43 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 995.
44 Colville, The Fringes of Power, Vol. II, 139; Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, Roosevelt and Churchill, 74.
45 Quoted in Ponting, Churchill, 635; Sinha and Khera, Indian War Economy, 54.
46 Cherwell Papers, H126/1, 2, and H124/22.
47 Moon, Wavell, 93; Roy, “Military Loyalty,” 511; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 128.
48 MT 59/657, “Import of Food Grains into India,” January 1945.
Chapter Eleven
1 Dhara, Probaho, 172–175. Bose did send small parties of INA operatives by submarine, but almost all were captured.
2 Ibid., 176.
3 Ibid., 176–179.
4 Ibid., 182–184.
5 Quoted in Read and Fisher, The Proudest Day, 350; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. II, 106.
6 Moon, Wavell, 91.
7 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 81–82, 258, 371, 375.
8 Moon, Wavell, 111.
9 Ibid., 108.
10 Ibid., 260–261, 368, 236; Schofield, Wavell: Soldier & Statesman,115.
11 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1023; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 130–131.
12 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1018.
13 Churchill and Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VII, 1166.
14 Nichols, Verdict on India, 15–17, 23, 36–39, 184, 188–189.
15 Ibid., 216–224.
16 Churchill and Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VII, 1166.
17 Berthon and Potts, Warlords, 268.
18 Sbrega, “The Anticolonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 76; Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 458–460.
19 Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 486.
20 Colville, The Fringes of Power, Vol. II, 203.
21 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1015; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 126, 1070.
22 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 765; Moon, Wavell, 120; Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1031(footnote).
23 Moon, Wavell, 121–123.
24 Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 509–510.
25 Venkataramani and Shrivastava, Roosevelt Gandhi Churchill, 256–259.
26 Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 273; Lewis, Changing Direction ,157–160; Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, 22, 181–182.
27 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1013; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power,Vol. V, 826.
28 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1044–1045; Moon, Wavell, 135–136; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 1073–1077, 1083–1086.
29 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 1222–1225.
30 Ibid., 1128; Moon, Wavell, 157–158.
31 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. V, 1229.
32 Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, 186; Moon, Wavell, 310, 168.
33 Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 331; Moon, Wavell, 168.
34 Bose and Bose, Netaji, Vol. 7, 228.
35 Yadav and Seki, Subhas Chandra Bose, 120–125.
36 WO 208/3812, “The Last Movements of S. C. Bose.” The spy appears to have been S. C. Goho, a Malayan of Indian origin. See WO 203/4673, War Dept. to HQ SEAC: “Confidential 12166,” October 1945.
37 Bose and Bose, Netaji, Vol. 12, 212–222.
38 Related to the author by former Congress worker Manos Banerjee.
39 Nayar, “Satish Samanta Da,” 86; Mahapatro, “Ananya Sushilda,” 207.
40 James, Raj, 595; Fay, The Forgotten Army, 516–517.
41 James, Raj, 591.
42 Batabyal, Communalism in Bengal, 133, 136.
43 Read and Fisher, The Proudest Day, 393–396; Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, 224; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. VIII, 106–107; Singh, The Origins of the Partition of India, 592.
44 Batabyal, Communalism in Bengal, 253; Singh, The Origins of the Partition of India, 185; Khosla, Stern Reckoning, 58–59; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. VIII, 298, 303.
45 Batabyal, Communalism in Bengal, 250–253, 316, 322; Khosla, Stern Reckoning , 58; Singh, The Origins of the Partition of India, 182–183, Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. VIII, 302.
46 Batabyal, Communalism in Bengal, 281, 321, 78–79, 293, 305–308.
47 Gupta, In the Path of Service, 77, 93.
48 Batabyal, Communalism in Bengal, 345; Gupta, In the Path of Service, 96.
49 Gupta, In the Path of Service, 108.
50 Moon, Wavell, 374; 322–23; quoted in Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, 225.
51 Churchill and Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VIII, 294–295.
52 Wolpert, Gandhi’s Passion, 242.
53 Gupta, In the Path of Service, 116.
54 Kamtekar, “The Military Ingredient of Communal Violence in Punjab, 1947,” 568–572; Singh, “Imperial Defence and the Transfer of Power in India,” 569.
55 Quoted in Gandhi, Collected Works, Vol. 97, 6.
56 Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VIII, 248; Tunzelmann, Indian Summer, 127–128; Page et al., The Partition Omnibus, 305.
57 James, Raj, 597.
Chapter Twelve
1 Reynolds, In Command of History, 39, 103, 125, 190, 195, 380, 399; Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 112; Churchill, The Second World War: Closing the Ring, 587.
2 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. IV, 461, 468, 725.
