G. Zarnecki, J. Holt and T. Holland (1984).

      Les Évêques Normands du Xle Siècle, ed. P. Bouet and F. Neveux (Caen, 1995).

      Fernie, E., ‘Saxons, Normans and their Buildings’, ANS, 21 (1999).

      Fleming, R., ‘The New Wealth, the New Rich and the New Political Style in Late Anglo-Saxon England’, ANS, 23 (2001).

      From the Vikings to the Normans, ed. W. Davies (Oxford, 2003).

      Gade, K. E., ‘Northern Lights on the Battle of Hastings’, Viator, 28 (1997).

      Garnett, G., ‘Conquered England, 1066–1215’, The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England (Oxford, 1997).

      Gibson, M., Lanfranc of Bec (Oxford, 1978).

      Grassi, J. L., ‘The Vita Ædwardi Regis:The Hagiographer as Insider’, ANS, 26 (2004).

      Guillot, O., Le Comte D Anjou et son Entourage au Xle Siècle (2 vols., Paris, 1972).

      Hadley, D. M., ‘“And they proceeded to plough and to support themselves”: The Scandinavian Settlement of England’, ANS 19 (1997).

      Hart, C, ‘William Malet and his Family’, ANS, 19 (1997).

      Hollister, C. W., ‘The Feudal Revolution’, American Historical Review, 73 (1968).

      Holt, J. C., ‘Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England: The Revolution of 1066’, TRHS, 33 (1983).

      Hooper, N., ‘Anglo-Saxon Warfare on the Eve of the Conquest: A Brief Survey’, ANS, 1 (1979).

      ——‘Some Observations on the Navy in Late Anglo-Saxon England’, Anglo-Norman Warfare, ed. M. Strickland (Woodbridge, 1992).

      John, E., Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England (Manchester, 1996).

      Kapelle, W. E., ‘Domesday Book: F. W Maitland and his Successors’, Speculum, 64 (1989).

      ——‘The Purpose of Domesday Book: A Quandary’, Essays in Medieval Studies, 9 (1992).

      Lawrence, H., ‘The Monastic Revival’, England in Europe, 1066―1453 (1994).

      Loud, G.A., ‘The Gens Normannorum— Myth or Reality?’, ANS, 4 (1982).

      Loyn, H. R., Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (1962).

      ——‘William’s Bishops: Some Further Thoughts’, ANS, 10 (1988).

      —— The Vikings in Britain (Oxford, 1994).

      Moore, J.S.,’Anglo-Norman Garrisons’, ANS, 22 (2000).

      Musset, L., The Bayeux Tapestry, transl. R. Rex (new edn, Woodbridge, 2005).

      Nelson, J., ‘Anglo-Saxon England, c.500―1066’, The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England (Oxford, 1997).

      Neumann, J., ‘Hydrographic and Ship-Hydrodynamic Aspects of the Norman Invasion, AD 1066’, ANS, 11 (1989).

      Nip, R., ‘The Political Relations between England and Flanders (1066–1128), ANS, 21 (1999).

      La Normandie vers L’An Mil, ed. F. Beaurepaire and J.P. Chaline (Rouen, 2000).

      Oleson, T. J., ‘Edward the Confessor’s Promise of the Throne to Duke William of Normandy’, EHR, 72 (1957).

      Owen-Crocker, G. R., ‘The Interpretation of Gesture in the Bayeux Tapestry’, ANS, 29 (2007).

      Peirce, I., ‘Arms, Armour and Warfare in the Eleventh Century’, ANS, 10 (1988).

      Prestwich, J. O., ‘Anglo-Norman Feudalism and the Problem of Continuity’, Past and Present, 26 (1963).

      ——‘Mistranslations and Misinterpretations in Medieval English History’, Peritia, 10 (1996).

      Prestwich, M., Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (Yale, 1996).

      Shopkow, L., History and Community: Norman Historical Writing in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Washington, 1997).

      Short, I., ‘The Language of the Bayeux Tapestry Inscription’, ANS, 23 (2001).

      Strickland, M., ‘Slaughter, Slavery or Ransom: The Impact of the Conquest on Conduct in Warfare’, England in the Eleventh Century, ed. C. Hicks (Stamford, 1992).

      —— ‘Military Technology and Conquest: The Anomaly of Anglo-Saxon England’, ANS, 19 (1997).

      van Houts, E. M. C., ‘Historiography and Hagiography at SaintWandriller: The Inventio et Miracula Sancti Vulfranni’, ANS, 12 (1990).

      —�
    �‘The Trauma of 1066’, History Today, 46:10 (1996).

      ——‘Wace as Historian’, Family Trees and the Roots of Politics, ed. K. Keats-Rohan (Woodbridge, 1997).

      West, F. J., ‘The Colonial History of the Norman Conquest’, History, 84 (1999).

      Williams, A., The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066 (2008).

      Index

      Abbreviations: abp (archbishop); abt (abbot); bp (bishop); dau. (daughter); ETC (Edward the Confessor); WTC (William the Conqueror)

      Abernethy (Perths), 252, 289

      Abingdon, abbey (Oxon), 215, 235, 239, 242, 249, 260, 277, 281; abt of, see Adelelm; Ealdred

      Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 155, 225

      Adela, dau. of Robert the Frisian, wife of Cnut IV, 305

      Adela, mother of Matilda, 67

      Adelelm, abt of Abingdon, 242, 260, 262, 277, 281

      Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile, 103, 106

      L’Aigle (Orne), 205, 274–5

      Ailnoth of Canterbury, 345

      Ailred of Rievaulx (d. 1167), 350–3

      Aire, river, 228

      Alan, count of Brittany (1008–40) 51–2

      Alençon (Orne), 81–2, 187

      Alexander, bp of Lincoln (1123–48) 347

      Alexander II, pope (1061–73) 142–3, 145, 173, 187, 201, 236, 239, 256, 263, 266, 300

      Alfred (d. 1037), ætheling, brother of ETC, 16, 100, 144, 294; exile in Normandy, 15, 19–21, 34, 51; return to England, 35, 361; murder of, 36–9, 62, 64, 71–3, 263

      Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871–99) 12–13, 138, 341

      Amatus of Montecassino, chronicler, 186

      Ambrières (Mayenne), 93

      Amiens (Somme), 167; bp of, see Guy

      Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (selected references): importance, 5; frustrating silences or brevity, 5, 38, 109, 115, 120, 217, 252, 300; begun in Alfred’s day, 13; different versions of, 36, 78, 102; used by John of Worcester, 39; used by Henry of Huntingdon, 322; E version pro-Godwine, 78, 104, 133; D version compiled in Ealdred’s circle, 102, 104; C version pro-Mercian, anti-Godwine, 104, 123, 162; obituary of WTC, 333–4; discontinued after Conquest, 341

      Anglo-Saxons see English

      Anjou, 80–2, 85, 90, 110–11, 234, 254, 273, 304, 351; count of, see Fulk Nerra; Fulk Réchin; Geoffrey Martel; Geoffrey Plantagenet

      Anna of Kiev (d. 1075), queen of France, mother of Philip I, 110, 255

      Anselm of Bec, abp of Canterbury (1093–1109) 259

      Ansgar the Staller, 278

      Aquitaine, 151, 303; count of, 84; see also Eleanor

      archdeacons, 257, 339

      archers, 179–80, 183, 237, 305

      architecture, 257–8, 296–8, 334, 353

      arms, armour see weapons

      Arnulf, count of Flanders (1070–1) 254

      Arques (Seine-Mar.), castle of, 83, 85, 183; count of, see William

      Arundel (Sussex), castle and rape, 215

      Arwystli (Powys), 294

      Asbjorn, brother of Swein Estrithson, 226, 229, 242–3, 245

      Assandun (Essex), battle of, 18, 24, 99

      Atcham (Salop), 205, 379; St Eata’s church, 205

      Athelstan, king of England (924–39), 138, 252

      Aubrey de Grandmesnil, 275

      Aversa (Italy), 287; bp of, see Guitmund

      Avon, river, 220

      Axholme, isle of (Lincs), 227

      Ælfflæd, granddau. of Earl Uhtred, wife of Earl Siward, 127, 253

      Ælfgar, earl of East Anglia and Mercia (d. c. 1062), 75, 101, 104–5, 128, 157, 321