3 Ibid., 1139.
4 CSAC, Olaf M. Martin Papers, Memoir, 247 (pages 312–331 are missing); Mitra, Tin Kuri Dash, 167.
5 Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. III, 509(footnote), and Vol. IV, 445(footnote); CAB 79/59, C.O.S. (43) 38th meeting, March 9, 1943.
6 Woodhead, Famine Inquiry Commission, 108.
7 Knight, Food Administration in India, 20; Dyson and Maharatna, “Excess Mortality During the Bengal Famine,” 290.
8 Pati, Turbulent Times, 41; Ghosh, Famines in Bengal, 105–106; Gupta, Towards Freedom, Part I, 272; Nanavati Papers, Vol. II, 540. According to Ghosh, the chowkidar served as night watchman of his village; informer on the whereabouts of political fugitives and habitual criminals; office boy, domestic servant, and courier for local officials; shepherd for police officers’ cattle; guard for the neighborhood railway track when it conveyed dignitaries; caretaker and cook for the government guesthouse in the locale; guarantor of land rights and safe harvesting of crops; material witness for the Crown; compiler “of all official statistics relating to acreage and yield of all principal crops, livestock, carts and vehicles, sugar-cane crushers, ploughs and tractors, date and palm trees for production of molasses”; reporter of all market prices; and registrar for births and deaths.
9 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, 23.
10 Maharatna, The Demography of Famines, 284–286.
11 Woodhead, Famine Inquiry Commission, 109–110.
12 Sen, Poverty and Famines, 202; Maharatna, The Demography of Famines, 147; Dyson and Maharatna, “Excess Mortality During the Bengal Famine,” 297.
13 Rao, “Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis 1893–1972,” 472; Greenough, Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal, 305.
14 Mahalanobis, “Mortality in Bengal in 1943.”
15 Guha, Health and Population in South Asia, 90.
16 Bose, Agrarian Bengal, 151.
17 Greenough, Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal, 309.
18 Maharatna, The Demography of Famines, 143–144; Woodhead, Famine Inquiry Commission, 113. If infant deaths are 18 percent of the total, the remaining deaths must be 82 percent of the total. Since 82 percent of the mortality is 5.3, then 100 percent is 6.5.
19 Marcus, “Famine Crimes in International Law,” 245–281; “Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,” August 12, 1949.
20 Reynolds, In Command of History, 195; Hammond, Food, Vol. I, 281–282; Harrod, The Prof, 261–262; Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. III, 49.
21 Sen, Development as Freedom, 1
6; Sen, Poverty and Famines, 80; Sen, “Wars and Famines.” Sen mistakenly believed, however, that the Government of India had no reason to anticipate the Bengal famine. He quoted the official estimate of the rice shortage as 140,000 tons, whereas the document to which he refers states 1.4 million tons.
22 Cherwell Papers H305/9.
23 Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 183–184.
24 Barnes and Nicholson, The Empire at Bay, 1071, 1075.
25 AMEL 1/6/32, File 2, April 30, 1947.
26 Gopal, “Churchill and India,” 469.
27 Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 333.
28 Ibid., 394.
29 Gopal, “Churchill and India,” 469.
30 Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 195.
31 Harrod, The Prof, 261; Birkenhead, The Professor and the Prime Minister, 11, 291, 279–280.
32 Moran Papers, PP/CMW/K.1–5; Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 499–500, 621.
Index
Acheson, Dean
Afghanistan, World War II
Afroz, Nazes
All India Women’s Committee
All Indian Women’s Conference
Amery, John
Amery, Leopold S.
background
Churchill and
on Germany/Hitler
Jewish people and
Linlithgow and
son
Amery, Leopold S./India
Americans and
BBC radio speech
blaming India
colonial power and
economics and
famine causes
famine cover-up
famine warnings/aid requests
Hitler-Churchill comparison
partitioning/independence and
secretary of state appointment
sterling debt and
views on Indians
war supplies/strategies
Wavell and
Anandamath
Anne, Queen
Arendt, Hannah
Asquith, Violet
Atkinson, Fred J.
Atlantic Charter
Attlee, Clement
Auchinlek, Claude
army/famine and
INA officers treason trial
World War II
Ba Maw
Bajpai, Sir Girija
Balfour Declaration (1917)
Banerjee, Manos
Bari, Radhakrishna
Barnes, William A.
Batabyal, Rakesh
Bayly, Christopher
Beaverbrook, Lord
Begum, Kohinoor
Behrens, C.B.A.