      Ælfgifu of Northampton, wife of King Cnut, 30–1, 33

      Ælfheah, abp of Canterbury (d. 1012), 15, 24, 259

      Ælfhelm, ealdorman of York (d. 1006), 123

      Ælfcic, abt of Eynsham, 25

      Ælfric Puttoc, abp of York (d. 1051), 39

      Ælfwine, bp of Winchester (d. 1047), 42

      Æthelmaer, bp of East Anglia, 239

      Æthelred the Unready, king of England 14–19, 24, 28, 30, 39, 72, 75–6, 263–4, 284

      Æthelric, bp of Durham (1041–56) 123, 238, 247

      Æthelric, bp of Sussex (1058–70) 239

      Æthelric, proposed abp of Canterbury, 69

      Æthelric of Marsh Gibbon, 314, 320

      Æthelwig, abt of Evesham (d. 1078), 269, 285

      Æthelwine, bp of Durham (1056–70) 123, 125, 219–20, 223, 238, 246–7

      ÆEthelwold, abt of Abingdon, 260

      Æthelwulf bp of Carlisle, 349

      Bachrach, Bernard, 153

      Baldwin, abt of Bury St Edmunds, ETC’s physician, 140–1

      Baldwin V, count of Flanders (1035–67) 37, 82, 105, 110, 123, 130, 147, 254

      Baldwin VI, count of Flanders (1067–70) 254

      Bamburgh (Northumb.), 121; house of, 122–3, 126–7, 210, 216, 253; see also Gospatric; Waltheof

      Baring, Francis, 194–5

      Barking (Essex), 201–2, 297, 378–9

      Barnstaple (Devon), 224

      Battle (Sussex), 176; abbey, 178, 237, 333, 382; chronicler, 189

      Baudri of Bourgeuil, 179, 183, 186

      Bayeux (Calvados), 1, 3, 56, 94, 370; cathedral, 3, 276, 367

      Bayeux Tapestry, 1–5, 10, 11, 49, 112–15, 118–19, 133–5, 139, 146–7, 150, 169–71, 174, 177, 179–86, 190, 207, 277, 370, 377–8

      Beaurain (Pas-de-Calais), castle, 113

      Le Bec-Hellouin (Eure), abbey, 87–8

      Bedfordshire, 315

      Bellême (Orne), 81; lords of, 81; see also Robert of Bellême

      Benedict X, antipope, 108

      Beorn Estrithson (d. 1049), 63, 65, 75–6

      Berengar de Tosny, 278

      Berkhamsted, 196, 199, 378–9; castle, 196, 207

      Berkshire, 76, 195

      Berlin, 3

      Bertha, queen of France (d. 1093), 255

      Bevere, island, 40

      Beverstone (Glos), 71

      Birhtnoth, ealdorman (d. 991), 27–8

      Blæcmann, priest, 215

      Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (d. 1075), Welsh king, 209, 218

      Blois-Chartres, count of, 80, 84; see also Stephen

      Bonneville-Aptot, 88

      Bonneville-sur-Touques (Calvados), 114

      Bosham (Sussex), 72, 109, 113

      Boulogne, 210; count of, see Eustace

      Brian, count, 215, 224, 227

      Brionne (Eure), castle, 57, 66, 365

      Bristol (Somerset), 220, 222, 294

      Britford (Wilts), 129

      Brittany, 22, 57, 114–15, 151, 234, 267, 270, 272, 305, 370; count of, see Alan

      Brown, Prof. R. Allen, 186

      Bruges, 37–8, 68

      Brussels, 167

      Buckinghamshire, 195, 314

      Bulgaria, 156

      Burgundy, 87, 98, 151

      burhgeats, 208

      burhs, boroughs, 12, 122, 208, 266, 296, 310, 353

      Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), 312, 344; abt of, 202

      Byzantium, 92, 155–7, 201, 360

      Caen (Calvados), 56, 58, 94, 112, 149, 204, 256, 258, 273, 303, 330–1, 349, 365; castle, 112; Holy Trinity, 112, 149, 303; St Stephen’s, 112, 204, 256, 258, 273–4, 298, 330–1, 370

      Caerwent (Gwent), 297

      Cambridge, 270; castle, 220

      Cambridgeshire, 36, 309, 311, 315

      Canterbury, 2, 15, 24, 69, 104, 119, 193, 238, 262, 285–6; cathedral, 70, 257–9, 298, 333; castle, 207; St Augustine’s Abbey, 258, 262; abt of, 239–40, 258, 262

      Capetians, 46

      Caradog ap Gruffudd (d. 1081), 292–4

      Cardiff (Glamorgan), 294

      Carl, northern magnate, 265; his sons and grandsons, 265

      Carmen de Hastingae Proelio [select], 167

      Carolingian Empire, 45–6, 48; see also France

      Cassel (Nord), battle of, 254

      castles, 111, 233, 259, 269, 281–2, 292, 306; Continental origins and purpose, 46–9, 282, 337–8; constructed during WTC’s minority, 51, 54; destroyed after Val-ès-Dunes, 57, 66; on the Bayeux Tapestry, 1–2, 171, 207; introduced to England by No
    rmans, 7–8, 207–9, 219–21, 334, 353; castle-guard, garrisons, 242, 247, 281; destruction and suffering caused by, 313, 333; numbers, 334; see also individual castles by name

      Catton (Yorks), 375

      Cecilia (d. 1127), dau. of WTC, 149

      ceorls, 26

      Cerisy-la-Forêt, abbey, 87, 89

      Charford (Hants), 311

      Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor (d. 814), 45

      Charles the Fat, king of the Franks, emperor (d. 888), 45

      Chartres, bp of, 24

      Chepstow (Gwent), 120, 296; castle, 296; priory, 296

      Cheshire, 122

      Chester, 192, 227, 234, 247, 258, 268, 313; bp of, 263, 319; castle, 233; earl of, see Gerbod; Hugh

      Chichester (Sussex), castle and rape, 215; cathedral, 258

      chivalry, 264, 267, 270, 295, 339

      Church, English: 14, 69, 98–100, 107–8, 123, 143; reform of, 237–40, 256–61, 339; military service imposed on, 240–2, 323; losses of land, 284–6

      Church, Norman, 50–1, 86–93, 236

      Clavering (Essex), castle, 208

      Cluny (Saône-et-Loire), abbey, 87

      Cnut, king of England (1016–35) Denmark (1018–35) and Norway birth and baptism, 23; Christianity, 23–4, 368; visit to Rome, 37; and the waves, 18, 23; conquers England, 18, 102; Scandinavian empire, 60–1; brutality, 18; killings at the start of his reign, 19, 126, 263–5, 336; marriages, 19–20, 30–2; death, 22–3, 30–5, 43; buried in Winchester, 23, 42, 97, 100; changes during his rule, 27–30, 103, 122–3, 253; laws of, 41, 130, 385; his children, see Gunhilda; Harold; Harthacnut; Swein

      Cnut IV, king of Denmark 6), 304–6, 326, 345

      coins and coinage, 13, 31, 33, 46, 48, 122, 208; sterling, 298

      Colchester (Essex), castle, 297, 334

      Cologne, 103, 247

      Comines (Nord), 222

      commendation, 107, 248, 283

      Compiègne (Oise), 50

      Constance, patron of Geoffrey Gaimar, 348

      Constantine, emperor, 298

      Constantinople, 95, 155–6, 360

      Conwy, river, 292

      Copsig, earl of Northumbria (d. 1067), 211, 216, 222

      Cornwall, 214, 220, 227

      coronation, 10, 34, 59, 131, 139–40, 195, 197–201, 216, 219, 236–7, 319–20, 331, 335, 344, 350; see also crown-wearing

      councils: Church, 58, 86, 91–2, 98, 103–4, 129, 238–9, 242, 257–8, 306, 338–9, 365; secular, 31, 69–70, 75, 78, 114, 143, 305

      courts: national and secular, 27, 208, 257, 286, 318, 338, 351; Church, 257, 339; baronial, 338, 351; see also law

     


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