Bengal
1941 harvest/hunger marches
army exclusion
Chamber of Commerce
during World War II
European Group of legislators
Muslim-Hindu populations/legislature
Tamluk subdivision/Midnapore District
Bengal famine (1940s)
abandoned children
aid denial
Americans and
Axis Powers and
beggars’ removal from streets
beginnings
Britain grain “swap,”
calories statistics
cyclone/floods
Denial Policy
exporting grain and
government denying shortages
hoarding/stockpiles
news of
relief operation beginnings
rice buying/prices
rice denial
stories
transportation/boat denial
See also Calcutta; Famines in India (1940s)
Bengal famine (1940s) and wheat
Bengal wheat use
grinding and
myths on
“porridge” using
shipment shortages
Bengal Famine Code
Bera, Haradhon
Bera, Janoki
Bera, Nayontara
Bera family
Bhaumik, Mani
Bhoumik, Manoranjon
Bibi, Fatema/family
Bihar famine
Biplabi newsletter
Birkenhead, Lord
Birth-rate
criticism of India
Malthus’s doctrine and
Blair, James Richard
Blood, Sir Bindon
Bose, Subhas Chandra
assassination order against
Axis powers and
background
British authorities and
death
famine aid and
farewell letter
Hitler meeting
imprisonment/“escape,”
independence and
Indian National Army
National Congress and
in Tokyo/Burma
Bose, Sugata
Bracken, Brendan
Branson, Clive
background
Bengal and
fighting
Indian independence movement and
on Indian poverty/famine
war in India
Braund, Henry B. L.
Brave New World (Huxley)
Brooke, Alan
background
Churchill and
famine aid and
Burgis, Lawrence
Burma
Bose’s meetings in
World War II and
Burman, Behula
Burrows, Sir Frederick
Butler, Richard A.
Cairo conference
Calcutta
beggars’ removal from streets
famine photos
famine stories
food supplies and
importance to Britain
Japanese bombing
See also Bengal famine (1940s)
Casablanca Conference
Caste system, India
Ceylon
as British priority
self-government and
Chakrabarty, Dukhaharan Thakur
Chakravarty, Nihar Chandra
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
Chamberlain, Joseph
Chamberlain, Neville
Charles I, King
Cherwell, Lord. See Lindemann, Frederick Alexander (Prof/Lord Cherwell)
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame
Cholera
Chowkidars
Churchill, John (Duke of Marlborough)
Churchill, Randolph
Churchill, Winston
1945 elections
1951 elections
animal metaphors of
background
becoming prime minister
Casablanca conference
civilian advisers overview
death
Lindemann and
lion metaphor
military background
military/war views
My Early Life (autobiography)
pneumonia
popularity in U.S.
postwar security
Quebec meetings
Stalin and
stroke
“white superiority” views
World War II history and
Yalta conference
See also United Kingdom
Churchill, Winston/India
charging India for defense
Commonwealth and
dominion status and
early travels
on Gandhi
Hindus vs. Muslims views
Hitler comparison
hostility toward India
Indian disunity and
internal security/rebellion fears
Japan attacking and
partitioning
postwar reflection
retaining India/Empire
Viceroy’s Council/Simla talks
&n
bsp; Wavell and
Willkie and
See also United Kingdom
Clive, Robert
Clothing/materials during war
Combined Food Board
Communal Award
Communist Party of India
Communists and World War II
Cornwallis’s reforms (1793)
Cripps, Sir Stafford
Cromwell, Oliver
Crout, John
Cunningham, George
Curzon, Viceroy
Cyclone (1942)
British and
description/effects
relief
D-Day
Daily Mail
Daily Telegraph
Dakua, Khudiram
Dakua, Kumudini
Dhara and
insurgencies
Darwin, Charles
Malthus and
social Darwinism
Das, Bhim
Das, Hori
Das, Pawnchanon/family
Das, Srihorichandro
Das, Sudam Chandra
Dasi, Sabitri
De Valera, Eamon
Defence of India Act
Denial Policy
about
boat denial
rice denial
Devi, Mahasweta
Devi, Saroda
Dhara, Sushil Kumar
arrest/escape (1943)
arrest/sentence (1944)
arrests/imprisonment
assassinations by
Axis powers and
background
cyclone and
death rumors
Gandhian values and
Gandhi’s surrender instructions and
hopes of
insurgencies
life after independence
Tamluk National Government
Dhillon, Gurbux Singh
Digby, William
Direct Action Day
Dominion status description
India and
Durga (madam)
Dutt, Romesh Chunder
Dyson, Tim
Einstein, Albert
Elizabeth, Queen
Extraction rate (flour)
Famine commission
aid offers
cover-up by
death estimates
explanations to
lack of food riots
ship use
stockpiles
wheat use
Famines
British colonies outside India (1943)
democracies and
Ireland
war crimes and
See also Starvation
Famines in India
1770
1870s
1897
importing cereals (1930s)
nineteenth-century deaths
Victorian era vs. Mughal period